NH_4~+离子和Cl~-离子影响谷氨酰胺发酵的研究

在微酸性条件下,当有高浓度铵盐存在时,谷氨酸发酵将转向谷氨酰胺发酵。本文阐述了用硫酸铵和氯化铵作氮源时的不同发酵结果,以及用氯化铵时NH_4~+离子和Cl-离子对发酵的影响。     

光合磷酸化偶联机制的研究——Ⅲ.胺对光合磷酸化的促进作用

进一步研究比较了氯化铵和一些胺对光合磷酸化的影响。发现甲基胺等在低浓度(2×10~(-4)M)时,对光合磷酸化的影响与氯化铵相似,但它对磷酸盐的浓度要求较氯化铵低。用pH电极法测得氯化铵和甲基胺在促进光合磷酸化的浓度下时,能降低类囊体的质子吸收。2×10~(-4)M的氯化铵和甲基胺在高浓度磷酸盐存在时,也能促进闪光下的光合磷酸化,但对叶绿体的延迟发光无明显影响。     

NH4+离子和Cl-离子影响谷氨酰胺发酵的研究

在微酸性条件下,当有高浓度铵盐存在时,谷氨酸发酵将转向谷氨酰胺发酵。本文阐述了用硫酸铵和氯化铵作氮源时的不同发酵结果,以及用氯化铵时NH₄⁺离子和Cl^-离子对发酵的影响。     

进化与未进化小球藻响应苯酚的转录组学分析

苯酚是工业废水中典型的环境污染物。小球藻(Chlorella sp.)由于其生长快、抗逆性强,可以有效利用废水中的酚类化合物,是最有潜力的含酚废水处理藻株。但是高浓度苯酚产生的氧化压力会造成小球藻细胞的氧化损伤。通过实验室适应性进化已经得到了可以耐受500mg/L苯酚的小球藻藻株(L5)。通过无参比较转录组学数据,在基因组尺度上考察了原始小球藻(L3)和进化后小球藻对高浓度苯酚的响应差异。无参比较转录组学结果表明,进化后小球藻能够耐受并降解高浓度苯酚是多个代谢途径整体调控的结果。相比于原始小球藻,进化后小球藻在500mg/L苯酚浓度下对苯酚氧化胁迫的响应增强,主要体现在细胞信号转导、ABC转运蛋白、热休克蛋白、氮代谢和三羧酸循环(TCA)等相关的转录水平明显上调。进化后小球藻通过这些响应降低高浓度苯酚产生的氧化压力。     

进化与未进化小球藻响应苯酚的转录组学分析

苯酚是工业废水中典型的环境污染物。小球藻(Chlorella sp.)由于其生长快、抗逆性强,可以有效利用废水中的酚类化合物,是最有潜力的含酚废水处理藻株。但是高浓度苯酚产生的氧化压力会造成小球藻细胞的氧化损伤。通过实验室适应性进化已经得到了可以耐受500mg/L苯酚的小球藻藻株(L5)。通过无参比较转录组学数据,在基因组尺度上考察了原始小球藻(L3)和进化后小球藻对高浓度苯酚的响应差异。无参比较转录组学结果表明,进化后小球藻能够耐受并降解高浓度苯酚是多个代谢途径整体调控的结果。相比于原始小球藻,进化后小球藻在500mg/L苯酚浓度下对苯酚氧化胁迫的响应增强,主要体现在细胞信号转导、ABC转运蛋白、热休克蛋白、氮代谢和三羧酸循环(TCA)等相关的转录水平明显上调。进化后小球藻通过这些响应降低高浓度苯酚产生的氧化压力。     

光合磷酸化偶联机制研究——氯化铵对光合磷酸化的促进作用

1～3×10~(-4)M 氯化铵在较低浓度磷酸盐时降低光合磷酸化活力增进希尔反应速度表现出解联效应,在较高浓度磷酸盐时,希尔反应速度仍加快而光合磷酸化活力也被促进。用两阶段光合磷酸化技术及测定对叶绿体萤光淬灭作用的影响表明,氯化铵在上述条件下是消除类囊体腔内的高能态的。解联剂短杆菌环肽在1×10~(-8)M 时也可表现出对光合磷酸化有促进作用。将上述浓度氯化铵和短杆菌环肽同时加入反应液对光合磷酸化仍有促进作用,甚至似乎更显著。联系过去研究光合磷酸化高能态时提出它可能有不同存在状态的推测,对上述现象作了分析和解释。     

化学工业废水对洋葱根类细胞核结构的影响

报道了兰州化学工业公司工业废水对洋葱根尖细胞有丝分裂影响的研究结果．研究表明：（１）兰化工业废水对洋葱根尖细胞分裂具有严重的抑制和危害,其主要表现为间期核结构异常,形成大量的核裂团（Ｎｕｃｌｅｉ－ＳｐｌｉｔＢａｌｌ）和微核（Ｍｉｃｒｏｎｕｃｌｅｉ）;（２）洋葱根尖细胞分裂对环境诱变剂,特别是工业废水的反应是十分敏感的,可以作为环境监测的指示植物。     

油脂工业废水处理工艺研究趋向分析

近年来,人们生活水平的提高加快了我国油脂工业废水的迅速增加,并对人们的生活环境带来严重影响。本文就油脂工业废水的生物处理工艺进行研究探讨,并分析其处理工艺的未来发展趋势,有助于提高我国的生活环境及质量,更好更快地进行经济建设的发展。     

用藻类测试技术监测工业废水

用藻类测试技术对南京市18家工厂的21种废水测试结果：10种废水对藻类生长有抑制作用（EC50＝0．44％－81．02％）,这类废水多含重金属污染物,主要来源于冶金、电子、机械、制革行业的工厂,7种废水在低浓度时对藻类有刺激作用（SC20＝0．96％－21．95％）,而高浓度时地有抑制作用（EC50－0．54％－84．21％）,这类废水,除了含有毒性污染物外,还含有营养刺激物质,主要来源于化工、纺织及食品加工行业的工厂,另有2种废水对藻类生长仅表现出明显的刺激作用（SC20＝1．85％和8．93％）,这废水富含生物刺激物,对藻类生长有促进作用。这一结果表明：藻类测试技术不仅可以检测工业废水中由有毒物质引起的毒性效应（EC50）,而且还能检测由生物刺激物引起的生物刺激反应9SC20）。     

高糖诱导小鼠囊胚Caspase-3的表达及其意义

目的探讨高浓度葡萄糖对小鼠囊胚的影响,为防治糖尿病妊娠导致胚胎发育畸形的机制进一步提供理论依据.方法用含不同浓度（0 mmol/L、7.5mmol/L、28.0 mmol/L）D-葡萄糖的培养基体外培养小鼠囊胚24h,再用免疫组织化学S-P法检测小鼠囊胚中Caspase-3的表达.结果用含高浓度葡萄糖培养基培养的小鼠囊胚Caspase-3的表达呈强阳性.结论高浓度葡萄糖对小鼠囊胚有毒性作用,可诱导小鼠囊胚细胞的凋亡,Caspase-3参与了高浓度葡萄糖诱导囊胚细胞的凋亡作用.     

三种高盐苯胺废水对细菌群落结构的影响

采用PCR-DGGE技术分析了含有不同CODCr、盐、总磷、氨态氮、氯离子、苯胺浓度的3种高盐苯胺废水(1#、2#、3#)驯化的细菌群落结构变化,从分子水平阐明高盐苯胺废水对细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明,不同浓度高盐苯胺废水驯化过程中,2#废水随着浓度的升高,细菌群落多样性逐渐下降;1#废水驯化的细菌群落多样性指数以5%的废水最高,20%与40%的废水最低;3#废水驯化的细菌群落多样性指数以0%和5%的废水最高,20%的废水最低.不同废水对细菌群落多样性有不同的影响,表明适应和突变是驯化过程中细菌适应环境的一个重要作用力.3种不同高盐苯胺废水驯化的细菌群落多样性指数与CODCr、盐含量之间均存在显著负相关,但与氯离子和苯胺含量之间相关不显著.3种废水驯化的细菌的遗传多样性有较大差异,多态位点百分率、Shannon's信息指数和Nei's指数均以3#废水最高,1#废水次之,2#废水最低.但遗传多样性指标与CODCr、盐含量、氯离子和苯胺含量之间均相关不显著.可知细菌群落多样性的变化是由于废水中所含的污染物质的综合作用结果,而非单一的因素.3种废水的5种不同浓度驯化细菌之间的平均遗传距离分别为0.4724、0.4350和0.4902,其中3#废水驯化的细菌遗传变异最大.聚类分析表明,5种不同浓度高盐苯胺废水驯化细菌均可明显地分为两组.1#和2#废水均为0%、5%和10%废水驯化细菌聚成一组,而20%和40%废水驯化细菌聚成另一组; 3#废水为0%与5%废水驯化细菌聚成一组,而10%、20%和40%废水驯化细菌聚成另一组.不同的废水由于水质背景值不同,选择压力不同,导致细菌突变的阈值不同,使得诱导细菌变异程度不同,从而最终引起细菌群落结构的不同.驯化过程中微生物种群的变化使得整个微生物群落能够快速适应外部环境变化.     

工业对生态环境的影响--以广东顺德市为例

环境问题在程度上是由工业发展引起的。以广东省顺德市为例。环境问题如江河、大气、土壤环境污染等与工业三废排放、工业类型、工类布局、工业能耗等有密切关系。解决对策是实施可持志发展战略,调整优化工业结构,工业合理布局规模经营,推行清洁生产、进行污染治理等。     

Bioremediation of phenol by alkaliphilic bacteria isolated from alkaline lake of Lonar, India

Phenol is an industrially important compound which has a wide range of applications. Being highly soluble in water, it appears as the major pollutant in waste waters arising from both phenol manufacturing and from industrial units that utilise phenol. Because of its toxicity, bioremediation of phenol is necessary. Since some of the phenol-bearing industrial waste waters are alkaline in nature, use of alkaliphilic bacteria for bioremediation of phenol was investigated. Alkaliphilic bacteria were isolated from sediments of an alkaline lake in Lonar, Dist. Buldhana, Maharashtra State, India, by phenol enrichment at pH 10.0 and phenol concentration of 500 mg/l. The lake (lat. 19°58'45", long. 76°34') is known to be a unique inland saline lake in Asia. It has a circular periphery and diameter of 2 km around the top of the banks and 1.2 km at the bottom. The lake has a high saline level (～ 2649 mg/l sodium chloride) and a high level of alkalinity (～ 2605 mg/l calcium carbonate). Alkaliphilic strains of Arthrobacter spp., Bacillus cereus, Citrobacter freundii, Micrococcus agilis and Pseudomonas putida biovar B were capable of removing phenol from waste waters arising from industries manufacturing methyl violet (using phenol as one of the major raw materials) and cumene-phenol. The waste waters from both these units were alkaline in nature (pH ～ 9.95-10.1) and had a high phenol content (368-660 mg/l). The alkaliphilic bacteria being studied removed 100% of the phenol from the industrial waste waters within 48 h of incubation under shake culture conditions and at an ambient temperature of 28 ± 2 °C. Bioremediation of phenol by alkaliphilic strains of Arthrobacter spp., B. cereus, C. freundii and M. agilis seems to be the first report.     

固体废弃物处理与产氢技术

氢气能作为一种清洁能源和工业上的原料所使用。目前国际上氢气的获得主要有化学制取和电解水制取两种方法, 但这些方法都需要耗费大量的能源, 特别是化学制取法在耗能的同时还极易对环境造成污染。相比之下, 生物制氢有着极大的优势, 它主要是通过微生物发酵或者光合微生物的作用, 将有机废弃物进行分解从而获得氢气。利用废弃物制氢即可以低廉的获得氢能源同时又能资源化利用废弃物。以下对固体废弃物的类型、产氢的方法等进行了综述。     

固体废弃物处理与产氢技术

氢气能作为一种清洁能源和工业上的原料所使用。目前国际上氢气的获得主要有化学制取和电解水制取两种方法, 但这些方法都需要耗费大量的能源, 特别是化学制取法在耗能的同时还极易对环境造成污染。相比之下, 生物制氢有着极大的优势, 它主要是通过微生物发酵或者光合微生物的作用, 将有机废弃物进行分解从而获得氢气。利用废弃物制氢即可以低廉的获得氢能源同时又能资源化利用废弃物。以下对固体废弃物的类型、产氢的方法等进行了综述。     

The sensitivity and reproducibility of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo test for the screening of waste water quality and for testing the toxicity of chemicals

The sensitivity of the zebrafish embryo test, a test proposed for routine waste water control, was compared with the acute fish toxicity test, in the determination of six types of waste water and ten different chemicals. The waste water was sampled from the following industrial processes: paper and cardboard production, hide tanning, metal galvanisation, carcass treatment and utilisation, and sewage treatment. The chemicals tested were: dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulphoxide, cadmium chloride, cyclohexane, hydroquinone, mercuric chloride, nickel chloride, nonylphenol, resmethrin and sodium nitrite. For many of the test substances, the zebrafish embryo test and the acute fish toxicity test results showed high correlations. However, there were certain environmentally-relevant substances for which the results of the zebrafish embryo test and the acute fish toxicity test differed significantly, up to 10,000-fold (Hg(2+) > 150-fold difference; NO(2)(-) > 300-fold; Cd(2+) > 200-fold; resmethrin > 10,000-fold). For the investigated waste water samples and chemicals, the survival rate of the zebrafish embryos showed high variations between different egg samples, within the range of the EC50 concentration. Subsequently, 5-6 parallel assays were deemed to be the appropriate number necessary for the precise evaluation of the toxicity of the test substances. Also, it was found that the sensitivities of different ontogenetic stages to chemical exposure differed greatly. During the first 12 hours after fertilisation (4-cell stage to the 5-somite stage), the embryos reacted most sensitively to test substance exposure, whereas the later ontogenetic stages showed only slight or no response, indicating that the test is most sensitive during the first 24 hours post-fertilisation.     

Isolation and partial characterization of apiogalacturonans from the cell wall of Lemna minor

1. A mild, reproducible extraction procedure, using 0.5% ammonium oxalate, was developed for the isolation of polysaccharides containing d-apiose from the cell wall of Lemna minor. On a dry-weight basis the polysaccharide fractions extracted with ammonium oxalate made up 14% of the material designated cell walls and contained 20% of the d-apiose originally present in the cell walls. The cell walls, as isolated, contained 83% of the d-apiose present in L. minor. 2. After extraction with ammonium oxalate, purified polysaccharides were obtained by DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography and by fractional precipitation with sodium chloride. With these procedures the material extracted at 22 degrees C could be separated into at least five polysaccharides. On a dry-weight basis two of these polysaccharides made up more than 50% of the material extracted at 22 degrees C. There was a direct relationship between the d-apiose content of the polysaccharides and their solubility in sodium chloride solutions; those of highest d-apiose content were most soluble. 3. All the polysaccharides isolated appeared to be of one general type, namely galacturonans to which were attached side chains containing d-apiose. The d-apiose content of the apiogalacturonans varied from 7.9 to 38.1%. The content of esterified d-galacturonic acid residues in all apiogalacturonans was low, being in the range 1.0-3.5%. Hydrolysis of a representative apiogalacturonan with dilute acid resulted in the complete removal of the d-apiose with little or no degradation of the galacturonan portion. 4. Treatment of polysaccharide fractions with pectinase established that those of high d-apiose content and soluble in m-sodium chloride were not degraded, whereas those of low d-apiose content and insoluble in m-sodium chloride were extensively degraded. When the d-apiose was removed from a typical pectinase-resistant polysaccharide, the remainder of the polysaccharide was readily degraded by this enzyme. 5. Periodate oxidation of representative polysaccharide fractions and apiogalacturonans and determination of the formaldehyde released showed that about 50% of the d-apiose molecules were substituted at either the 3- or the 3'-position.     

Enhancing the Potential for in situ Bioremediation of RDX Contaminated Soil from a Former Military Demolition Range

Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) is a toxic, mobile groundwater contaminant common to military sites. Biodegradation of RDX is an alternative, cost effective and environmentally friendly remediation approach. The effects of carbon amendments (waste glycerol and cheese whey) used alone or with a potential electron shuttle (ammonium lignosulfonate) on RDX biodegradation were assessed. These substrates are readily available waste materials that can be used as nutrients to promote oxygen consumption, creating a more reducing environment. Nutrient amended batch assays were conducted using RDX spiked contaminated demolition range soil under anaerobic conditions. The amendments that improved RDX mineralization the most were subsequently tested in a scaled up repacked soil column study to verify if this strategy could be effectively implemented on-site. Microcosm results indicated that RDX mineralization by indigenous anaerobic microorganisms was enhanced the most by the low carbon amendment concentration. The use of ammonium lignosulfonate was not effective, exhibiting an inhibitory effect on RDX biodegradation that was stronger at higher concentrations. The soil column study showed that the low concentration of waste was the most promising treatment scenario. These results offer good prospects for the use of waste glycerol for in situ treatment of soils contaminated with energetic-materials, such as RDX.     

基于投入产出表的北京市产业生态效率

提高生态效率对协调经济发展与环境保护的关系至关重要。为了了解北京市产业转型过程中各产业部门生态效率的变化趋势,识别提高影响北京市产业生态效率的关键部门,基于北京市投入产出表,运用指标体系法,选取水资源效率,以及废水、二氧化硫、工业固体废弃物的环境效率作为生态效率的衡量指标,核算了北京市2007、2010和2012年各部门的水资源效率以及2005、2007和2010年各部门的环境效率,并比较分析了各部门的水资源的完全用水系数以及污染物的完全排放系数,计算各部门之间完全排放量的相互贡献比例,识别了提高生态效率的关键部门。研究结果:(1)2007—2012年,北京市各部门水资源效率和2005—2010年废水、二氧化硫(SO_2)、工业固体废弃物的环境效率整体呈波动上升趋势。(2)农林牧渔业和废品废料部门是提高水资源效率的关键部门。(3)水的生产和供应业、化学工业、食品制造及烟草加工业、纺织业和造纸印刷及文教体育用品制造业是提高废水环境效率的关键部门。(4)石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业、非金属矿物制品业、金属冶炼及压延加工业、电力及热力的生产和供应业是提高SO_2环境效率的关键部门。(5)煤炭开采和洗选业、金属矿采选业、木材加工及家具制造业、非金属矿物制品业、金属冶炼及压延加工业、电力及热力的生产和供应业、水的生产和供应业是提高工业固体废弃物环境效率的关键部门。