圈卷产色链霉菌分化基因sawB的结构与功能

以Sau3AI部分酶切野生型圈卷产色链霉菌7100(Streptomyces ansochromogenes 7100)染色体DNA,回收3～6 kb的DNA片段,插入到链霉菌表达载体pIJ702的BglⅡ位点,转化圈卷产色链霉菌白色突变株W19,得到了近3 000个转化子,从中筛选到了两个具有硫链丝菌素抗性和野生型灰色表型的转化子.进行了质粒提取和酶切分析,两个重组质粒分别命名为pNL-1和pNL-2(分别含有约5.2和5.8 kb的外源片段).通过亚克隆及突变株互补实验,将互补W19的基因定位在了1.25 kb的Pst Ⅰ-Apa Ⅰ片段上.DNA序列分析结果表明,该DNA片段中含有一个完整的可读框(ORF1),编码一个由295个氨基酸组成的蛋白质,该基因命名为sawB.利用Blast程序在蛋白数据库中比较发现,SawB与天蓝色链霉菌的一个转录调控蛋白WhiH具有81%的一致性.利用基因破坏策略研究了sawB的功能,结果发现,野生型菌株的sawB基因破坏后,丧失了孢子形成能力,由灰色表型转变为白色表型.显微镜下观察sawB突变株的气生菌丝长而直,顶部略有波浪形卷曲,螺旋程度有所下降.由此可知,sawB是与圈卷产色链霉菌形态分化有关的一个重要基因,它与菌丝螺旋及孢子形成直接相关.sawB的异源表达分析表明,sawB可互补天蓝色链霉菌whiH突变株C119,使之恢复到野生型表型,产生紧密螺旋及丰富的灰色孢子.     

天蓝色链霉菌孢子形成的关键基因——whiG的诱导表达

与链霉菌分化有关的whiG结构基因已亚克隆到链霉菌表达载体pAK203的tipA启动子下游.该启动子能被硫链丝菌素诱导.whiG基因的诱导表达不仅可使天蓝色链霉菌孢子形成缺陷突变株C71恢复产生孢子的能力,而且也能使天蓝色链霉菌野生型菌株J1501和变铅青链霉菌TK54的孢子形成更为丰满.Western杂交也进一步证实了诱导表达后whiG基因产物——σ~(whiG)产量的增加.这为依赖于σ~(whiG)RNA多聚酶的发育调控启动子体外转录的研究提供了有利条件.     

圈卷产色链霉菌7100分化相关基因——sawE的结构与功能

以天蓝色链霉菌的whiB基因为探针,从圈卷产色链霉菌7100的总DNA部分文库中克隆了含有whiB同源序列的28kb DNA片段,并对其中的14kb片段进行了序列测定。序列分析表明,该片段含有一个完整的开放阅读框—sawE。预测的蛋白质结构及同源性分析显示,sawE与天蓝色链霉菌孢子形成早期的关键基因whiB高度同源,编码产物为一个调控蛋白。sawE的破坏使圈卷产色链霉菌7100的分化终止在气生菌丝阶段,在延长培养时间的情况下仍保持白色的表型,菌丝不能分隔,不能形成成熟的灰色孢子,结果表明sawE基因是一个与圈卷产色链霉菌分化有关的重要基因。     

与链霉菌发育分化有关的启动子——PTH4的调控研究

依赖于天蓝色链霉菌分化关键基因——whiG的发育调控启动子(P_TH4)所控制的下游基因被克隆了,用双脱氧链终止法进行了双链测序.结果表明在1597bp的DNA片段中含有一个完整的开读框架(ORF).在计算机的蛋白文库比较中未找到与该基因产物同源的已知蛋白,可能是一个新的蛋白产物.用基因破坏的策略初步研究了该基因的生物学功能,发现该基因的破坏影响了放线紫红素的产生,即与天蓝色链霉菌放线紫红素的生物合成有关.这进一步证明启动子——P_TH4在链霉菌分化中的多级调控作用.     

一个枯草杆菌启动子(P_(28-1))对链霉菌分化的影响

亚克隆1.1kb的枯草杆菌启动子P_(28-1)到pUC19上,再亚克隆到以儿茶酚加氧酶为报告基因的链霉菌启动子探测质粒pIJ4083上,构建的重组质粒命名为pIJ4498.用pIJ4498转化天蓝色链霉菌J1501的原生质体,得到了相对于灰色野生型的白色转化子,而用载体pIJ4083转化J1501后得到的转化子是正常的深灰色菌落.经限制性内切酶验证了重组质粒的结构,测定了质粒的稳定性.当pIJ4498转化天蓝色链霉菌的WhiG突变株(C71)后,未观察到任何表型的变化.通过超声波破碎细胞得到的J1501/pIJ4498菌体的蛋白提取液,可使无色的儿茶酚氧化成黄色的2-羟粘糠酸半醛(HMS).而对照株J1501/pIJ4083及C71/pIJ4498菌株的蛋白提取液不能使儿茶酚氧化成黄色的HMS产物.结果表明枯草杆菌的启动子P_(28-1)被天蓝色链霉菌J1501的σ^(whiG) RNA聚合酶所识别,在启动儿茶酚加氧酶报告基因表达的同时,影响了天蓝色链霉菌J1501分化中的孢子形成.     

一个枯草杆菌启动子(P_(28-1))对链霉菌分化的影响

亚克隆1.1kb的枯草杆菌启动子P_(28-1)到pUC19上,再亚克隆到以儿茶酚加氧酶为报告基因的链霉菌启动子探测质粒pIJ4083上,构建的重组质粒命名为pIJ4498.用pIJ4498转化天蓝色链霉菌J1501的原生质体,得到了相对于灰色野生型的白色转化子,而用载体pIJ4083转化J1501后得到的转化子是正常的深灰色菌落.经限制性内切酶验证了重组质粒的结构,测定了质粒的稳定性.当pIJ4498转化天蓝色链霉菌的WhiG突变株(C71)后,未观察到任何表型的变化.通过超声波破碎细胞得到的J1501/pIJ4498菌体的蛋白提取液,可使无色的儿茶酚氧化成黄色的2-羟粘糠酸半醛(HMS).而对照株J1501/pIJ4083及C71/pIJ4498菌株的蛋白提取液不能使儿茶酚氧化成黄色的HMS产物.结果表明枯草杆菌的启动子P_(28-1)被天蓝色链霉菌J1501的σ~(whiG) RNA聚合酶所识别,在启动儿茶酚加氧酶报告基因表达的同时,影响了天蓝色链霉菌J1501分化中的孢子形成.     

圈卷产色链霉菌分化早期基因——samfR的研究

以链霉菌发育调控启动子PTH4 直接控制的下游部分基因片段为探针 ,在圈卷产色链霉菌中克隆到 1个 4.6kb的DNA片段 ,该片段除含有sawD基因外 ,其中1 .4kb的PvuⅡDNA片段对圈卷产色链霉菌的分化有促进作用 .序列分析及同源性比较表明 ,开放阅读框架 (ORF)由 6 39个核苷酸组成 ,编码 2 1 3个氨基酸的蛋白 ,该蛋白与红球菌 (Rhodococcusgloberulus) 3-羟苯丙基丙酸 ( 3HPP)代谢合成的调控基因hppR所编码的蛋白有 36 %的氨基酸完全相同和 5 2 %的氨基酸类似 ,该基因称之为samfR基因 .基因功能研究表明 ,samfR基因的破坏使圈卷产色链霉菌不能形成气生菌丝和孢子 ,而发育分化停止在基质菌丝阶段 ,出现光秃型的表型 .     

天蓝色链霉菌分化调控基因scrX的功能研究

克隆天蓝色链霉菌中一个新基因scrX并进行了序列分析, 利用基因破坏策略进行了该基因的功能研究. 结果表明, scrX基因由660个碱基组成, 编码产物是一个220个氨基酸残基的蛋白质;该基因含有3个在链霉菌中的稀有密码子--AAA, AAA和ATA, 是典型的在翻译水平上受到严紧调控的分化调控基因. 氨基酸序列同源性比较结果表明, scrX编码蛋白属于原核生物转录调控蛋白IclR家族.基因功能研究结果揭示, scrX基因在天蓝色链霉菌孢子形成中可能起正调控作用.     

麦迪霉素产生菌中与孢子色素聚酮体生物合成相关的酮基还原酶基因

研究了麦迪霉素产生菌-生米卡链霉菌1748的原生质体形成、再生和DNA转化条件,建立了生米卡链霉菌1748的DNA转化系统.麦迪霉素产生菌酮基还原酶(MKR)基因利用大肠杆菌-链霉菌穿梭温敏型质粒pKCll39(Am^R)进行基因中断实验,结果表明了发生同源交换的重组子在含Am的MY培养基上形成白色孢子,而生米卡链霉菌1748在MY培养基上形成灰色孢子.以MKR基因为探针的South-ern杂交结果证明重组子中确实发生了同源交换,发生了基因中断的重组子仍然产生麦迪霉素.这一结果证明麦迪霉素产生菌酮基还原酶基因的生物功能是参与麦迪霉素产生菌中决定孢子色素的聚酮体的生物合成,与麦迪霉素的生物合成无关.重组质粒pCN8B12来自麦迪霉素产生菌基因文库,是以pNJ1为载体,插入了28kbDNA片段,该片段中既有与actⅠ同源的区域也有与actⅢ同源的区域.     

链霉菌分化调控启动子——PTH4和PTH270的体内转录研究

天蓝色链霉菌分化调控启动子P_TH4和P_TH270被分别亚克隆到链霉菌启动子探针载体pIJ4083后,构建的重组质粒被命名为pIJ4470和pIJ4471.当pIJ4470和pIJ4471转化天蓝色链霉菌的白色分化阻断突变株(C85,C70,C71,C17和C119)后,通过pIJ4083上儿茶酚加氧酶报告基因的表达可知启动子的活性.从构建的重组菌株中进行了总RNA的提取.用同位素标记P_TH4和P_TH270的5’-端制备成了探针,以不同来源的RNA为模板与制备的探针分别进行了DNA-RNA杂交.S1 mapping的结果表明,来自C85/pIJ4470,C85/pIJ4471,C70/pIJ4470,C70/pIJ4471及C17/pIJ4470,C17/pIJ4471菌株的RNA杂交后都给出了较强的阳性杂交信号,而来自C71/pIJ4470,C71/pIJ4471菌株的RNA杂交未出现阳性信号,来自C119/pIJ4470与C119/pIJ4471菌株的RNA杂交后有弱的信号.上述结果表明启动子P_TH4和P_TH270的转录依赖于链霉菌分化关键基因whiG,部分依赖于分化基因whiH,而不依赖于分化基因whiA,whiB及whiI.     

圈卷产色链霉菌分化关键基因——saw1的克隆及酶切分析

链霉菌是现代生物学研究中一种重要的微生物,它有两个突出的特征:其一,有无与伦比的合成次生代谢产物的能力,世界上所知数千种抗生素的70％由其产生。其二,有一个复杂的发育分化的生命周期,是微生物分化研究的一个最好的模式材料。链霉菌分化主要为形态分化和生理分化,两者彼此独立又相互关联,构成复杂的分化调控网络,研究分化基因的调控不但有重要的理论意义,而且可用于控制抗生素的生物合成,因此弄清合成途径的分子机制,也有潜在的应用价值。圈卷产色链霉菌是从我国东北土     

Unstable genetic determinant of A-factor biosynthesis in streptomycin-producing organisms: cloning and characterization.

We cloned a DNA fragment directing synthesis of A-factor from the total cellular DNA of streptomycin-producing Streptomyces bikiniensis on the plasmid vector pIJ385 . Introduction of the recombinant plasmid ( pAFB1 ) into A-factor-deficient S. bikiniensis and Streptomyces griseus mutants led to A-factor production in the host cells, as a result of which streptomycin production, streptomycin resistance, and spore formation of these mutants were simultaneously restored. The plasmid pAFB1 also complemented both afsA and afsB mutations of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). These results indicated that the cloned DNA fragment contained the genetic determinant of A-factor biosynthesis. The cloned fragment, when carried on a multicopy vector plasmid, induced production of a large amount of A-factor in several Streptomyces hosts. In Southern blot DNA/DNA hybridization analyses with a trimmed 5-kilobase fragment containing the intact A-factor determinant as probe, total cellular DNA from A-factor-deficient mutants gave no positive hybridization. The DNA blot experiment also showed a wide distribution of sequences homologous to the S. bikiniensis A-factor determinant among most, but not all, A-factor-producing actinomycetes with a varying extent of homology and the absence of these sequences from most A-factor nonproducers .     

Structure and function ofsawB, a gene involved in differentiation ofStreptomyces ansochromogenes

A partial DNA library of Streptomyces ansochromogenes 7100 was constructed by using plasmid plJ702 as vector and white mutant W19 as recipient. About 3 000 clones were obtained, two of which gave rise to the grey phenotype as wild type 7100. The plasmids were isolated from two transformants. The result indicated that the 5.2 kb and 5.8 kb DNA fragments were inserted into plJ702. The resulting recombinant plasmids were designated as pNL-1 and pNL-2 respectively. The 1.25 kb Pstl l-Apa l DNA fragment from pNL-1 was recognized as its complementarity to W19 strain. The nucleotide sequence of the 3.0 kb Pst I DNA fragment including 1.25 kb was determined and analyzed. The result indicated that this DNA fragment contains one complete open reading frame (ORF1) which encodes a protein with 295 amino acid residues, and this gene was designated as sawB. The deduced protein has 81% amino acid identities in comparison with that encoded by whiH in Streptomyces coelicolor. The function of sawB gene was studied by usi     

Gene controlled by promoter--P_(TH4) depending on whiG of Streptomyces coelicolor

The downstream gene controlled by promoter--PTH4 which is related to Streptomycesdifferentiation was cloned, and its sequence was determined by the dideoxy chain termination method. The results indicated that the 1597 bp of DNA fragment conferred a complete open reading frame (ORF). In searches of databases, the deduced product of the ORF was not homologous with any known proteins; it may be a new protein. The function of the gene was studied using the strategy of gene disruption; the actinorhodin could not be produced when this gene was disrupted. Therefore, this gene may be related to actinorhodin biosynthesis in Streptomyces coelicolor, and the result also shows that this gene may play a role in multiple level regulation of differentiation genes in Streptomyces.     

In vivo transcription of two promoters, PTH4 and PTH270 involved in regulation ofStreptomyces differentiation

The promoters, PTH4 and P-TH270 involved in the regulation of Streptomyces coelicolor differentiation were subcloned into Streptomyces promoter, i.e. probe plasmid pIJ4083, and the recombinant plasmids, pIJ4470 and pIJ4471, were constructed. Two promoters could drive the expression of reporter gene encoding catechol dioxygenase when pIJ4470 and pIJ4471 were introduced into some white mutants (C85, C70, C71, C17 and C119). The total RNA was isolated from these strains containing recombinant plasmid. Probes were prepared by labelling 5 -ends of PTH4 AND PTH270 DNA fragments using radioisotope. DNA - RNA hybridization was carried out with the probes and RNAs isolated from different strains. The S1 mapping result showed that all RNAs from strains of C85/pIJ4470, C85/4471, C70/pIJ4470, C70/pIJ4471 and C17/pIJ4470 as well as C17/pIJ4471 gave rise to strong positive hy-bridization signal, whereas RNAs from C71/pIJ4470 and C71/pIJ4471 did not give any positive signal. RNAs from C119/pIJ4470 and C119/pIJ4471 gav     

Gene controlled by promoter--PTH4 depending on whiG of Streptomyces coelicolor

The downstream gene controlled by promoter--P_TH4 which is related to Streptomyces differentiation was cloned, and its sequence was determined by the dideoxy chain termination method. The results indicated that the 1597 bp of DNA fragment conferred a complete open reading frame (ORF). In searches of databases, the deduced product of the ORF was not homologous with any known proteins; it may be a new protein. The function of the gene was studied using the strategy of gene disruption; the actinorhodin could not be produced when this gene was disrupted. Therefore, this gene may be related to actinorhodin biosynthesis in Streptomyces coelicolor, and the result also shows that this gene may play a role in multiple level regulation of differentiation genes in Streptomyces.     

Spore colour in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) involves the developmentally regulated synthesis of a compound biosynthetically related to polyketide antibiotics

Streptomyces coelicolor produces spores whose development of a grey colour requires the activity of the whiE locus. The cloned whiE locus was identified after mobilization into a whiE mutant of a library of S. coelicolor DNA inserted into a transmissible plasmid vector. The whiE region of the cloned DNA was localized both by subcloning and by mutagenesis of the cloned DNA with the Streptomyces transposon Tn4560. Nucleotide sequencing of this region revealed seven open reading frames, of which six show homology at the level of deduced gene products with genes involved in the synthesis of polyketide antibiotics. A previously described S. coelicolor DNA segment encoding biosynthesis of a brown pigment (Horinouchi and Beppu, 1985) corresponds to the cloned whiE DNA. It is proposed that whiE is normally expressed only in the aerial hyphae, where the biosynthetic product is responsible for spore colour.     

abaA, a new pleiotropic regulatory locus for antibiotic production in Streptomyces coelicolor.

Production of the blue-pigmented antibiotic actinorhodin is greatly enhanced in Streptomyces lividans and Streptomyces coelicolor by transformation with a 2.7-kb DNA fragment from the S. coelicolor chromosome cloned on a multicopy plasmid. Southern analysis, restriction map comparisons, and map locations of the cloned genes revealed that these genes were different from other known S. coelicolor genes concerned with actinorhodin biosynthesis or its pleiotropic regulation. Computer analysis of the DNA sequence showed five putative open reading frames (ORFs), which were named ORFA, ORFB, and ORFC (transcribed in one direction) and ORFD and ORFE (transcribed in the opposite direction). Subcloning experiments revealed that ORFB together with 137 bp downstream of it is responsible for antibiotic overproduction in S. lividans. Insertion of a phi C31 prophage into ORFB by homologous recombination gave rise to a mutant phenotype in which the production of actinorhodin, undecylprodigiosin, and the calcium-dependent antibiotic (but not methylenomycin) was reduced or abolished. The nonproducing mutants were not affected in the timing or vigor or sporulation. A possible involvement of ORFA in antibiotic production in S. coelicolor is not excluded. abaA constitutes a new locus which, like the afs and abs genes previously described, pleiotropically regulates antibiotic production. DNA sequences that hybridize with the cloned DNA are present in several different Streptomyces species.