发酵白酒糟生产饲料蛋白的培养条件及产物分析

利用白地霉(Geotrichum candidium) Z-4、热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis) Z-14和木素木霉(Trichoderma lignorum) Z-20三株菌混合发酵白酒糟生产饲料蛋白的培养基成分为白酒糟90％、麦芽根粉10％、尿素2％,原料:水=1:0.8,pH6.0,接种量10％,培养温度28～30℃,培养周期3d。分析结果表明,发酵产物营养丰富,粗蛋白含量高达32.1％,氨基酸含量齐全,脂肪含量为5.6％,维生素B_1和B_2的含量分别为2.2mg/kg和52.6mg/kg。具有较高的纤维素酶、半纤维素酶及淀粉酶活性。     

一株高效脱酚菌麦芽糖假丝酵母10－4的研究

从炼油厂严重污染的污水和土壤中分离筛选到１２株假丝酵母及丝孢酵母,能以苯酚为唯一碳源生长,２８．４０ｈ内降解苯酚可达１２００ｍｇ／Ｌ以上。其中１０－４号菌株降解苯酚浓度最高可达１７００ｍｇ／Ｌ。在含５００ｍｇ／ｌ苯酚及２０ｍｇ／ＬＣＮ－（５０ｍｇ／ＬＫＣＮ）的培养液中,降解苯酚的同时能降解１３．７ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＣＮ^－。鉴定为麦芽糖假丝酵母（Ｃｏｎｄｉｄａｍａｌｔｏｓａ）。其生长的最适ｐＨ范围为６－９,降解苯酚的最适ｐＨ范围为４－９,生长的最适温度为２５－３２℃,降解苯酚的最     

农作物秸秆发酵剂的研究

用液体、固体不同培养方式,对异常汉逊酵母（Ｈａｎｓｅｎｕｌａａｎｏｍａｌａ）ＡＳ２．３００、白地霉（Ｇｅｏｌｒｉｃｈｕｍｃａｎｄｉｄｕｍ）ＡＳ２．３６１、康宁木霉（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｄｅｒｍａｋｏｎｉｎｇｉｉ）ＴＫ—２、植物乳杆菌（Ｌａｃｔｏｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｐｌａｎｔａｒｕｍ）ＬＰ—５等菌进行分别培养,然后按一定比例配成农作物秸秆发酵剂。并进行了对玉米秸秆发酵试验：在室温条件下发酵７天,添加５％发酵剂,发酵产物的粗蛋白含量提高一倍左右;添加２０％发酵剂,发     

一株多菌灵降解细菌的分离、鉴定及系统发育分析

从被多菌灵污染的湖南红壤土中分离到一株能以多菌灵为唯一碳源和能源生长的菌株1_1,该菌在含酵母膏多菌灵(500mg/L)的无机盐培养基中与无酵母膏的多菌灵(500mg/L)无机盐培养基中,24d对多菌灵的降解率分别为95.56％和19.6％。根据表型特征、G+C含量及16S rDNA序列分析将菌株1-1鉴定为β-Proteobacteria中的Ralstonia sp.（罗尔斯通氏菌）。     

纤维素酶水解糠醛渣生产酵母II．糠醛渣酶解液培养酵母

从82株不同种属酵母中选得3株酵母,它们能较好地利用纤维素酶水解糠醛渣所产生的糖液。其菌名和编号是假丝酵母(Candida sp.)As 2．121,热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)培养基糖浓度以1．5％或2．0%较好,这与原始酶解液的糖浓度及其中糠醛等有毒物质有关。最好将原始酶解液稀释一倍以上使用。另外补加相当于含糖量7．5％的(NH4),SO4,5％的KH2PO4和2．5％的尿素。起始pH以5较好。三株菌的最适生长温度略有差异, AS2.121为28—32℃,AS 2.637为2 8—37℃,AS 2.1180为30—35℃,但最适生长温度范围均较广,在 生产上较易控制。在250毫升三角瓶中装培养基50毫升,接种酵母后在旋转摇床(170转／AS 2.121 菌株之菌体产率高且稳定,常达50％;AS 2．637菌株较耐高温,菌体产率亦可高达50％左右;AS 2．1180菌株在摇瓶培养条件下菌体产率较低,为40—45％,且较不稳定,可能和培养基pH值的控制有关。     

致病酵母菌基因组多态性及亲缘关系的研究

致病酵母是条件致病菌感染中最常见的菌群。其属间、种间及种内的分型具有重要的流行病学及临床意义。以随机扩增多态性(Randomly Amplified Polymorphism DNA markers,RAPD)的方法对48株临床上常见的酵母菌属间、种间及种内基因组型的多态性进行了研究,并以多种引物扩增带型的相似性系数的高低来评价酵母菌之间的亲缘关系。结果表明:RAPD带型可清楚的显示出假丝酵母(Candida)及相关酵母属间、种间及种内的差异,亲缘关系的研究表明假丝酵母属与隐球菌属(Cryptococcus)、丝孢酵母属(Trichosporon)的相似性系数为80％,除季也蒙假丝酵母(C. guilliermondii)外,假丝酵母属中不同种间的相似性系数为82％～87％,同种不同株间的相似性系数>90％。大多数属、种基因组分型的结果和形态学分类结果相符。     

解脂假丝酵母8-2利用液体石蜡发酵生产工业用柠檬酸

果园土壤筛选出一株能利用液体石蜡生成柠檬酸的酵母菌,经鉴定为解脂假丝酵母(Candida lipolytica) 8—2。在该菌所产生总酸中约50％为柠檬酸。摇瓶及500升发酵罐试验证明,8—2菌在含10—12％液体石蜡、0.25—0.5％玉米浆及6％CaCO,作中和剂的培养基中,一般能生成7％以上的柠檬酸,最高可达10．72％。此种工艺可生产工业用柠檬酸。     

高活性纤维素酶菌株778-1的筛选鉴定与产酶条件的研究

我们从湖南省隆回县河岸土中分离筛选到产生高活性纤维素酶的野生菌株778-1,其酶活性比优良的木霉野生菌株高一倍[1,2],并对秸杆类天然纤维素有较强的降解作用。此菌株按《青霉鉴定手册》[3]鉴定属于散枝亚组微紫青霉系(P．Janthinellum series)鱼肝油青霉(P．Piscarium wcstling)和微紫青霉(P. janthinellum biourge)的中间类型。最适培养基成分为：苞米秸粉(1号)10g,营养盐溶液(NaNO,1.5％,(NH4)：SO4 0．8％,KH2PO4 0．2％,MgSO47H2O 0．05％)30ml。pH5-5—6．0,25—30℃培养96小时。在此条件下该酶分解滤纸、CMC、棉花的活性分别为200—220 mg／g.h、4000一4200mg／g．H 580--650mg／g．H。在上述 培养基中加入0．2—0．6g豆饼粉酶活性可以进一步提高。     

白地霉G38生物转化制备抗忧郁药?-fluoxetine

从200株菌中筛选出具有双酮化合物还原活力较高的菌株7株,其中以白地霉(Geotrickum, sp. )G38活力最高,而且有较好的区域选择性和立体选择性。白地霉G38能对β-羰基苯丙酸乙酯进行不对称还原,生成?-β-羟基苯丙酸乙酯,用于制备抗忧郁药?-fluoxetine。用二甲基硅橡胶包埋白地霉菌体取代游离菌体进行生物转化,可以提高反应的立体选择性,对映体过量值从49％提高到81％。     

两株真菌降解菜籽饼中植酸的研究

利用选择性培养基从土壤中分离到两株能降解植酸的丝状真菌。这些菌株能利用肌醇作为唯一的碳源和能源而生长。在液态发酵中植酸的降解率分别为74．4％和95．0％;在固态发酵中植酸的降解率为40％左右。某些金属离子对菌株的降解率的提高具有一定的促进作用。对温度、pH和水分等影响因子也进行了初步的探讨。经初步鉴定,这两株菌株中有一株为拟青霉（Paecilomycessp）,另一株为青霉（Penicilliumsp．）,它们均不产黄曲霉素素。     

Comparison of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Degradation by Seven Strains of White Rot Fungi

The degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by seven strains of white rot fungi was examined in two different media containing 50 mg L⁻¹ of TNT. When TNT was added into a nutrient-rich YMG medium at the beginning of the incubation, four of the fungal strains completely removed TNT during several days of incubation and showed higher removal rates than those of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. TNT added into YMG medium after a 5-day preincubation period completely disappeared within 12 hours, and the removal rates were higher than those in N-limited minimal medium. Isomers of hydroxylamino-dinitrotoluene were identified as the first detectable metabolites of TNT. These were transformed to amino-dinitrotoluenes, which also disappeared during further incubation from cultures of Irpex lacteus. During the initial phase of TNT degradation by I. lacteus, dinitrotoluenes were also detected after the transient formation of a hydride-Meisenheimer complex, indicating that I. lacteus used two different pathways of TNT degradation simultaneously. Received: 29 March 2000 / Accepted: 23 May 2000     

Effect of Sodium Chloride and pH on the Outgrowth of Spores of Type E Clostridium botulinum at Optimal and Suboptimal Temperatures

The sodium chloride inhibition of spore outgrowth of four strains of type E Clostridium bolulinum was determined in a Trypticase-peptone-glucose (TPG) medium. At 16, 21, and 30 C, spores of three strains required 5.0% and one strain 4.5% salt for complete inhibition during 1 year of incubation. At 8 and 10 C, spores of the four strains required 4.5% salt for definite inhibition. Salt concentrations slightly lower than those providing inhibition tended to extend spore outgrowth time at low temperatures. The minimal pH permitting outgrowth of type E spore inocula was affected by the concentration of reducing compound present in the system. When either 0.02% sodium thioglycolate or 0.05% L-cysteine hydrochloride was used, outgrowth at 30 and 8 C occurred at much lower pH levels than when 0.2% thioglycolate was added. At 30 C, spores of one strain showed outgrowth in TPG medium as low as pH 5.21 with an inoculum of 2 million spores per replicate tube. At a 10-fold higher inoculum, the same strain showed outgrowth at pH 5.03 in one of five replicate tubes. At 8 C, spore outgrowth of the four strains occurred at pH 5.9, but not at pH 5.7, in TPG medium containing L-cysteine hydrochloride.     

Hydride-mediated reduction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by yeasts as the way to its deep degradation

Broad screening of microorganisms from natural and anthropogenic ecological niches has revealed strains Candida sp. AN-L15 and Geotrichum sp. AN-Z4 which transform 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) via alternative pathways (with the domination of hydride ion-mediated reduction of the aromatic ring) and produce relatively high amounts of nitrites. According to the spectrophotometry data, the hydride attack of TNT by Candida sp. AN-L15 and Geotrichum sp. AN-Z4 grown at pH 5.0-8.0 leads to the mono- and dihydride complexes of TNT (H(-)-TNT and 2H(-)-TNT, respectively) and to protonated forms of the latter. Analysis by HPLC, GC-mass spectrometry, and ion chromatography revealed the products of deep conversion of TNT. The growth of the yeast strains in a weakly acidic medium with TNT (440 microM) is accompanied by formation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT, up to 18.2 microM). Together with accumulation of nitrites (up to 76.0 microM, depending on pH of the medium), these findings demonstrate the capacity of both strains for TNT denitration. Formation of 2,4-DNT reflects the realization of one of the possible mechanisms of TNT ortho-nitro group elimination and switching over to the pathways of metabolism of dinitrotoluenes, which are much more easily biodegradable than TNT. Simultaneously with the dominating TNT hydride attack, the mechanism of 4- and 6-electron reduction of the nitro group also functions in Candida sp. AN-L15 and Geotrichum sp. AN-Z4. Realization of the studied mechanisms of TNT transformation under growth of Candida sp. AN-L15 on n-alkane is important for bioremediation in the cases of combined pollution by oil products and explosives.     

Low-temperature microbial degradation of crude oil products differing in the extent of condensation

Out of the 30 strains capable of oil degradation at 4-6 degrees C, four were selected by the ability to degrade 40% of the oil substrate present in the growth medium: Rhodococcus spp. DS-07 and DS-21 and Pseudomonas spp. DS-09 and DS-22. We studied the activity of these strains as degraders of oil products of various condensation degrees (crude oil, masut, petroleum oils, benzene resins and ethanol-benzene resins) at 4-6 degrees C. The maximum degrees of degradation of masut and ethanol-benzene resins were observed in Pseudomonas spp. DS-22 (17.2% and 5.2%, respectively). The maximum degradation of petroleum oils and benzene resins was observed in Rhodococcus spp. DS-07 (40% and 16.6%, respectively). The strains provide a basis for developing biodegrader preparations applicable to bioremediation of oil-polluted sites under the conditions of cold climate.     

Production of fuel ethanol at high temperature from sugar cane juice by a newly isolated Kluyveromyces marxianus

Kluyveromyces marxianus DMKU 3-1042, isolated by an enrichment technique in a sugar cane juice medium supplemented with 4% (w/v) ethanol at 35 degrees C, produced high concentrations of ethanol at both 40 and 45 degrees C. Ethanol production by this strain in shaking flask cultivation in sugar cane juice media at 37 degrees C was highest in a medium containing 22% total sugars, 0.05% (NH(4))(2)SO(4), 0.05% KH(2)PO(4), and 0.15% MgSO(4).7H(2)O and having a pH of 5.0; the ethanol concentration reached 8.7% (w/v), productivity 1.45 g/l/h and yield 77.5% of theoretical yield. At 40 degrees C, a maximal ethanol concentration of 6.78% (w/v), a productivity of 1.13 and a yield 60.4% of theoretical yield were obtained from the same medium, except that the pH was adjusted to 5.5. In a study on ethanol production in a 5l jar fermenter with an agitation speed of 300 rpm and an aeration rate of 0.2 vvm throughout the fermentation, K. marxianus DMKU 3-1042 yielded a final ethanol concentration of 6.43% (w/v), a productivity of 1.3g/l/h and a yield of 57.1% of theoretical yield.     

Hydride-mediated reduction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by yeasts as the way to its deep degradation

Broad screening of microorganisms from natural and anthropogenic ecological niches has revealed strains Candida sp. AN-L15 and Geotrichum sp. AN-Z4 which transform, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) via alternative pathways (with the domination of hydride ion-mediated reduction of the aromatic ring) and produce relatively high amounts of nitrites. According to the spectrophotometry data, the hydride attack of TNT by Candida sp. AN-L15 and Geotrichum sp. AN-Z4 grown at pH 5.0–8.0 leads to the mono-and dihydride complexes of TNT (H^?-TNT and 2H^?-TNT, respectively) and to protonated forms of the latter. Analysis by HPLC, GC-mass spectrometry, and ion chromatography revealed the products of deep conversion of TNT. The growth of the yeast strains in a weakly acidic medium with TNT (440 μM) is accompanied by formation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT, up to 18.2 μM). Together with accumulation of nitrites (up to 76.0 μM, depending on pH of the medium), these findings demonstrate the capacity of both strains for TNT denitration. Formation of 2,4-DNT reflects the realization of one of the possible mechanisms of TNT ortho-nitro group elimination and switching over to the pathways of metabolism of dinitrotoluenes, which are much more easily biodegradable than TNT. Simultaneously with the dominating TNT hydride attack, the mechanism of 4-and 6-electron reduction of the nitro group also functions in Candida sp. AN-L15 and Geotrichum sp. AN-Z4. Realization of the studied mechanisms of TNT transformation under growth of Candida sp. AN-L15 on n-alkane is important for bioremediation in the cases of combined pollution by oil products and explosives.     

一株纤维素降解菌的分离、鉴定及对 玉米秸秆的降解特性

[目的]获得高产纤维素酶细菌菌株,探讨以氨化预处理玉米秸秆为底物时的纤维素酶产酶特性及底物降解特性,探讨纤维素酶作用机理,提高玉米秸秆利用率.[方法]用LB培养基分离并纯化菌株,羧甲基纤维素钠培养基培养、刚果红染色进行初步筛选.考察氨化预处理对底物降解率、产酶能力的影响.通过形态特征观察及16S rRNA、Biolog鉴定菌株.[结果]分离到一株高效纤维素降解菌NH11,经鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis). 30℃、发酵5d时,预处理前后玉米秸秆降解率分别为14.24％和24.73％.30℃、pH 7.2时,处理组CMC酶活力峰值处为153.84 U/mL,FPA酶活力为197.24 U/mL,比未处理组分别高出11.45％和10.59％.[结论]NH11具有较高的纤维素酶产酶能力,氨化预处理能够提高菌株对玉米秸秆的降解率.该菌株在秸秆堆肥、制作食用菌培养基和制取反刍动物粗饲料方面具有很高的应用价值.     

Production of cholesterol oxidase by a newly isolated Rhodococcus sp.

Fifteen strains of microorganisms with ability to degrade cholesterol were isolated. Among them a Gram-positive, non-motile, non-sporing bacterium with meso-DAP in the cell wall and with a rod-coccus cycle showed the highest ability for cholesterol degradation. It was identified as Rhodococcus sp. strain 2C and was deposited by code 1633 in Persian type culture collection (PTCC). This strain was able to produce high levels of both extracellular and cell-bound cholesterol oxidases in media containing cholesterol as a sole carbon source. The effects of medium composition and physical parameters on cholesterol oxidase production were studied. The optimized medium was found to contain cholesterol 0.15% (w/v), yeast extract 0.3% (w/v), diammonium hydrogen phosphate 0.1% (w/v), Tween 80 (0.05%). The optimum pH and temperature for cholesterol oxidase production in optimized medium were found to be 8–30 °C respectively. Triton X-100 showed the greatest effect in releasing the cell-bound enzyme. The first and most probably the main metabolite of cholesterol degradation was purified and identified as 4-cholestene-3-one.     

Metabolism of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by aPseudomonas consortium under aerobic conditions

An aerobic bacterial consortium was shown to degrade 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). At an initial concentration of 100 ppm, 100% of the TNT was transformed to intermediates in 108 h. Radiolabeling studies indicated that 8% of [¹⁴C]TNT was used as biomass and 3.1% of [¹⁴C]TNT was mineralized. The first intermediates observed were 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene and its isomer 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene. Prolonged incubation revealed signs of ring cleavage. Succinate or another substrate—e.g., malic acid, acetate, citrate, molasses, sucrose, or glucose—must be added to the culture medium for the degradation of TNT. The bacterial consortium was composed of variousPseudomonas spp. The results suggest that the degradation of TNT is accomplished by co-metabolism and that succinate serves as the carbon and energy source for the growth of the consortium. The results also suggest that this soil bacterial consortium may be useful for the decontamination of environmental sites contaminated with TNT.     

Detoxification of high concentrations of trinitrotoluene by bacteria

The ability of the strains-destructors of various aromatic compounds to utilize trinitrotoluene (TNT) up to concentration of 70 mg/1 was shown. An increase in the TNT concentration from 100 to 150 mg/1 did not inhibit its conversion rate by the Kocuria palustris RS32 strain. The Acinetobacter sp. VT 11 strain utilized TNT as a sole substrate for growth; 3,5-dinitro-4-methyl anilide acetate and 2,6-dinitro-4-aminotoluene were identified as intermediates of TNT degradation by active strains of Pseudomonas sp. VT-7W and Kocuria rosea RS51. At the same time, 4-methyl-3,5-dinitroformamide was discovered for the first time upon the TNT destruction by the bacteria strains of Rhodococcus opacus 1G and Rhodococcus sp. VT-7. The active bacterial strains achieved an 82-90% destruction of TNT when they were introduced into the soil.