浙江土壤中的暗色丝孢菌研究I.(英文)

从浙江省采集的42份土壤样品中,分离出50个暗色丝孢菌分离物,鉴定为26属39种。其中拟苍白弯孢Curvulariasubpallescens为新种。侧多隔孢属Pleurophragmium,疣瓶孢属Eladia,拟葡萄孢属Pseudobotrytis和棘瓶孢属Echinobotryum为中国新记录属。鞘孢霉ChalarastateofCeratocystisadiposa,紫棕毛束霉Doratomycespurpureofuscus,黑棘瓶孢Echinobotryumatrum,小囊疣瓶孢Eladiasaccula,隘缩小内多隔孢Endophragmiellaconstricta,青霉状粘束孢Graphiumpenicillioides,黑侧多隔孢Pleurophragmiumactum,土栖拟葡萄孢Pseudobotrytisterrestris,腐植齿梗孢Scolecobasidiumhumicola和虎尾兰葡萄穗霉Stachybotryssansevierae为中国新记录种。其余28种为国内已报道种。     

单格孢属(丝孢纲)3个新种及中国土壤中单格孢属真菌已知种检索表

报道分离自中国云南、青海、福建3省土壤的单格孢属(Monodictys)3个新种:珠芽状单格孢M.bulbiliformis、黄河单格孢M.huangheensis和厦门单格孢M.xiamenensis,并对其进行了形态描述和讨论。文中提供了中国土壤中单格孢属16个已知种的分种检索表。新种的模式标本(干制培养物)及活菌种保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP),等模式标本(干制培养物)保存在中国科学院菌物标本馆(HMAS)。     

新月弯孢霉AS 3.4381对新型甾体底物C11β-羟基化

应用本实验室保藏的新月弯孢霉Curvularia lunataAS 3.4381对新型甾体化合物(Ⅰ)(16α,17β-二甲基-17-丙酰基雄甾-1,4-二烯-3-酮)作为底物进行生物转化C11β-羟基化反应的研究。实验研究结果表明,采用Ⅱ级发酵的工艺,收获新月弯孢霉菌丝体作为生物催化剂,在磷酸缓冲液介质体系中,对化合物Ⅰ的C11位实现β羟基化,生成皮质激素药物。测试数据TLC,MS,IR及1H NMR证明了该产物的化学结构,表明生物转化产物为C11β-羟基-16α,17β-二甲基-17-丙酰基雄甾-1,4-二烯-3-酮。     

膜荚黄芪中两个新的抗菌异黄烷化合物

膜荚黄芪（Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.)Bunge）为豆科植物,其根入药,有补气固表、利尿脱毒、敛疮疤生肌、益气补中之功效,主要用于气虚乏力、食少便溏、中气下陷、久泻脱肛、便血崩漏、表虚自汗、气虚     

C24(28)-甾醇还原酶参与粗糙脉孢菌极性生长及早期发育

麦角甾醇是真菌细胞膜的主要固醇类物质,其生物合成是一个复杂的酶促反应过程, 其中C24(28)-甾醇还原酶是麦角甾醇合成途径中的关键酶,对C24(28)-甾醇还原酶功能的研究有助于阐明麦角甾醇对真菌极性生长的影响.本文对粗糙脉胞菌C24(28)-甾醇还原酶蛋白（Erg-2基因编码）序列的同源性分析表明,在子囊菌门的3个物种中,C24(28)-甾醇还原酶具有很高的保守性.根据同源重组基因敲除原理,通过电转化、分生孢子过膜以及PCR鉴定的方法获得了Erg-2基因缺失突变株（Erg-2KO）,进一步利用斜面生长法并结合细胞壁染色进行突变株表型分析发现,与野生型相比,Erg-2KO(Ku70RIP背景)在生长初期菌丝生长缓慢,而后期与野生型无显著差异.这些结果表明,C24(28)-甾醇还原酶对N. crassa早期的生长和发育至关重要.     

尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)诱导矿化回收稀土离子La(Ⅲ)

[目的] 从罗源湾红树林浅滩土壤中筛选出产脲酶真菌,研究其对镧La（Ⅲ）的最大耐受浓度,利用其吸附和产脲酶作用诱导矿化回收稀土离子La（Ⅲ）,以期为稀土离子La（Ⅲ）的资源回收提供菌种资源和应用技术指导。[方法] 从罗源湾红树林浅滩土壤中分离、筛选、纯化出可产脲酶及耐La（Ⅲ）真菌,通过ITS rDNA基因序列分析对其进行鉴定;同时,利用XRD、SEM-Mapping及FT-IR分析探讨菌株回收La（Ⅲ）的机理。[结果] 经分离、纯化得到一株可产脲酶及耐受高浓度La（Ⅲ）的真菌FZU-07,鉴定为尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum）,其具有较强诱导矿化回收La（Ⅲ）的能力,对La（Ⅲ）的最大耐受浓度为400 mg/L。菌株FZU-07单独对La（Ⅲ）吸附回收效率为46.19%;在诱导矿化条件下回收效率可提高到99.16%。FT-IR和SEM-Mapping分析表明,尖孢镰刀菌吸附La（Ⅲ）与菌丝体表面的氨基、羟基、羰基和磷酸基团相关;XRD和SEM-Mapping结果表明诱导矿化是通过该菌的产脲酶特性,使尿素分解产生碳酸,并与钙离子结合生成球霰石晶型的碳酸钙,La（Ⅲ）被捕获在球霰石晶格中,形成La（Ⅲ）和碳酸钙的混合固相,以共沉淀的形式被回收。[结论] 菌株FZU-07,是一株具有产脲酶特性的尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum）,且具有较强的诱导矿化回收La（Ⅲ）能力。表明微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀是一种可行且生态友好的回收稀土离子的方法。     

地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U-32的3-氨基5-羟基苯甲酸合成酶(AHBAS)基因的克隆与序列分析

地中海拟无枝菌酸菌（Ａｍｙｃｏｌａｔｏｐｓｉｓｍｅｄｉｔｅｒｒａｎｅｉ）Ｕ３２是一种临床上重要的抗生素———力复霉素ＳＶ的产生菌。研究表明,在地中海拟无枝菌酸菌的力复霉素生物合成过程中,３氨基５羟基苯甲酸合成酶（ＡＨＢＡＳ）是合成中间体Ｃ７Ｎ母核（又称ＡＨＢＡ）的关键酶。通过筛选以广宿主粘粒（Ｃｏｓｍｉｄ）ｐＬＡＦＲ３为载体构建的地中海拟无枝菌酸菌Ｕ３２的基因文库,获得６个阳性克隆子。将含有ＡＨＢＡＳ基因的约２５ｋｂ的片段克隆到ｐＢｌｕｅｓｃｒｉｐｔⅡＳＫ和ＫＳ上,进行酶谱分析得到其在染色体上的初步定位。序列测定表明地中海拟无枝菌酸菌Ｕ３２中的ＡＨＢＡ合成酶基因,由１１６７ｂｐ组成,起始密码子为ＡＴＧ,终止密码子为ＴＧＡ,共编码３８８个氨基酸,所克隆到的ＡＨＢＡ合成酶基因在大肠杆菌的启动子控制下获得诱导表达,蛋白分子量约为４３ｋＤ。     

狭基线纹香茶菜中一个新的木脂素类化合物(英文)

从狭基线纹香茶菜 (Isodonlophanthoidesvar.gerardianus [Bentham]H .Hara)的乙酸乙酯部分分离得到两个木脂素类化合物 ,经 1D、2D_NMR技术鉴定 ,分别为 1_acetoxyl_2e,6e_dipiperonyl_3,7_dioxabicyclo_[3,3,0 ]_octane (1)和 1_acetoxyl_2e_piperonyl_6e_[6_methoxyl_piperonyl]_3,7_dioxabicyclo_[3,3,0 ]_octane (2 ) ,其中 2为新化合物。     

红豆杉一内生真菌化学成分的研究(英文)

从药用植物红豆杉 (Taxuschinensis (Pilg.)Rehd .)的内生真菌———粘帚霉属真菌 (Gliocladiumsp .,简称F菌 )菌丝体中分离到 3个化合物 ,根据光谱方法确定了它们的结构。其中 ,(2 0S ,2 2S)_4a_同_2 2_羟基_4_氧杂麦角甾_7,2 4 (2 8)_二烯_3_酮为新化合物 ,化合物 4 ,8,12 ,16_四甲基_1,5 ,9,13_四氧杂环十六烷_2 ,6 ,10 ,14_四酮为首次从该属真菌中分离到 ,6 ,9_环氧麦角甾_7,2 2_二烯_3_羟基为首次从F菌中分离到。     

紫外辐射对铜绿微囊藻中类菌孢素氨基酸(MAAs)的诱导效应

用8 w紫外灯,距离藻10 cm,以5 min/d、10 min/d、20 min/d连续照射6 d的间断处理和连续照射1 h、1.5 h、2 h、3h、6 h、12 h的连续处理两种方式处理铜绿微囊藻,测得水溶性色素提取液在200~400 nm间的吸收光谱与对照组相比较,没有产生新的吸收峰,说明MAAs的产生不需要紫外线的诱导。同时随着紫外辐射剂量的增加,MAAs的含量先增加,当达到一定的辐射剂量之后,MAAs的含量随着紫外辐射剂量的增加而减小。     

Participation of peroxisomal beta-oxidation system in the chain-shortening of a xenobiotic acyl compound

A drug, (E)-3-[4-(1-imidazolylmethyl)phenyl]-2-propenoic acid, was metabolized to 4-(1-imidazolylmethyl)benzoic acid in isolated hepatocytes of rats, which was enhanced markedly by the pretreatment of rats with clofibrate. With liver homogenates, the formation of the CoA-ester of this drug and its subsequent chain-shortening were demonstrated. In the series of these reactions, acyl-CoA synthetase, CoA, ATP and NAD were required, whereas cyanide did not inhibit the reaction. These results indicate that peroxisomes are capable of shortening the acyl side-chains of drugs by the beta-oxidation, giving an additional suggestion on the functions of peroxisomes.     

A pungent diarylheptanoid from Alpinia oxyphylla

From the neutral fraction of the methanolic extract of the fruit of Alpinia oxyphylla, a new pungent compound has been isolated, and is shown to be 1-(4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenyl)-7-phenyl-3-heptanone. This compound is 125 times more pungent than zingerone.     

Production and Characterization of a Pressure-induced Gel from Freeze-concentrated Milk

A process was developed to produce a characteristic milk gel. Raw and market milk samples were freeze-concentrated using bacterial ice nuclei. The concentrates were kept at 5°C and compressed at 300–600 MPa for 5 min. The combination of the freeze concentration and the pressurization gave a milk gel without adding any gelling agents. The addition of sugar at 10% to the concentrated milk improved its gel strength and viscoelasticity. The gel was characterized by a phase transition at about 62–75°C.     

Hydroxylated jasmonic acid and related compounds from Botryodiplodia theobromae

From the culture filtrate of the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae five hydroxylated cyclopentane fatty acids of the jasmonic acid type were isolated and identified as (11 S -(-)-hydroxyjasmonic acid; (11R)-(-)-hydroxyjasmonic acid; (-)-12-hydroxyjasmonic acid; (-)-8ξ-hydroxyjasmonic acid; (-)-3-oxo-2-(1ξ-hydroxy-2Z-pentenyl)cyclopent-1-yl-butyric acid; (-)-3-oxo-2(4ξ-hydroxy-2Z-pentenyl)cyclopent-1-yl-butyric acid. In addition, the corresponding hydroxylated iso-jasmonic acid analogues were found as minor constituents. During silica gel chromatography 11,12-didehydrojasmonic acid, 11ξ-acetoxyjasmonic acid, 3-oxo-2-(4ξ-acetoxy-2Z-pentenyl)cyclopent-1-yl-butyric acid 3-oxo-2-(2Z,4-pentadienyl)cyclopent-1-yl-butyric acid were formed as artefacts.     

Three 3-benzyl-4-chromanones from Muscari comosum

Three novel 3-benzyl-4-chromanones have been isolated from the bulbs of Muscari comosum.     

Alkaloids from Toddalia aculeata

Two alkaloids N-methyl-4-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(2,3-epoxy-3-methylbutyl)-1H-quinolin-2-one (1) and 3-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-4,7-dimethoxy-1-methyl-1H-quinolin-2-one (2a) have been isolated from CH(2)Cl(2):methanol (1:1) and methanol extracts of leaves and stems of Toddalia aculeata. Their structures along with that of 15 other compounds, of which three are isolated for the first time from genus Toddalia, were established by their detailed spectral studies including 2D NMR viz. (1)H-(1)H COSY, (1)H-(13)C COSY, and HMBC.     

A pungent principle from Alpinia oxyphylla

A pungent diarylheptanoid isolated from Alpinia oxyphylla has been characterized as trans-1-(4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxyphenyl)-7-phenylhept-1-en     

A one microsecond component of chlorophyll luminescence suggesting a primary acceptor of system II of photosynthesis different from Q

The kinetics of the luminescence of chlorophyll a in Chlorella vulgaris were studied in the time range from 0.2 μs to 20 μs after a short saturating flash ($\text{t}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{= 25}\text{ns}$) under various pretreatment including anaerobiosis, flashes, continuous illumination and various additions. A 1 μs luminescence component probably originating from System II was found of which the relative amplitude was maximum under anaerobic conditions for reaction centers in the state SPQ^? before the flash, about one third for centers in the state S⁺PQ^? or SPQ before the flash, and about one tenth for centers in the state S⁺PQ before the flash. S is the secondary donor complex with zero charge; S⁺ is the secondary donor complex with 1 to 3 positive charges; P, the primary donor, is the photoactive chlorophyll a, P-680, of reaction center 2; Q^? is the reduced acceptor of System II, Q. Under aerobic conditions, where an endogenous quencher presumably was active, the luminescence was reduced by a factor two.The 1 μs decay of the luminescence is probably caused by the disappearance of P⁺ formed in the laser flash according to the reaction ZP⁺ → Z⁺P in which Z is the molecule which donates an electron to P⁺ and which is part of S. After addition of hydroxylamine, the 1 μs luminescence component changed with the incubation time exponentially (τ = 27 s) into a 30 μs component; during the same time, the variable fluorescence yield, measured 9 μs after the laser flash, decreased by a factor 2 with the same time constant. Hereafter in a second much slower phase the fluorescence yield decreased as an exponential function of the incubation time to about the dark value; meanwhile the 30 μs luminescence increased about 50% with the same time constant (τ = 7 min). Heat treatment abolished both luminescence components.The 1 μs luminescence component saturated at about the same energy as the System II fluorescence yield 60 μs after the laser flash and as the slower luminescence components. From the observation that the amplitude is maximum if the laser flash is given when the fluorescence yield is high after prolonged anaerobic conditions (state SQ^?), we conclude that the 1 μs luminescence is probably caused by the reaction

$\text{PWQ}{}^{\mathrm{?}}\text{+hv →}\text{P}\text{1}\text{WQ}{}^{\mathrm{?}}\text{→}\text{P}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{W}{}^{\mathrm{?}}\text{Q}{}^{\mathrm{?}}\text{→}\text{P}\text{1}\text{WQ}{}^{\mathrm{?}}\text{→ PWQ}{}^{\mathrm{?}}\text{+hv}$

in which W is an acceptor different from Q. The presence of S⁺ reduced the luminescence amplitude to about one third. Two models are discussed, one with W as an intermediate between P and Q and another, which gives the best interpretation, with W on a side path.     

A new triterpenic acid from the wood rotting fungi

A new triterpenic acid, assigned the trivial name polyporenic acid D, has been isolated from the wood rotting fungus Polyporus officinalis. It has been shown to have the structure 3α-hydroxy-4,4,14α-trimethyl-5α-ergosta-8, 24(28)-dien-26-oic acid.     

Macrophyllin,a neolignan from Licaria macrophylla

The trunk wood of Licaria macrophylla (A. C. Smith) Kosterm. (Lauraceae) contains, in addition to sitosterol, terpene (borneol) and sesquiterpene (nerolidol, elemol) alcohols, a novel neolignan, macrophyllin, for which the structure of 3-allyl-8-hydroxy-1,5-dimethoxy-7-methyl-4(or 2)-oxo-6-(3′,4′-methylenedioxy-5′-methoxyphenyl)-bicyclo [3,2,1] oct-2(or 4)-ene is proposed.