论《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》中与WTO规则冲突的贸易措施

本文介绍了《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》的贸易措施 ,以及其与《实施卫生和植物卫生措施协定》、《技术贸易壁垒协定》以及GATT1994等WTO规则的冲突 ,进而指出协调冲突的法律原则和我国的因应之策。     

《名古屋议定书》在微生物领域的实施: 影响、最佳做法及我国立法选择

《名古屋议定书》继承了《生物多样性公约》在规范遗传资源的获取和惠益分享问题上采取的双边路径。但是, 这一路径不能完全按照《生物多样性公约》和《名古屋议定书》预设的前提和模式在微生物领域得到实施, 已有的旨在实施《名古屋议定书》的措施对微生物研究和开发活动产生了消极的影响。世界微生物菌种保藏联合会致力于推动《生物多样性公约》及其《名古屋议定书》在微生物领域的有效实施, 并为此制定了相关的行为守则和准则。2016年世界微生物菌种保藏联合会推出的TRUST准则代表了微生物领域的获取和惠益分享最佳做法, 该准则针对微生物遗传资源的原生境获取、保藏、非原生境获取以及惠益分享等问题提出了一系列务实的建议。为了实施《名古屋议定书》, 我国启动了遗传资源的获取和惠益分享立法进程, 当前立法已经进入到一个关键阶段。TRUST准则对我国遗传资源的获取和惠益分享立法具有重要的启示。立法机关可以借鉴TRUST准则提出的受规制活动类型及相对应的建议, 并结合我国国情构建一套适用于微生物遗传资源的获取和惠益分享法律规则。这套法律规则将由对植物、动物和微生物遗传资源都予以适用的法律规则和仅对微生物遗传资源适用的法律规则构成, 后者可被纳入我国获取和惠益分享立法的实施细则之中。     

《野生动物保护法》再修订: 背景、争点与建议

《野生动物保护法》的修订已纳入全国人大2020年年度立法计划。现行《野生动物保护法》虽然经过多次修改, 但仍存在野生动物保护范围较窄、监管体制不顺、执法标准不科学、法律制度不完善等问题, 不能适应新时代“健康中国”、“美丽中国”战略协同规制的新需求。全国人大常委会通过的《关于全面禁止非法野生动物交易、革除滥食野生动物陋习、切实保障人民群众生命健康的决定》, 为修订《野生动物保护法》带来了良好机遇。目前各方面对于修订《野生动物保护法》既有共识, 也有争议, 呈现出不同利益诉求与立法思维的差异性, 以及立法过程中利益选择、利益表达、利益协调的复杂性。为此, 建议《野生动物保护法》的修订在完善立法目的、合理界定保护范围、健全“黑白”名单制度和许可证制度、优化野生动物保护监管体制、完善激励机制和法律责任制度等方面认真加以研究, 为促进环境治理体系和治理能力现代化“立良法”。     

《医疗机构病历管理规定（2013年版）》立法技术缺陷初探

通过以立法技术角度对《医疗机构病历管理规定（2013年版）》进行分析,与2002年下发的《医疗机构病历管理规定》进行对比,从立法依据、适当的立法技术、条与款的关系、法律责任、与上位法的关系等方面入手,结合其他法律的规定和学者的研究成果,在对该规定给与充分肯定的基础上,深入探讨其在立法技术方面存在的缺陷,以期对其有更加深入全面的认识;同时也希望促使立法者对立法技术给予应有的重视,在立法技术方面少犯错误,以利于立法工作更加完善。     

《生物安全法》实施背景下生物遗传资源的安全管理

生物安全是国家安全的重要组成部分,《中华人民共和国生物安全法》通过了全国人大常委会的审议,并自2021年4月15日起施行。生物遗传资源是国家可持续发展的重要战略资源和国家安全的重要物质保障,目前已成为世界各国资源争夺的新领域,随着生物技术、分子生物学、生物信息学的迅速发展,对生物遗传资源的安全管理,离不开法律法规等制度的规范。《生物安全法》的出台完善了中国的法律、法规等管理制度,但还需要进一步的细化。首先阐述了《生物安全法》的立法意义,介绍了《生物安全法》的层级地位及立法进程;然后,在《生物安全法》实施背景下简要分析了生物遗传资源的定义及其安全管理面临的问题、国内外生物遗传资源安全管理的现状,阐述了《生物安全法》的出台对完善中国生物遗传资源管理的重要意义;最后,从法律框架、法律法规内容和科学技术层面提出如何更好地推进与落实《生物安全法》出台后中国生物遗传资源的安全管理。     

互联网医疗与我国医事立法的断裂与弥合

我国医疗卫生资源分布不均衡与服务区域不相称,呼吁互联网医疗的介入并深度发展,这对于均衡资源配置和促进分级诊疗制度的形成均大有裨益。为此,国家出台了多项政策措施给予有力支持,进一步巩固医药卫生改革的成果。但是由于我国《执业医师法》、《医疗机构管理条例》等医事法律的立法理念和立法内容比较滞后,导致互联网医疗在医师执业注册、医师多点执业等方面与其形成断裂,亟需通过立法加以弥合,为互联网医疗的健康发展保驾护航。

     

《各国生物技术的知识产权》

这是一本论述东、西方36个国家生物技术专利立法的百科全书式的法律书。本书注重概念,历史和实用性,有丰富的关于生物技术科学基础和立法的文件,还引援了国家的法律和国际条约。 值得称道的是本书长于植物和动物专利法,以及生物技术中常用的医药品的申请。     

《亚热带植物科学》加盟科学出版社

2008年9月,《亚热带植物科学》主办单位与科学出版社期刊出版中心根据中华人民共和国新闻出版署颁布的《出版管理条例》及其他法律、法规的规定,在双方平等互利、协商一致的基础上,签订了“期刊出版合作协议书”,从2009年第1期开始,科学出版社将与《亚热带植物科学》编辑部携手,共同成为《亚热带植物科学》的合法出版发行单位;科学出版社授权在《亚热带植物科学》刊物上使用“科学出版社出版”的名义,用以提升出版物的品牌影响,并向编辑部提供政治方向审核、刊物监督和审读及法律咨询、信息服务等。     

《侵权责任法》第六十条抗辩事由立法技术若干问题

《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》在解决医疗损害侵权案件中起了非常关键的作用,考虑到医疗行为是一个高风险行为,在有些情况下,即便医疗机构和医务人员不存在违法违规的过失行为,进行医疗活动也有可能发生患者人身损害的后果,立法者为了保护医生的合法权益,在《侵权责任法》第六十条规定了三种抗辩事由。但是在其立法技术上,第六十条却错误的使用了封闭列举免责事由,导致其在实践中的运用的非常困难,保护医生合法权益的立法目的的实现受到很大的限制。     

我国拟起草《自然保护区法》

全国人大环境与资源保护委员会主任委员毛如柏在日前举行的“中国自然保护区合作管理研究国际研讨会”上透露,目前中国自然保护区应有的法律地位尚未完全明确,现行的以《自然保护区条例》为核心的法规体系已不能适应自然保护区发展的需要。全国人大环资委正在酝酿起草《自然保护区法》,初步打算在2006年向全国人大提交草案。     

Kinetically stable high-energy isomers of C14H12 and C12H10N2 derived from cis-stilbene and cis-azobenzene

Following on from our recent enforced geometry optimization (EGO) investigation of isomerization in cis-stilbene (J Comput Chem, in press) we report the discovery of two interesting new, symmetrical “fused sandwich” isomers of both cis-stilbene and the related cis-azobenzene. The isomers were obtained by applying external forces to pairs of carbon atoms from each of the benzene rings in cis-stilbene and cis-azobenzene simultaneously, and are all at least 100 kcal mol^-1 higher in energy than the starting material. Each new structure was characterized as a minimum by vibrational analysis. Despite their high energy, all of the new isomers appear to be kinetically stable with respect to rearrangement back to cis-stilbene or cis-azobenzene, respectively.     

Formation of the tandem repeat (IS30)2 and its role in IS30-mediated transpositional DNA rearrangements

Plasmids carrying two IS30 elements in the same orientation, as in the composite transposon Tn2706, are structurally unstable in Escherichia coli. A primary segregation product is formed by site-specific deletion of the sequences carried between the two IS30 elements. The resulting covalently closed replicon carries the two IS30 elements as tandem repeats separated by only 2 bp. This (IS30)₂ structure is extremely unstable, but it can nevertheless be isolated on its vector plasmid and, after purification, can be reintroduced into host cells by transformation. Among the descendants of transformants of recA ^– bacteria, replicated copies of the introduced (IS30)₂ structure are still present, together with various kinds of segregation products which provide evidence for the efficient generation of DNA rearrangements. Most abundant is the product of another site-specific recombination between two identical ends of the IS30 elements involved, which results in the presence of just one intact IS30 on the plasmid. Apart from this, and depending on the presence of appropriate targets for IS30 transposition, various transposition products of (IS30)₂ are also seen. Intramolecular reactions lead to DNA inversions and deletions with breakpoints other than IS30 ends. In intermolecular reactions inverse transposition occurs at high frequency and one also obtains simple transposition and cointegration. A mutational study revealed the requirement in cis of one intact IS30 transposase gene and of both proximal ends of the two IS30 elements concerned not only for the formation of (IS30)₂, but also for its further rearrangement reactions, including the efficient formation of site-specific deletions. A model is proposed, which postulates that (IS30)₂ intermediates play a key role in IS30 transposition pathways in which the formation of (IS30)₂ may be rate-limiting. Once this structure is formed, it gives rise to a burst of transpositional rearrangements in the subclone carrying (IS30)₂. Evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.     

The dose effect ofma-l+ andry+ on xanthine dehydrogenase activity inDrosophila melanogaster

Summary Two loci,ma-l ⁺ andry ⁺, necessary for xanthine dehydrogenase activity inDrosophila melanogaster have been studied for dosage effects utilizing deficiencies and duplications induced for this purpose. Comparisons of one, two and three doses ofma-l ⁺ in the female or one and two doses in the male indicate that there is no increase in specific enzyme activity with dose. On the other hand, comparisons of one, two and three doses ofry ⁺ in the male and female reveal an increase in enzyme activity that is roughly proportional to dose. Since dosage ofry ⁺ is limiting, whereas that ofma-l ⁺ is not, the final concentration of xanthine dehydrogenase is shown to depend on the number of doses ofry ⁺.The implications of these findings with respect to the hypothesis of dosage compensation and to the mechanism of control of enzyme and protein concentration are discussed.Operated by Union Carbide Corporation for the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.     

TFS1: A suppressor of cdc25 mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Summary The TFS1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a dosage-dependent suppressor of cdc25 mutations. Overexpression of TFS1 does not alleviate defects of temperature-sensitive adenylyl cyclase (cdc35) or ras2 disruption mutations. The ability of TFS1 to suppress cdc25 is allele specific: the temperature-sensitive cdc25-1 mutation is suppressed efficiently but the cdc25-5 mutation and two disruption mutations are only partially suppressed. TFS1 maps to a previously undefined locus on chromosome XII between RDN1 and CDC42. The DNA sequence of TFS1 contains a single long open reading frame encoding a 219 amino acid polypeptide that is similar in sequence to two mammalian brain proteins. Insertion and deletion mutations in TFS1 are haploviable, indicating that TFS1 is not essential for growth.     

麻疯树种子发育过程中JcOle14.3和JcOle16.6基因的表达模式研究

油质蛋白基因对种子中油体的形成至关重要,该研究通过实时荧光定量PCR,对麻疯树的两个油质蛋白基因JcOle14.3和JcOle16.6在种子不同发育时期的表达模式进行了分析。结果表明:两个基因在种子发育初期(10~30 d)表达量逐渐升高,但表达水平均较低;40 d时表达量急剧增加并达到最高,而种子发育后期(50~55 d)两个基因表达水平均逐渐降低。由此可初步推测,JcOle14.3和JcOle16.6基因的表达量可能与种子油脂积累量存在正相关。该研究结果为麻疯树油体形成机理和油质蛋白的深入研究提供了理论基础。     

Binuclear complexes of a new hexadentate macrocyclic ligand. The crystal and molecular structure of [LCu2(CH3CO2)2](ClO4)2·5H2O

The 30-membered hexaaza macrocylic ligand, L (L=3,7,11,18,22,26-hexaazatricyclo-[26.2.2.2^13,16]tetratriaconta-1(31),13(33),14,16(34),28(32),29-hexaene), is capable of forming binuclear complexes with the divalent transition metal ions Ni, Cu and Zn. The two metal ions are bound by the two dipropylenetriamine units of the macrocycle. Extra coordination sites on the metal ions can be occupied by exogenous ligands such as acetate, chloride and thiocyanate. The crystal structure of one of the di-copper complexes is described: [LCu₂(CH₃CO₂)₂](ClO₄)₂·5H₂O crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c (No. 14), with a=9.369(2), b=17.644(3), c= 27.466(3) Å, β=92.90(1)°, U=4534.7 ų and Z=4. The Cu1···Cu2 separation is 8.40(3) Å. The access for potential exogenous bridging ligands, to the cavity between the copper ions, is somewhat restricted by the two phenyl units of the macrocycle which appear almost parallel in the structure. The redox potential of the couple L(Cu²⁺)₂/L(Cu⁺)₂, recorded by cyclic voltammetry for the chloride adduct, [LCu₂Cl₂]Cl₂·5H₂O, is −0.061 V versus SCE in DMF.     

Kinetics of NH4+ and K+ uptake by ectomycorrhizal fungi. Effect of NH4+ on K+ uptake

NH₄⁺ and K⁺ uptake experiments have been conducted with 3 ectomycorrhizal fungi, originating from Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.] Franco) stands. At concentrations up to 250 μM, uptake of both NH₄⁺ and K⁺ follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Laccaria bicolor (Maire) P. D. Orton, Lactarius rufus (Scop.) Fr. and Lactarius hepaticus Plowr. ap. Boud. exhibit K_m values for NH₄⁺ uptake of 6, 35, and 55 μM, respectively, and K_m values for K⁺ uptake of 24, 18, and 96 μM, respectively. Addition of 100 μM NH₄⁺ raises the K_m of K⁺ uptake by L. bicolor to 35 μM, while the V_max remains unchanged. It is argued that the increase of K_m is possibly caused by depolarization of the plasma membrane. It is not due to a competitive inhibition of K⁺ by NH₄⁺ since the apparent inhibitor constant is much higher than the K_m, for NH₄⁺ uptake. The possibility that NH₄⁺ and K⁺ are taken up by the same carrier can be excluded. The K_m, values for K⁺ uptake in the two other fungi are not significantly affected by 100 μM NH₄⁺. Except for a direct effect of NH₄⁺ on influx of K⁺ into the cells, there may also be an indirect effect after prolonged incubation of the cells in the presence of 100 μM NH₄⁺.     

利用DNA片段测序方法探究枳属和富民枳的分类地位

富民枳(Poncirus polyandra)属于芸香科(Rutaceae)枳属(Poncirus Raf.)。自发表以来,分类地位一直备受争议,其中在Flora of China中认为富民枳为柑橘杂交种(Poncirus polyandra),把枳属归并于柑橘属(Citrus)。该研究选取枳属的富民枳、枳(Poncirus trifoliata)及柑橘属下8个种共10个种47个个体作为研究材料,以九里香(Murraya exotica)为外类群,利用3个叶绿体片段(trn L-trn F、trn S-trn G、rbc L)、ITS片段和1个单拷贝核基因(Chr 5)数据构建系统发育树,探究枳属和富民枳的分类地位。结果表明:基于3个叶绿体片段数据构建的最大似然树(ML)和贝叶斯树(BI)的拓扑结构基本一致,10个物种聚为两大分支,即柑橘属的8个物种聚为一大分支,富民枳和枳聚为另一大分支。其中,富民枳所有个体聚为一小单系分支,枳的所有个体聚为一小单系分支,支持枳属和富民枳独立存在。2个核DNA片段数据结果显示,枳属的两个种与柑橘属的8个物种聚在一个大分支里,无法确立枳属的单系地位,但富民枳的9个个体聚在一起,暗示富民枳在遗传上是一个独立的类群。综上研究认为,无论是叶绿体DNA数据还是核DNA数据均支持富民枳是一个独立的物种,但核DNA数据不支持枳属成立。     

高致病性美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种胞外产物的毒力特性分析

【目的】美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种(Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae,PDD)是一种可导致多种海洋生物患病的重要病原菌。本研究以从我国海水养殖环境中分离的具有强磷脂酶活性、强溶血性表型且具有高致病性的2株PDD菌株为研究对象,分析PDD菌株胞外产物(extracellularproducts,ECP)的致病性及细胞毒性,及其与菌株致病性表型的相关性。【方法】利用培养基平板法测定菌株PDD1605、PDD1608的ECP体外磷脂酶活性和溶血性;通过人工感染实验测定PDD1605和PDD1608活菌株及其ECP对许氏平鲉的致病性,并进行组织病理切片观察组织的病理损伤;通过向人胚肾细胞系HEK293T和小鼠成纤维细胞系MCFS等2种培养细胞中添加菌株PDD1605和PDD1608的ECP测定其对哺乳动物的细胞毒性。【结果】人工感染PDD1605和PDD1608活菌株对许氏平鲉均表现为高致病性,5×108CFU/mL的菌液浓度24h内受试鱼全部死亡;菌株PDD1605和PDD1608的ECP对许氏平鲉同样表现为高致病性,受试鱼的死亡曲线与感染活菌株的...