独龙族农业生物资源及其传统知识调查

2008及2009年两次考察收集了云南省贡山独龙族怒族自治县独龙江乡,6个独龙族村寨的农业生物资源及其传统知识。考察发现独龙族栽种、管理和利用了包括30.4%的粮食、49.7%的蔬菜和17.7%的果树等丰富的农业生物种质资源,共收集到181份种质;独龙族积累了大量的利用农业生物资源的传统知识,如董棕（Caryota urans L.）粉、漆油鸡、漆油酥油茶和木瓜（Fructus chaenomelis speciosae）豆腐等传统食物加工与烹调方法的传统知识。     

云南怒族利用的农业生物资源及其传统知识

对云南省怒江僳傈族自治州兰坪、贡山、福贡3县4个乡怒族村寨的农业生物资源及其传统知识或经验进行了较系统地调查、收集和整理。结果表明:在调查区怒族利用的农业生物资源共有24科、49种、121份,包括粮食、蔬菜、果树、药用4类,分别占收集样品的58.68%、19.83%、15.70%和5.79%;怒族利用这些农业生物资源的传统知识主要涉及食用、药用、文化宗教等方面,其中以食用和药用为主,在用途、用法上具有独到的地方,有非常明显的民族和地方特色。这说明农业生物资源不仅为怒族的基本生存提供了食物和药品来源,也在他们的宗教活动中扮演着重要角色。     

云南省元阳县哈尼族彝族农业生物资源调查

根据当地的气候特点和生态环境选取有代表性的3个乡9个村对云南省元阳县哈尼族、彝族的农业生物资源进行了系统调查和收集,共收集与当地民族生活、生产和民族文化密切相关的农业生物资源341份,其中粮食作物资源139份,果树资源(含野生种类)35份,蔬菜资源(含野生种类)55份,药用植物资源56份,饲用资源56份。详细整理分析了调查、收集到的资源的种类和利用价值,并对当地的农业生产和农业生物资源的利用和保护提出了具体建议。同时对当地的农业生物资源现状和变化情况进行调查和分析,为制订我国少数民族地区特有农业生物资源有效保护与高效利用发展战略提供基础数据和研究材料。     

贵州农业生物资源的多样性

国家科技基础性工作专项\"贵州农业生物资源调查\"项目完成了对贵州42个县的普查和21个县的系统调查。调查的农业生物资源包括粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜作物、果树作物和药用植物等。通过调查基本查清了贵州现有栽培的农业生物资源207类,采集了4800多份种质资源,其中3500多份是国家尚未编目、入库(圃)保存的新种质资源,并且这些种质资源呈现出丰富的物种多样性和遗传多样性。这充分说明我国少数民族的偏远地区农业生物资源还有很大的收集潜力,应继续调查收集。     

云南阿昌族的红细胞血型分布

调查了１０２名云南阿昌族的ＡＢＯ,ＮＮＳｓ,Ｒｈ和Ｐ系统的红细胞血型,结果表明,阿昌族的基因频率ｐ（０．３８７４）是迄今国内调查过人群中的最高值,Ｅ（０．２４５９）和ＣＤｅ（０．６９３６）基因或染色体频率较高,而Ｓ（０．０６８６）和Ｐ１（０．１０８９）频率较低;Ｍｓ（０．５９５０）连锁率高于Ｎｓ（０．３３５３）;未发现ＳＳ和Ｒｈ（－Ｄ）阴性表现型。     

云南及周边地区少数民族对农业生物资源的保护与利用

\"云南及周边地区生物资源调查\"项目属于国家科技部基础性工作专项。云南及周边地区是我国少数民族聚集区,农业生物多样性十分丰富。然而,近些年来随着经济发展,外来文化的渗透,该地区正经历着较大的变迁,少数民族文化和农业生物资源正在逐步消失[1]。为了保护和发扬少数民族的传统文化和农业生物资源,对该地区的41个县和10个民族进行了系统调查。本次调查全面完成了各项任务和考核指标。本文仅介绍云南及周边地区少数民族对农业生物资源的保护和利用情况,旨在为国家保护和发扬少数民族传统文化,制定生物资源保护政策和科学研究提供基础信息和科学依据。     

海南省陆地生物资源和综合农业的研究与开发

解放40年来,海南省自然条件和自然资源的综合性,专题性的考察和科技规划已经进行过数次,可以说,对全省的陆地生物资源和综合农业发展的基本情况是了解的.所以,我们所讨论的问题是在过去的工作基础上来开展的,同时,主要根据当前的实际需要和可能来提出,不要求面面俱到,在实际中再补充和提高.现分下列几个方面来谈.     

贵州省贞丰县和松桃县农业生物资源调查及物种多样性比较分析

本文以调查的行政区域(县、乡镇)、民族和生物资源用途为分析单元,采用生物多样性测度指标(物种丰富度、优势度、多样性指数、均匀度指数和相似性系数)评估了贵州省贞丰县、松桃县6乡(镇)不同民族管理利用的农业生物资源物种多样性。结果表明,两县物种的多样性水平都较高且相当,但松桃县3乡(镇)的物种多样性水平较贞丰县3镇的更高;苗族管理利用的物种多样性比布依族、土家族和汉族的更高。在农业生物资源用途分析单元内,松桃县寨英镇及布依族、土家族利用的粮食作物物种、松桃县盘石镇、正大乡和苗族利用的蔬菜及一年生经济作物物种、贞丰县鲁贡镇和松桃县寨英镇以及苗族、布依族管理的果树及多年生经济作物物种、松桃县盘石镇和苗族利用的药用植物物种的多样性比其他乡镇、民族的更高。     

对贵州少数民族地区农业生物资源保护和可持续利用的建议

通过\"贵州农业生物资源调查\"项目的调查,获得了大批农业生物种质资源,这些种质资源具有丰富的物种多样性和遗传多样性,它们是贵州少数民族世代相传的物质遗产,也是贵州少数民族生活和生产的物质基础。与此同时,通过调查说明,贵州少数民族地区农业生物资源还有很大的调查收集潜力。由此不难看出,有效保护和可持续利用贵州农业生物资源,不论对贵州还是对中国都具有重要的现实和长远意义。     

云南省新平县农业生物资源调查与分析

对云南省新平县3个乡镇的11个村进行了重点调查,实地走访了15个村小组,访问了90户农户,共收集到与彝族、傣族、哈尼族、拉祜族生产、生活密切相关的特优、特有、特用农业生物资源164份。分析了当地农业生物资源现状和消长情况及原因和调查、收集到的资源种类及其利用价值,并针对该地区的农业生物资源的特性,提出了利用、保护和开发建议。     

生物制氢--能源、资源、环境与经济可持续发展策略

人类面临能源危机、资源短缺、环境污染的严峻挑战,开发新的能源,合理利用资源并保护生态环境势在必行。氢能具有清洁、高效、可再生的特点,是未来重要的新能源物质。生物制氢技术利用可再生资源,特别是可利用工农业有机废弃物产氢,效率高,能耗低,污染少,成本低,具有巨大的发展潜力。本文简要阐述生物制氢技术及其发展状况,提出我国发展生物制氢技术,实现能源、资源、环境与经济可持续发展的政策建议。     

Carbohydrate supply limits invasion of natural communities by Argentine ants

The ability of species to invade new habitats is often limited by various biotic and physical factors or interactions between the two. Invasive ants, frequently associated with human activities, flourish in disturbed urban and agricultural environments. However, their ability to invade and establish in natural habitats is more variable. This is particularly so for the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile). While biotic resistance and low soil moisture limits their invasion of natural habitats in some instances, the effect of food availability has been poorly explored. We conducted field experiments to determine if resource availability limits the spread and persistence of Argentine ants in remnant natural forest in North Carolina. Replicated transects paired with and without sucrose solution feeding stations were run from invaded urban edges into forest remnants and compared over time using baits and direct counts at feeding stations. Repeated under different timing regimes in 2006 and 2007, access to sucrose increased local Argentine ant abundances (1.6–2.5 fold) and facilitated their progression into the forest up to 73 ± 21% of 50-m transects. Resource removal caused an expected decrease in Argentine ant densities in 2006, in conjunction with their retreat to the urban/forest boundary. However, in 2007, Argentine ant numbers unexpectedly continued to increase in the absence of sugar stations, possibly through access to alternative resources or conditions not available the previous year such as honeydew-excreting Hemiptera. Our results showed that supplementing carbohydrate supply facilitates invasion of natural habitat by Argentine ants. This is particularly evident where Argentine ants continued to thrive following sugar station removal.     

云南永德县民族聚居区园艺作物种质资源调查

对云南永德县彝族、傣族、佤族等聚居地区进行了与民族生产、生活密切相关的园艺作物种质资源调查.共调查与收集到园艺作物种质资源78种,鉴定了科、属、种情况,并对部分资源的生物学特性、分布及民族用法进行了简要叙述,为进一步研究、开发利用、保护这些民族园艺作物种质资源提供了参考依据.     

广昌产莲子心的资源调查和生药学研究

目的:对广昌产莲子心的资源进行了调查,并对其粉末显微及理化鉴别等进行了研究.方法:实地调研了解江西省广昌县莲子心的资源,用显微和理化方法对其进行生药学研究.结果:广昌莲子心的年贸易量可达200～300t,生药学研究表明其富含生物碱和黄酮分成分.结论:广昌为全国最大的优质莲子心药材集散地之一.     

云南省屏边县民族农业生物资源调查

2007年11月对云南省屏边县3个乡9个村分布的与彝族生产、生活密切相关的农业生物资源进行了调查、收集与整理,共收集到农业生物资源249份。本文对当地农业生物资源现状和消长情况及原因和调查、收集到的资源种类及其利用价值进行了分析,并对屏边县农业生物资源的利用、保护和开发进行了讨论。     

Niche partitioning and stochastic processes shape community structure following whitefly invasions

One of the most detrimental impacts of invasive species is the exclusion of native species, which reduces biodiversity and can alter community structure. Coexistence between invaders and native species across large scales, however, might be promoted by niche partitioning and/or stochastic processes, even when one species is excluded in some habitats. Here, we examined the effects of species traits, stochastic processes, and niche partitioning on coexistence of two morphocryptic whitefly species in the Bemisia tabaci complex: the invasive Mediterranean (MED) species and the native Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) species. These species engage in intense reproductive interference, which can result in the exclusion of one species or the other in shared habitats. Both species, however, have coexisted in sympatry in Israel for many years, where MED is invasive and MEAM1 is native. Using a spatially explicit model, we show that both stochastic processes and niche partitioning can promote coexistence between MEAM1 and MED, although predicted community structure differs drastically in each scenario. Comparison of field observations with model results indicated that variation in habitat use leading to niche partitioning was a primary factor driving coexistence between MEAM1 and MED across landscapes, although stochastic processes affected the establishment of rare species within habitats. In many systems, combining models with field surveys can be used to isolate and test mechanisms underlying patterns of community structure following invasions.     

Climate change effects on behavioral and physiological ecology of predator–prey interactions: Implications for conservation biological control

Habitat management under the auspices of conservation biological control is a widely used approach to foster conditions that ensure a diversity of predator species can persist spatially and temporally within agricultural landscapes in order to control their prey (pest) species. However, an emerging new factor, global climate change, has the potential to disrupt existing conservation biological control programs. Climate change may alter abiotic conditions such as temperature, precipitation, humidity and wind that in turn could alter the life-cycle timing of predator and prey species and the behavioral nature and strength of their interactions. Anticipating how climate change will affect predator and prey communities represents an important research challenge. We present a conceptual framework—the habitat domain concept—that is useful for understanding contingencies in the nature of predator diversity effects on prey based on predator and prey spatial movement in their habitat. We illustrate how this framework can be used to forecast whether biological control by predators will become more effective or become disrupted due to changing climate. We discuss how changes in predator–prey interactions are contingent on the tolerances of predators and prey species to changing abiotic conditions as determined by the degree of local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity exhibited by species populations. We conclude by discussing research approaches that are needed to help adjust conservation biological control management to deal with a climate future.