异麦芽低聚糖对D-半乳糖致衰老大鼠肠道菌群、血清IgG和肠黏膜sIgA的影响

目的探讨异麦芽低聚糖对D-半乳糖致衰老大鼠肠黏膜功能的影响。方法Wistar大鼠随机分为3组：（1）青年对照组,（2）衰老对照组,（3）衰老观察组（衰老＋异麦芽低聚糖）。采用D-半乳糖造成衰老模型后,应用异麦芽低聚糖灌胃,检测各组肠道菌群、血清IgG和肠黏膜sIgA。结果D-半乳糖致衰老大鼠肠道菌群失调;灌胃异麦芽低聚糖后,衰老大鼠肠道双歧杆菌增加（P〈0．05）,肠杆菌和肠球菌数量减少（P〈0．05）;血清IgG、肠黏膜sIgA含量增加（P〈0．05）。结论异麦芽低聚糖可改善衰老机体肠黏膜功能。     

不同剂型七味白术散对肠道菌群失调小鼠小肠黏膜超微结构和sIgA的影响

目的探讨七味白术散、七味白术滴剂和七味白术提取物对抗生素联合番泻叶致菌群失调小鼠小肠黏膜超微结构和sIgA的影响。方法小鼠经头孢曲松钠和盐酸林可霉素加冰番泻叶灌胃造成菌群失调模型。将小鼠分为正常组、模型组(造模成功后即为自然恢复组)、七味白术散煎剂组、七味白术散滴剂组和七味白术散提取物组。治疗后,进行小鼠肠组织超微结构观察,小肠黏膜组织sIgA含量和黏膜上皮细胞内sIgA的表达检测。结果小肠超微结构显示,不同剂型七味白术散组均能明显改善模型动物小肠黏膜炎症病变和促进小肠肠道sIgA的增加。结论七味白术散能有效提高小肠肠道sIgA含量,修复损伤小肠黏膜免疫组织,减轻菌群失调腹泻。     

小鼠肠道优势菌群失衡肠黏液sIgA、黏液素的变化

目的研究肠道菌群失衡对小鼠肠黏膜机械屏障的影响,探讨优势菌群与肠道黏膜屏障的相互作用机制。方法利用ELISA法检测肠黏膜sIgA含量变化,RT-PCR技术及免疫组化法检测肠黏膜上皮细胞Mucin2、Mucin3和防御素mRNA转录产物的变化。结果菌群失衡小鼠小肠段肠黏膜sIgA水平下降,重度菌群失衡组与正常组比较下降显著（P〈0.05）,与轻度菌群失衡组相比下降明显。菌群失衡小鼠上皮细胞中的Mucin2、Mucin3和防御素mRNA转录产物与正常小鼠相比明显增高,在杯状细胞胞浆内Mucin2蛋白阳性表达增强,且重度菌群失衡组与轻度菌群失衡组小鼠比较,Mucin2、Mucin3和防御素增高明显。结论菌群失衡可导致肠黏膜sIgA分泌量随菌群失衡程度呈下降趋势,同时引起黏液层中黏液素和防御素分泌量增加。     

马齿苋多糖对溃疡性结肠炎小鼠肠黏膜sIgA及病理表现的影响

目的探讨马齿苋多糖对溃疡性结肠炎小鼠肠黏膜sIgA及病理表现的影响。方法应用硫酸葡聚糖钠(DSS)制备溃疡性结肠炎小鼠模型,随机分成两组:正常对照组、模型组,造模成功后模型组再分为自然恢复组、马齿苋多糖治疗组。分别于造模后、给药7d后处死小鼠,进行肠道菌群、肠黏膜sIgA及结肠组织病理学检测。结果 DSS造模后模型组小鼠肠道菌群失调、肠黏膜sIgA含量下降、结肠组织有病理改变。马齿苋多糖治疗7d后治疗组小鼠肠道双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量明显上升,肠黏膜sIgA含量上升、结肠组织病理改变减轻。结论马齿苋多糖可以提高双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量,提高肠黏膜sIgA含量,改善结肠组织病理变化,对溃疡性结肠炎发挥了一定的治疗作用。     

低聚果糖对溃疡性结肠炎模型小鼠肠黏膜屏障影响的研究

目的探讨低聚果糖对溃疡性结肠炎(UC)模型小鼠肠黏膜屏障的调节作用及可能机制。方法小鼠随机分成3组:正常对照(NC)组、模型(MD)组和低聚果糖(FOS)组,采用葡聚糖硫酸钠制作UC小鼠模型。造模7d同时给予干预治疗,停用造模药物并后续治疗7d。采用细菌定量测定法检测肠道菌群,放射免疫法检测肠黏膜sIgA,ELISA法检测小鼠肠黏膜IL-10、TNF-α和IL-6水平。结果模型组小鼠存在肠道菌群失调(t=2.088,2.036,2.203,2.109,P0.05),其TNF-α、IL-6水平高于正常对照组(t=1.734,1.801,P0.05),肠黏膜sIgA、IL-10低于正常对照组(t=1.820,1.806,P0.05);低聚果糖组肠道菌群失调状况较模型组有所改善,其TNF-α、IL-6水平低于正常对照组(t=1.980,1.816,1.936,1.920,1.969,1.893,P0.05),肠黏膜sIgA、IL-10高于正常对照组(t=1.801,1.796,P0.05)。结论低聚果糖可改善溃疡性结肠炎模型小鼠肠道菌群屏障功能,可以提高肠黏膜sIgA和抗炎细胞因子IL-10的水平并降低致炎细胞因子TNF-α和IL-6的水平,通过调节肠道过度的免疫反应,使免疫屏障功能得到一定恢复。     

肠道菌群变化对实验小鼠肠黏膜免疫的影响

目的探讨肠道菌群变化对肠黏膜相关淋巴组织的影响。方法通过变性梯度凝胶电泳（Denatu-ring gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE）法研究了三种不同级别实验小鼠即清洁级小鼠、SPF小鼠和普通小鼠肠道菌群的组成,并用免疫组织化学（immunohistochemistry,IHC）方法研究了此三种不同级别的实验小鼠肠黏膜相关淋巴组织sIgA阳性细胞分布情况。结果普通小鼠肠道细菌种类最多,其sIgA阳性细胞分布最多,肠道不同部位之间sIgA分布情况差异有显著性（P〈0.05）,小肠和大肠之间的阳性细胞分布差异极显著（P〈0.01）;其次是清洁级小鼠,其肠道不同部位之间菌种组成差异无显著性,小肠和大肠之间的阳性细胞分布差异有显著性（P〈0.05）;SPF小鼠肠道细菌种类最少,故其sIgA阳性细胞分布最少,且其肠道不同部位之间菌种组成差异无显著性,小肠和大肠之间的阳性细胞分布差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论随着动物微生物控制级别的增高,肠道微生物多样性递减;sIgA阳性细胞与肠道细菌种类正相关。     

甘草泻心汤对抗生素诱导肠道菌群失调小鼠 肠道主要菌群及sIgA的影响

摘要：目的 探索甘草泻心汤对抗生素诱导肠道菌群失调小鼠肠道主要菌群及sIgA的影响。方法 将40只实验小鼠随机分为4组：正常对照组、模型对照组、甘草泻心汤组和思连康组,每组10只,给予除正常对照组以外的其他组小鼠盐酸林可霉素7 d进行造模。造模成功后,甘草泻心汤组小鼠给予10.16 g/kg体重的甘草泻心汤浓缩液灌胃,思连康组小鼠给0.68 g/kg思连康灌胃。正常对照组及模型对照组小鼠给予10 mL/kg的生理盐水代替,14 d后收集小鼠新鲜粪便采用平皿计数法进行肠道菌群检测,并采用免疫组化法检测肠道sIgA的表达情况。结果 甘草泻心汤以及思连康均能降低肠道菌群失调小鼠肠道内大肠埃希菌、肠球菌的数量,增加双歧杆菌、乳杆菌的数量,促进肠道内sIgA的表达,甘草泻心汤疗效优于思连康（P＜0.001）。结论 甘草泻心汤及思连康均能够纠正小鼠肠道菌群失调状态,甘草泻心汤疗效优于思连康,其调节机制可能是通过促进肠道内sIgA的表达来实现的。     

食物过敏患儿肠道菌群及sIgA含量的研究

目的通过研究儿童肠道菌群数量与粪便sIgA含量之间的相互关系,探讨菌群失调引起食物过敏的免疫致病机制。方法筛选2个月～6岁患儿49名和健康儿童57名,采用荧光定量PCR反应检测粪便中的双歧杆菌、乳酸菌、肠杆菌数量,并采用ELISA法检测粪便sIgA含量。结果与健康儿童比较,食物过敏患儿肠道双歧杆菌、乳酸菌显著下降,肠杆菌显著升高（P〈0．05）粪便sIgA含量显著下降（P〈0．05）。结论儿童肠道菌群失调是引起过敏性疾病的主要原因之一。     

旋毛虫感染小鼠肠道菌群变化的研究

目的通过观察黑龙江株旋毛虫感染小鼠肠道分泌物中分泌型免疫球蛋白A、肠道菌群的变化,探讨感染小鼠肠道菌群的变化。方法分别于小鼠感染黑龙江株旋毛虫后7、14、21、28和35d,观察模型组及对照组小鼠肠道分泌物中的分泌型免疫球蛋白A、肠道双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌、肠杆菌、肠球菌的菌群变化。sIgA采用放射免疫法检测。结果模型组sIgA分泌水平在感染后14d达高峰,随后缓慢下降但始终保持高水平（P〈0．01）。模型组肠道双歧杆菌的数量在感染后7d略低于对照组（P〈0．05）,第14天降至最低水平,随后逐渐升高,至感染后35d恢复正常水平。乳酸杆菌的数量在感染后7d略低于对照组,第14天降至最低水平,随后逐渐增加（P〈0．05）。肠杆菌的数量在感染后7d略高于对照组,感染后14d明显高于对照组,随后始终保持下降趋势（P〈0．05）。肠球菌在感染后7d略高于对照组（P〈0．05）,在14d明显高于对照组,随后缓慢下降,至感染后35d恢复正常水平。结论旋毛虫感染小鼠sIga的分泌在肠道免疫中发挥重要作用,同时也影响肠道菌群;肠道菌群的变化可能与旋毛虫感染小鼠免疫系统中sIgA的分泌有关。     

纳米四君子汤对急性肝功能衰竭小鼠肠屏障功能的影响

目的探讨四君子汤常态制剂及纳米制剂对急性肝功能衰竭小鼠肠屏障功能的影响。方法 BALB/c小鼠经腹腔一次性注射D-GaIN/LPS,制备急性肝衰竭致肠屏障损伤模型,观察四君子汤常态制剂及其纳米制剂对肠道正常菌群,肠黏膜分泌型免疫球蛋白A（sIgA）含量,肠组织二胺氧化酶（DAO）活性及肝功能的影响。结果小鼠腹腔注射D-GaIN/LPS后,血清中ALT、AST活性显著提高（P〈0.01）;肠道内肠杆菌、肠球菌数量明显上升（P〈0.01）,乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌数量明显下降（P〈0.05）;肠黏膜sIgA及肠组织DAO含量明显降低（P〈0.01）。治疗组上述指标均得到明显改善,与自然恢复组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;治疗组间比较四君子汤纳米制剂效果要好于常态制剂。结论急性肝功能衰竭时肠屏障明显受损,四君子汤常态制剂和纳米制剂均具有一定的保护作用,但纳米制剂效果优于常态制剂,且用药量小。     

Increased frequency of surface IgA-positive plasma cells in the intestinal lamina propria and decreased IgA excretion in hyper IgA (HIGA) mice, a murine model of IgA nephropathy with hyperserum IgA

Because abnormalities of mucosal immunity have been suggested in human IgA nephropathy, we examined the involvement of mucosal immunity in IgA deposition to the kidney in hyper IgA (HIGA) mice, which was established as a mouse model for human IgA nephropathy with hyperserum IgA. The number of surface IgA+B220- lymphocytes in the intestinal lamina propria (LP) of HIGA mice increased 2.7-fold at 30 wk of age as compared with those at 10 wk of age, whereas normal mice did not show such increase. The surface IgA+B220- LP lymphocytes spontaneously secreted IgA in culture. Morphological studies showed that the surface IgA+B220- lymphocytes of murine intestinal LP are identical with plasma cells (PCs). About 20% of IgA+B220- PC in LP expressed both Mac-1 and CD19, suggesting that they may derive from peritoneal B-1 cells. Cell cycle study on intestinal IgA-PCs using bromodeoxyuridine revealed no difference between HIGA mice and normal mice, suggesting that the high frequency of IgA-producing PCs in HIGA mice is not due to enhanced proliferation or prolonged survival of IgA-producing PCs in LP. In addition, IgA secretion into the gut lumen of HIGA mice decreased drastically (to one forth) with aging. These data suggest that the increased number of intestinal IgA-producing PCs and the down-regulation of IgA excretion into the intestinal lumen might synergistically contribute to the hyperserum IgA in HIGA mice and resultant IgA deposition to the kidney.     

合生元益生菌冲剂对提高儿童消化道黏膜免疫的作用

目的探讨健康儿童口服法国合生元益生菌冲剂后的唾液中sIgA(分泌型IgA)含量的变化,从而判定其对提高消化道黏膜免疫的作用。方法选择正常健康儿童28例,根据年龄分为4组,其中从每组随机抽出1或者2例作为对照组,对照组共为7例,而试验组则为21例。收集口服合生元益生菌冲剂前后正常健康儿童唾液标本经放射免疫分析法检测sIgA的含量。结果对照组儿童之间唾液sIgA分泌量差异较大,个体的唾液sIgA水平会随着身体健康状况和饮食条件等呈不稳定情况,而试验组儿童的唾液sIgA分泌量在连续口服益生菌冲剂6天后有了一个新的提高,并在继续服用益生菌冲剂的7天内获得比较高而稳定的水平。结论口服法国合生元益生菌冲剂可有效诱导消化道黏膜免疫应答,提高并维持儿童的免疫力。     

Pentavalent outer membrane vesicles of Vibrio cholerae induce adaptive immune response and protective efficacy in both adult and passive suckling mice models

Recently, we demonstrated oral immunizations with single serotype outer membrane vesicles of Vibrio cholerae induced serogroup specific protective immunity in the RITARD model. In our present study, we advanced our research by formulating multi-serotype outer membrane vesicles, mixing the OMVs of five virulent V. cholerae strains. Four doses of oral immunization with cholera pentavalent outer membrane vesicles (CPMVs) induced V. cholerae specific B and T cell responses. CPMVs-immunized mice generated long lasting serum IgG, IgA, IgM as well as mucosal sIgA and also elicited a higher percentage of CD4+ T cell distribution in spleen. Our study revealed that in vitro CPMVs-activated dendritic cells were secreting T cell polarizing cytokines, IL-12p40, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-1β. Moreover, purified splenic CD4+ T cells of immunized mice also secreted IL-4, IL-13 and IL-17 cytokines, indicating the initiation of Th2 and Th17 cell mediated immune responses. CPMVs immunized adult female mice and their offspring were significantly protected from heterologous challenge with wild type V. cholerae. CPMVs could be exploited for the development of a novel non-living vaccine against circulating cholera in near future.     

Nonclassical mucosal antibodies predominate in genital secretions of HIV-1 infected chimpanzees

To identify mucosal immunity in HIV-infected chimpanzees, IgG, IgA, and IgM from plasma, saliva, rectal swabs, vaginal washes, semen, and urethral washes were tested from four male and three female HIV-1_IIIB infected chimpanzees. The level of HIV infections in the seven chimpanzees were classified as high, intermediate and low depending on the number of HIV-1 infected cells per 10⁷ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). One male chimpanzee had a relatively high viral load, two males and two females had moderate viral loads and one male and one female had low levels of infection. All seven animals had plasma antibody. The principal finding was that nonclassical mucosal antibodies of the IgG isotype were the predominant antibody in the saliva, rectal swabs, vaginal washes, semen, and urethral washes of infected animals. All plasma and mucosal samples were negative for IgM antibodies. The results show that HIV-1 specific IgG responses and not sIgA predominate at mucosal surfaces of HIV-1_IIIB infected chimpanzees. A trend was observed in which high viral loads correlated with high plasma IgG, IgA and sIgA titers. An overall correlation between relatively high virus loads and high amounts of mucosal IgG was also found.     

Effect of Dietary Cyclic Nigerosylnigerose on Intestinal Immune Functions in Mice

We examined the dietary effects of cyclic nigerosylnigerose (CNN), a dietary indigestible oligosaccharide with four D-glucopyranosyl residues linked by alternating α-(1→3)- and α-(1→6) glucosidic linkages, on the intestinal immune function of mice, and the effects were compared with those of α-(1→3)-linked oligosaccharide (nigerooligosaccharides, NOS) or α-(1→6)-linked oligosaccharide (isomaltooligosaccharides, IMO). BALB/c mice were fed with 1–5% CNN, 5% IMO, or 12.5% NOS for 4 weeks, and the intestinal mucosal immune responses were determined. In the 1–5% CNN fed groups, the amounts of IgA in feces increased significantly. In addition, IgA, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion by Peyer’s patch (PP) cells were enhanced in CNN fed mice. In the 5% CNN group, pH in the cecum decreased, and the amounts of lactic acid and butyric acid increased. These findings were not observed in the NOS- or IMO-fed group of mice. They suggest that CNN supplementation changes the intestinal environment of microflora and indirectly enhances the immune function in the gut.     

多聚免疫球蛋白受体（pIgR）在粘膜免疫中的重要功能

多聚免疫球蛋白受体（pIgR）属于Ⅰ型跨膜糖蛋白,可与多聚免疫球蛋白A和多聚免疫球蛋白M特异性结合,通过穿胞转运,将它们从上皮细胞基底侧膜转运到顶膜,并最终分泌到外分泌液中去. 在此过程中,多聚免疫球蛋白受体的细胞外段被水解,释放出与多聚免疫球蛋白A或多聚免疫球蛋白M相结合的细胞外段（又称为分泌成分）. 分泌成分是sIgA分子的重要组成部分,直接参与sIgA的粘膜防御功能,而且在被动粘膜免疫中也有重要作用. 多聚免疫球蛋白受体通过介导细胞内多聚免疫球蛋白的转运,可以在粘膜的腔面阻止病原体粘附,在上皮细胞内中和病毒,也可以将固有层内的抗原分泌出去. 因此,多聚免疫球蛋白受体的有效分泌是多聚免疫球蛋白发挥粘膜防御功能的必要条件. 但在某些情况下,该受体也可以介导微生物对上皮屏障的入侵. 多聚免疫球蛋白受体是高度 N -糖基化的,其分子中独特的糖链结构,可能与受体的穿胞转运、sIgA在粘膜的正确定位,以及抗原对上皮细胞的粘附有关. 多聚免疫球蛋白受体和分泌成分参与的多重分子机制,使它们在粘膜免疫中起着举足轻重的作用.     

Effect of dietary cyclic nigerosylnigerose on intestinal immune functions in mice

We examined the dietary effects of cyclic nigerosylnigerose (CNN), a dietary indigestible oligosaccharide with four D-glucopyranosyl residues linked by alternating alpha-(1-->3)- and alpha-(1-->6) glucosidic linkages, on the intestinal immune function of mice, and the effects were compared with those of alpha-(1-->3)-linked oligosaccharide (nigerooligosaccharides, NOS) or alpha-(1-->6)-linked oligosaccharide (isomaltooligosaccharides, IMO). BALB/c mice were fed with 1-5% CNN, 5% IMO, or 12.5% NOS for 4 weeks, and the intestinal mucosal immune responses were determined. In the 1-5% CNN fed groups, the amounts of IgA in feces increased significantly. In addition, IgA, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion by Peyer's patch (PP) cells were enhanced in CNN fed mice. In the 5% CNN group, pH in the cecum decreased, and the amounts of lactic acid and butyric acid increased. These findings were not observed in the NOS- or IMO-fed group of mice. They suggest that CNN supplementation changes the intestinal environment of microflora and indirectly enhances the immune function in the gut.     

Mucosal vaccine targeting improves onset of mucosal and systemic immunity to botulinum neurotoxin A

Absence of suitable mucosal adjuvants for humans prompted us to consider alternative vaccine designs for mucosal immunization. Because adenovirus is adept in binding to the respiratory epithelium, we tested the adenovirus 2 fiber protein (Ad2F) as a potential vaccine-targeting molecule to mediate vaccine uptake. The vaccine component (the host cell-binding domain to botulinum toxin (BoNT) serotype A) was genetically fused to Ad2F to enable epithelial binding. The binding domain for BoNT was selected because it lies within the immunodominant H chain as a beta-trefoil (Hcbetatre) structure; we hypothesize that induced neutralizing Abs should be protective. Mice were nasally immunized with the Hcbetatre or Hcbetatre-Ad2F, with or without cholera toxin (CT). Without CT, mice immunized with Hcbetatre produced weak secretory IgA (sIgA) and plasma IgG Ab response. Hcbetatre-Ad2F-immunized mice produced a sIgA response equivalent to mice coimmunized with CT. With CT, Hcbetatre-Ad2F-immunized mice showed a more rapid onset of sIgA and plasma IgG Ab responses that were supported by a mixed Th1/Th2 cells, as opposed to mostly Th2 cells by Hcbetatre-dosed mice. Mice immunized with adjuvanted Hcbetatre-Ad2F or Hcbetatre were protected against lethal BoNT serotype A challenge. Using a mouse neutralization assay, fecal Abs from Hcbetatre-Ad2F or Hcbetatre plus CT-dosed mice could confer protection. Parenteral immunization showed that the inclusion of Ad2F enhances anti-Hcbetatre Ab titers even in the absence of adjuvant. This study shows that the Hcbetatre structure can confer protective immunity and that use of Hcbetatre-Ad2F gives more rapid and sustained mucosal and plasma Ab responses.