用GGE双标图分析甘蔗品种性状稳定性及试点代表性

算术平均法经常被用于评估甘蔗品种产量的稳定性和适应性,并用方差分析来估计区域试验的试验误差.然而,地点和年份的差异使品种的差异难以得到准确评估.为客观评价甘蔗品种的稳定性和适应性,本研究采用GGE双标图对2008-2009年我国甘蔗区域试验5个试点中的7个甘蔗品种试验数据进行分析.结果表明： 福农30号为蔗茎产量高且稳产性高的品种,粤甘18号为含糖量高且性状稳定的品种,福农28号和云蔗99 91为高蔗糖分且性状稳定的品种,粤甘16号的蔗茎产量和含糖量最高,但稳定性一般;在各试点中,福建漳州和广东遂溪的代表性和鉴别力较强.GGE双标图分析为客观评价甘蔗参试品种的丰产性和稳定性提供了直观、有效的手段,为甘蔗新品种的鉴定与推广提供了科学依据.     

基于GGE双标图的棉花品种生态区划分

采用遗传力校正的GGE双标图分析方法,对以安庆、南阳、黄冈、荆州、武汉、襄阳、常德、岳阳、南京、南通、盐城、九江、简阳、射洪和慈溪等15个试验点为代表的长江流域棉区,基于皮棉产量进行品种生态区划分,并对划分结果进行信息比（IR）校正,为长江流域棉区棉花品种的选择提供科学依据.结果表明： 长江流域棉区可以划分为3个棉花品种生态区,即以简阳和射洪为代表的“四川盆地棉花品种生态区”、以南阳和襄阳为代表的“南襄盆地棉花品种生态区”和涵盖其余试验点的“长江流域主体棉花品种生态区”.
     

用GGE双标图及隶属函数综合分析山西小麦地方品种抗旱性

以7个山西小麦地方品种和2个对照品种为试材,测定了其在大田正常供水及水分胁迫条件下的形态和生理指标,并计算各指标性状抗旱系数;再利用GGE双标图在主成分分析的基础上,分析各指标性状间的相关性及其与品种抗旱性的关系;最后利用隶属函数与抗旱指数相结合的方法对小麦品种的抗旱性进行综合评价.结果表明:影响小麦品种抗旱性的主要形态及生理指标包括穗下节长、株高、节间长、叶面积、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、叶片相对含水量(RWC)和相对电导率;各单项抗旱指标间存在不同程度的相关性,各指标对不同品种抗旱性的影响不同,这是造成小麦品种抗旱性差异的主要原因.依据抗旱性可将参试品种划分为3类,即抗旱型、中间型和敏感型,从中选出两个高抗旱小麦地方品种白和尚头和竹杆青,其抗旱性与对照抗旱型品种晋麦47相似,可作为小麦抗旱育种的亲本材料.     

利用GGE双标图划分我国棉花纤维品质生态区

我国主产棉区棉花纤维品质区域特征明显,合理划分纤维品质生态区有助于提高原棉的纺纱品质.本研究采用GGE双标图的“环境-性状”功能图分析了2011—2015年期间国家棉花品种区域试验中传统棉区与纤维品质性状的互作,并提出了我国主产棉区棉花纤维品质生态区域划分.结果表明: 我国主产棉区可划分为“优质纤维生态区”、“低马克隆值生态区”、“高比强度与马克隆值生态区”和“普通纤维生态区”.其中,优质纤维生态区包括长江上游和长江下游棉区,棉纤维长度、比强度、马克隆值等指标协调较好,且纺纱均匀性指数表现最好;低马克隆值生态区位于南疆和北疆棉区,马克隆值和比强度低,纺纱均匀性指数较好;高比强度与马克隆值生态区涵盖长江中游、南襄盆地和淮北平原棉区,比强度和马克隆值高,其余性状表现一般;普通纤维生态区包括华北平原和黄土高原棉区,各项纤维品质指标表现中等或较差.本研究应用GGE双标图的“环境-性状”功能图划分的纤维品质生态区可为优化我国棉花品质区域化种植和纺织企业合理用棉提供决策支持,也可为其他作物生态区划分提供方法参考.     

马铃薯块SGAs合成途径关键基因表达量的GGE双标图分析

糖苷生物碱(steroidal glycoalkaloid;SGAs)含量密切关系马铃薯块茎的食用品质和加工品质。本文利用GGE-biplot双标图分析了红光处理6、12、24 h后;5个马铃薯品种块茎中调控糖苷生物碱合成途径7个主要基因的表达情况。pvs1、sgt1和sgt3这3个基因的表达量均远高于其他4个基因的表达。在所测基因型中;sgt3的表达量不仅高而且还相对于pvs1和sgt1来说比较稳定;而在不同处理时间之间差异较大;稳定性较差。在12与24 h处理后所有基因表达的趋势比较接近;但是除了pvs1基因的表达量;其他6个基因的表达量均低于6 h处理的。从基因型的角度分析;所有基因在野生种HA和当地栽培种ZH-3中表达量较高而且表达趋势比较一致。通过比较调控糖苷生物碱合成途径的不同阶段的基因的表达量;发现不同阶段关键基因的表达量在基因型之间存在显著差异。所以;通过GGE-biplot分析;结果展示了7个基因在不同基因型马铃薯块茎的表达趋势;而且也根据基因表达量直观的展示了处理时间与各基因型之间的聚类与关系;为将来进一步分析不同光质在基因水平调控马铃薯糖苷生物碱的生物合成提供了重要参考。     

甘蔗品种主要性状的基因型与环境及其互作效应分析

用AMMI模型双标图对国家第六轮甘蔗品种区域试验5个试点的12个甘蔗品种试验数据进行分析,研究甘蔗区试中不同品种的产量稳定性问题。结果表明,参试品种的6个产量性状在品种间和地点间差异显著,品种与地点的互作效应差异显著;FN30、YG16蔗茎产量和含糖量高,稳定性强,属于高产、稳产性较好的品种。AMMI模型很好地解释了甘蔗品种产量性状的基因型效应、环境效应和GE互作效应。     

基于GGE双标图的不同绿地植物固碳降温效益比较

为了了解常见园林植物在不同环境中的生态适应能力,以街道绿地和校园绿地为研究区,筛选17种常见园林植物作为对象,对比分析两种绿地类型同胸径（草本为株高）植物的微环境特征、固碳释氧量和降温增湿量变化,利用基因型主效应及其与环境互作双标图和皮尔逊分析法解析两种绿地上植物与环境的互作关系。结果表明：国槐、银杏、碧桃、七叶树、金叶女贞、紫叶小檗、小蜡和龙柏的固碳降温效益在两种绿地间存在显著差异。单位土地面积上,校园绿地固碳降温最强的植物是龙柏,固碳量和降温值分别为33.79 g·m^-2·d^-1和2.30℃,街道绿地上最强的植物是红叶石楠,固碳量和降温值分别为31.47 g·m^-2·d^-1和0.84℃;17种植物在校园绿地的平均固碳降温能力大于街道绿地,而乔木在街道绿地的降温增湿效果更好。夏季校园绿地的小气候条件比街道绿地更稳定,更接近植物生长的理想自然环境。对于中小城镇,在进行景观植物配置时,应选用固碳降温效益较好的乔灌草植物,包括国槐、栾树、女贞、紫叶李、七叶树、白皮松、龙柏、小蜡、金叶女贞、红叶石楠和麦冬等,来提升绿地的生态功能。     

基于BLUP育种值与GGE双标图分析杉木第三代全同胞家系生长性状的适生性

杉木Cunninghamialanceolata是中国南方重要的商品用材和碳汇造林树种。本研究以广东杉木33个第三代全同胞家系在不同生长地点的8年生径向生长表现(胸径)为基础开展多地点方差分析。结果表明,家系适生性遗传差异大(P<0.01),且地点、区组及地点与家系间的互作效应显著。采用基于个体模型的BLUP分析法计算每个试验地点参试家系的个体育种值,可将参试家系适生性进行初步划分,并筛选出个体育种值水平较高、适生性好的家系(家系1、4、13和31)。在此基础上,运用GGE双标图分析法进一步获得参试家系“哪个赢在哪里”功能图、不同家系高产性与稳产性结论、理想家系选择列表,发现家系1、4、13、31和其他家系适生性评价结果与BLUP分析结果基本一致,具有较好的分析效果。     

甘蓝型油菜油酸配合力的双标图分析

用GGE双标图法对甘蓝型油菜8×8完全双列杂交试验的脂肪酸组分进行分析,以期得到配合力高的亲本,为高油酸材料的转育和配组奠定基础。结果显示:(1)一般配合力(GCA)较高的亲本是父本Y511、Y539和母本Y511、Y520、Y539,而特殊配合力(SCA)较高的亲本是父本L308、Y511、Y539和母本L121、L307、L331、Y539。从GCA和SCA综合来看,Y511、Y520和Y539是配合力较高的父本,L307、L331、Y539是配合力较高的母本,父本L121和母本L308的配合力相对最低;(2)Y539是母本L121、L307、L308、L332、Y511、Y520、Y539的最佳组配父本,Y511是L331的最佳组配父本;Y520是父本L121、L307、L331、L332、Y511的最佳组配母本,Y539是L308、Y520、Y539的最佳组配母本;(3)SCA较高的组合有L307×L308、L331×L332、L332×Y511、Y520×Y511、Y539×L121等;(4)在芥酸含量为0、二十碳烯酸含量趋近于0(0.87%左右)、硬脂酸含量变幅不大(1.36%~1.75%)的遗传背景下,父本脂肪酸组分中油酸与棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸均呈负相关;母本中油酸与硬脂酸呈正相关,与棕榈酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸呈负相关;(5)各杂交种脂肪酸组分的表型关系中,与油酸含量呈正相关的是硬脂酸,呈负相关的是棕榈酸,而与亚油酸、亚麻酸呈极显著负相关,这与母本脂肪酸组分之间的关系基本一致。     

甘蔗蔗汁品质性状的回归分析及模型

本文对47份不同甘蔗基因型的蔗汁品质性状进行简单回归和逐步回归分析.结果表明,蔗汁蔗糖分(Suc)与锤度(BX)、温度校正后锤度(BX′)、蔗汁旋光读数(0Z)以及转光度(pol)之间均呈线性回归,简单回归模型均达极显著水平(P＜0.01),决定系数(R2)分别为0.9393、0.9199、0.9861及0.9839.通过逐步回归分析和残差分析建立多重线性回归方程为Suc=0.05706 0.21488BX 0.181030Z,方差分析表明多重线性回归模型达极显著水平(P＜0.01),决定系数为0.9931.t测验表明,蔗汁蔗糖分的模型预测值与实测值间的差异不显著,相对误差平均为0.49%.     

Role of plant parasitic nematodes and abiotic soil factors in growth heterogeneity of sugarcane on a sandy soil in South Africa

A feature of many sugarcane fields is the patchy growth. This is often thought to be due to physical or chemical differences in the soil. In this paper we investigate the causes of growth heterogeneity of sugarcane on a sandy soil in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. To identify the factors that were associated with the good and poor areas, soil texture, pH, organic matter content and a number of soil chemical elements and nematode community data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). The numbers of each of the nematode species (Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus zeae, Helicotylenchus dihystera, Xiphinema elongatum and Paratrichodorus sp.) were first converted to relative proportions of ectoparasites and endoparasites. The data were collected from the 2nd ratoon crop of a nematicide trial, where half of the plots had been treated with aldicarb in the preceding two crops. Yields of control plots varied from 34.7 to 126.8 t cane ha^–1 and from 85.4 to 138.7 for the treated plots. The yield data were centred and normalised separately for the treated and control plots and the values projected on the trial map to study spatial distribution. Plots with above-average yields, whether treated or untreated, occurred in the lower part of the trial site. The PCA factorial values were also projected onto the map of the trial. According to the first factor of the analysis of the abiotic soil characteristics in the 0–20 cm surface layer, the trial site could be divided into two areas, one on the left and one on the right. PCA of the soil data from the 0–20 and 20–40 cm layers showed that there was little or no difference between the two that might explain the two growth areas. However, analysis of the nematode community distinguished two main areas that largely corresponded to the distribution of the plots of low and high yielding cane. Correlation analysis confirmed the relationship between nematodes and yield. H. dihystera was positively correlated with yield of cane whereas the reverse was true for the Meloidogyne species.     

甘蔗/大豆间作减量施氮对甘蔗产量、品质及经济效益的影响

在大田栽培条件下,研究了减量施氮对广州地区不同甘蔗/大豆间作模式下甘蔗产量、品质、生物量动态变化及甘蔗群体经济效益的影响.结果表明:氮肥和种植模式对甘蔗产量、品质均无显著影响,各处理甘蔗产量、品质均无显著差异.不同施氮水平的甘蔗/大豆间作系统较单作甘蔗提高了土地利用率,其土地当量比(LER)为1.36～2.12.各处理甘蔗总生物量的动态积累随生育期的推进均符合"S"型生长曲线,低氮水平下问作甘蔗的生物量动态积累特征参数最协调,高氮水平下,甘蔗生长高峰期提前,快速生长最大持续期缩短,甘蔗产量下降,因此,可以通过调整氮素的投入量来改善生物量的增长参数,从而获得高产.低氮处理甘蔗/大豆间作系统经济效益比高氮处理高3.2%～26.3%,说明减量施氮可有效提高群体经济效益.甘蔗/大豆1∶2间作模式的经济效益最好.     

紫外辐射增强对植物糖代谢的影响

综述了UV-B辐射增强对植物叶片、茎、根、果实以及籽粒中糖含量影响的研究现状与动态,从生理学角度分析了UV-B辐射对植物糖含量和糖代谢相关的一些重要反应及其影响植物糖含量和糖代谢的关键酶的响应,并从植物的光合碳固定、糖的合成与分解等方面阐述了UV-B影响糖含量及糖代谢的可能机理。展望了今后紫外辐射增强对植物糖代谢影响的研究重点和研究方向。     

Effects of biocides and rotation breaks on soil organisms associated with the poor early growth of sugarcane in continuous monoculture

Glasshouse and field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of biocides and rotation breaks on deleterious soil organisms associated with the poor early growth and subsequent yield decline of sugarcane grown in continuous monoculture. Fumigation of a soil that had been under sugarcane monoculture with minimal breaks for more than 30 years markedly improved the health and growth of the sugarcane sett and shoot root systems, increased the growth of the primary shoot and stimulated more and larger secondary shoots. It also reduced populations of culturable fungi in the rhizosphere of the sett roots and reduced colonization of the sett and shoot roots by lesion nematode (Pratylenchus zeae). Exposure of the developing sett root system for 14 days to mono-cultured sugarcane soil was sufficient to significantly retard subsequent plant growth. In field experiments, fungicide and nematicide (mancozeb + aldicarb), when applied together to land under sugarcane monoculture, was as effective as fumigation in improving early sugarcane growth and increasing sugarcane yields. Rotation breaks (alternate crops, sown pasture, bare fallow) that were in place for 54 months, increased sugarcane establishment and increased sugarcane yields to levels similar to that obtained following fumigation of land under sugarcane monoculture. Fumigation of land that had been under the rotation breaks gave plant growth responses that were in addition to that achieved by the breaks alone. A mancozeb + aldicarb treatment was as effective as fumigation in increasing sugarcane yields after a bare fallow break but accounted for only a portion of the fumigation response following the crop and pasture breaks. Improved plant nutrition may be a factor in the fumigation response following the crop and pasture breaks. Plant growth responses to fumigation and the manocozeb + aldicarb treatments that were manifested in final sugarcane yields (after one years growth) were evident as plant growth responses (sett root, shoot root and primary shoot dry weight) measured 54 days after planting. The experimental results support the concept that when sugarcane is grown as a monoculture, deleterious fungi and nematodes retard plant establishment and early plant growth and that this leads to reduced sugarcane yields.     

Characterization of the cellulolytic secretome of Trichoderma harzianum during growth on sugarcane bagasse and analysis of the activity boosting effects of swollenin

This study demonstrates the production of an active enzyme cocktail produced by growing Trichoderma harzianum on sugarcane bagasse. The component enzymes were identified by LCMS‐MS. Glycosyl hydrolases were the most abundant class of proteins, representing 67% of total secreted protein. Other carbohydrate active enzymes involved in cell wall deconstruction included lytic polysaccharide mono‐oxygenases (AA9), carbohydrate‐binding modules, carbohydrate esterases and swollenin, all present at levels of 1%. In total, proteases and lipases represented 5 and 1% of the total secretome, respectively, with the rest of the secretome being made up of proteins of unknown or putative function. This enzyme cocktail was efficient in catalysing the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse cellulolignin to fermentable sugars for potential use in ethanol production. Apart from mapping the secretome of T. harzianum, which is a very important tool to understand the catalytic performance of enzyme cocktails, the gene coding for T. harzianum swollenin was expressed in Aspergillus niger. This novel aspect in this work, allowed increasing the swollenin concentration by 95 fold. This is the first report about the heterologous expression of swollenin from T. harzianum, and the findings are of interest in enriching enzyme cocktail with this important accessory protein which takes part in the cellulose amorphogenesis. Despite lacking detectable glycoside activity, the addition of swollenin of T. harzianum increased by two‐fold the hydrolysis efficiency of a commercial cellulase cocktail. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:327–336, 2016     

播栽期对水稻产量和产量构成因素及生育期的影响

研究了不同播栽期对水稻产量和产量构成因素及生育期的影响。结果表明 ,随播栽期推迟 ,水稻产量有所降低。每穗成粒数减少是推迟播栽期引起水稻减产的主要原因 ,其次是千粒重的下降和成穗数的降低。针对目前的生产实际 ,提出了一些应对播栽期推迟的技术措施。     

Effect of agronomic factors on the spatial distribution of greyback canegrub, Dermolepida albohirtum (Waterhouse) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), in sugarcane in the Burdekin River Irrigation Area

Abstract A series of studies were undertaken examining the factors that impact on the spatial distribution of greyback canegrub infestations in sugarcane in the Burdekin region of Queensland. Historic records of damage by greyback canegrub showed that sugarcane blocks planted or harvested earlier than surrounding blocks were more likely to be damaged than blocks planted or harvested later. The derived hypothesis that sugarcane height may be the primary determinant of where damage occurs was confirmed in field studies. The tallest sugarcane blocks at the time of oviposition consistently had the highest grub populations. There was no difference in the distribution of damage between the cultivars Q96 and Q117 and the age of these crops also had no impact. The finding that sugarcane height is the primary determinant of where damage occurs on Burdekin farms opens the possibility of using it as a tool to manipulate where canegrubs oviposit and the development of a range of associated cultural control strategies.