天宝岩3种典型森林类型CWD持水能力的比较

对天宝岩国家级自然保护区3种典型森林类型内粗死木质残体(CWD)的持水量进行研究。结果表明,柳杉(Crytomeria fortunei)林内CWD的持水量最低;不同森林类型各类CWD的水分蓄持能力不同,猴头杜鹃(Rhododendron simiarum)林内以倒木枯立木树桩,长苞铁杉(Tsuga longibracteata)林和柳杉林内为枯立木倒木树桩;CWD有效持水量和自然含水率随CWD腐烂程度增加呈上升趋势。     

丰林自然保护区阔叶红松林粗木质残体研究

粗木质残体(CWD)是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,对维持森林生态系统健康具有不可忽视的贡献.采用典型取样法在黑龙江丰林国家级自然保护区设置了17块20×20m的标准样地,拟对保护区内阔叶红松林中粗木质残体的贮量、形态组成、直径、长度及腐烂度等特征进行研究.研究结果表明:(1)CWD总贮量为75.1m³·hm^-2,其中倒木,枯立木和树桩的贮量分别为.24 m³·hm^-2,2.03m³·hm^-2和7.34m³ ·hm^-2.(2)倒木和枯立木的优势径级范围分别为11cm～20cm(占CWD总数的4%)和0-10cm(45%);倒木和枯立木的优势长度范围分别为0-5m (%)和m-10m(49%).(3)CWD腐烂度呈近正态分布,且主要分布在Ⅱ(28%),Ⅲ(35%)和Ⅳ(2%)腐烂等级上.     

地形对小兴安岭阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林粗木质残体分布的影响

以小兴安岭典型阔叶红松林大面积固定样地(9hm2)为对象,分析不同地形下粗木质残体(CWD)的数量、存在形式、腐烂程度,探讨其与主要地形因子的相互关系.随着坡位的上升,CWD的密度和胸高断面积逐渐增加;从阴坡、半阴、半阳到阳坡,CWD的密度、胸高断面积和体积都呈现递减的趋势;CWD的数量分布随着样方坡度的增加没有呈现出明显的趋势.对不同地形下CWD的分布进行x2检验,各地形因子对CWD密度分布均差异显著,山脊、阴坡和坡度16～25°分别是CWD易发生的地形.在不同的地形中,CWD主要以干基折断、干中折断和枯立木3种形式存在.从谷地到山脊以拔根倒存在的CWD密度、胸高断面积和体积呈逐渐减少的趋势,而干中折断、根桩、枯立木和干基折断的密度大体上表现出增加的趋势;拔根倒的密度随坡度的上升逐渐减少,而枯立木则增加;由阳坡到阴坡枯立木的密度逐渐减少.不同存在形式的倒木,其树倒方向与坡向和风向均没有显著的相关性(p>0.05).不同地形下的各腐烂等级的CWD大致呈正态分布,且主要分布在2、3腐烂等级上,说明阔叶红松林不同地形的CWD输入和输出相对稳定.     

倒木覆盖对天宝岩国家级自然保护区长苞铁杉林内土壤理化特性的影响

以天宝岩国家级自然保护区长苞铁杉(Tsuga longibracteata W.C.Cheng)林为研究对象,研究了有无倒木覆盖以及倒木腐烂程度对土壤8项理化指标(包括含水量,容重,总孔隙度,有机碳、全N、全P和全K含量以及C/N比)的影响,并比较了经倒木覆盖后不同季节和不同类型林分中土壤8个理化指标的变化.结果显示:与无倒木覆盖的土壤相比,经倒木覆盖后土壤容重降低,总孔隙度及含水量提高,有机碳、全N及全K含量均增加,说明倒木覆盖总体上提高了长苞铁杉林下土壤的肥力,但有无倒木覆盖对土壤理化性质无显著影响.经不同腐烂程度倒木覆盖后土壤有机碳含量有显著差异(P＜0.05)并随倒木腐烂程度提高大体呈现逐渐升高的趋势,但土壤的其他7个理化指标无显著差异;经中等(Ⅲ级)腐烂倒木覆盖后土壤的全N、全P和全K含量均最高.经倒木覆盖后,不同季节土壤的全P含量无显著变化,而其他7个理化指标在不同季节均有显著变化(P＜0.05);经倒木覆盖后秋、冬、春、夏土壤容重和全K含量依次增加,总孔隙度和有机碳含量依次降低,土壤含水量在秋季最低、春季则最高.整体来看,在长苞铁杉林的不同类型林分内经倒木覆盖后土壤8个理化指标均有显著差异(P＜0.05);与供试的4类混交林相比,在长苞铁杉纯林内经倒木覆盖后土壤的含水量、容重和全K含量均最高,总孔隙度最低,有机碳含量相对较低,C/N比及全N和全P含量居中.研究结果表明:在天宝岩国家级自然保护区长苞铁杉林内,倒木覆盖有利于改善土壤理化性质、提高土壤肥力.     

茂兰喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林粗木质残体数量特征及与地形的关系

粗木质残体(Coarse woody debris, CWD)在林分养分循环和碳估算方面具有重要作用, 但喀斯特森林生态系统中的CWD一直缺乏关注。对茂兰喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林1.28 hm2固定样地进行CWD基础特征和地形调查, 分析CWD存在形式、腐烂等级、倒向和径阶的分布特征及与地形因子的关系。结果表明: 样地内CWD的总密度为1073株·hm-2, 树段和根桩是其主要的存在形式, 分别占总量的52.73%和27.82%, 各腐烂等级上的数量分布从多到少依次为IV、V、II、I、III等级, 倒向主要集中于南面及其邻近方向(东南和西南)。CWD数量随着径阶增大呈“反J型”分布, 小径级中树段和枯立木的比例较高, 大径级中的根桩比例较高。CWD在不同地形条件下的分布不同, 树段形式多分布在中坡位、急险坡和阳坡, 根桩形式多分布在下坡位、平缓坡和阴坡。各腐烂等级的CWD都倾向于分布在中、下坡位, 除V级腐烂外的其它腐烂等级都易分布在平缓坡, 各腐烂等级在不同坡向上的分布没有规律。CWD倒向与地形没有表现出显著的相关性(p>0.05)。卡方检验表明, 小径级倾向于分布在上坡位、急险坡和半阳坡, 大径级倾向于分布在平缓破和半阴坡,坡位影响不大。研究结果初步揭示了喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林中CWD的存在及分布规律, 对进一步认识喀斯特森林生态系统的物质交换与能量循环过程具有重要意义。      

广州三种森林粗死木质残体（CWD）的储量与分解特征

粗死木质残体(Coarse Woody Debris, CWD)对森林生态系统的稳定性具有不可忽视的贡献.对广州3种森林CWD的储量与分解特征进行了调查分析,结果表明:(1)CWD储量及其与相应森林总生物量比值均表现为常绿阔叶林>针阔混交林>针叶林;枯立木与倒木为CWD的主要成分,其中,针叶CWD主要物种为马尾松(Pinus massonianai),阔叶CWD物种主要为荷木(Schima superba)与黄杞(Engelhardtia chrysolepis)等.(2)CWD径级主要集中在<10cm的范围内,存在状态主要为中级腐烂状态,干扰与竞争是3种森林CWD产生的主要因素.(3)针叶林、针阔混交林与常绿阔叶林CWD的分解常数k分别为0 0244、0.0407和0.0487,即分解速率为常绿阔叶林>混交林>针叶林;随着CWD的分解,N、P与木质素的含量逐渐升高,C、C/N与木质素/N呈降低趋势.     

小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林粗木质残体碳密度特征

以小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林9.12 hm~2固定样地为研究对象,分析粗木质残体(CWD)碳密度的基础特征,揭示其与林分因子和物种多样性的关系。结果表明:(1)谷地云冷杉林CWD碳密度为13.25 t C/hm~2,其中云杉(Picea spp.)、冷杉(Abies nephrolepis)、兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)和未知种的CWD碳密度分别为3.59、2.61、3.06和2.85 t C/hm~2。(2)不同腐烂等级下CWD碳密度呈近正态分布,多集中在Ⅱ和Ⅲ等级,分别占总量的42.7%和35.4%。不同径级的CWD碳密度也呈近正态分布,主要分布在30—40 cm和40—50 cm径级上。干中折断、拔根倒、枯立木和干基折断为谷地云冷杉林CWD碳密度的主要存在方式。腐烂等级为Ⅰ和Ⅴ的CWD中,拔根倒的碳密度最高,其他腐烂等级中均为干中折断的碳密度最高。(3)CWD碳密度表现出较强的空间异质性,其随着林分平均胸径、最大胸径和胸高断面积的增加而下降,呈显著负相关关系(P0.05);而与林分密度、多样性指数和均匀度指数均无显著相关性(P0.05)。     

西藏色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉原始林粗木质残体空间格局分析

粗木质残体（Coarse woody debris,CWD）的空间格局反映了森林群落的死亡格局和干扰格局,在一定程度上体现了群落内林木的死亡过程。采用相邻网格法对色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉（Abies georgei var.smithii）原始林1 hm²固定样地内CWD进行调查,从CWD类型、腐烂等级、径级3个方面对CWD空间分布格局进行分析。结果表明：样地内CWD总密度为582株/hm²,倒木占55.33%,是CWD的主要输入形式。CWD密度在腐烂等级上的分布可用多项式拟合（R²=0.9973）,在径级上的分布可用指数衰减模型拟合（R²=0.9746）,且在不同类型、腐烂等级及径级上的分布差异较大。在50 m尺度内,CWD整体表现为小尺度的集群分布和中、大尺度的随机分布。在3种CWD分类中,仅有大枯枝、Ⅰ级腐烂、径级ⅠCWD在小尺度或中尺度表现为较强的集群分布,其余则均以随机分布为主,只是在个别尺度达到或接近集群分布。不同类型CWD间整体关联不显著,只有枯立木与大枯枝在0-21 m尺度内达到显著负关联。CWD空间分布格局是急尖长苞冷杉原始林的重要结构特征,在很大程度上决定着林下植物群落及林型自然更新格局。     

古冰缘地貌森林粗木质残体水分和养分保持功能研究

基于辽东山地老秃顶子古冰缘地貌森林中主要树种的粗木质残体(CWD)样本,利用自然风干、室内浸泡、X荧光光谱方法,对CWD样本的吸水速率、持水率和养分元素含量进行系统分析研究。结果显示:(1)在水分保持功能方面,CWD样本在累计8h的浸泡过程中,6个主要树种CWD可吸持相当2.533mm降雨的水量,其中前15min(0.25h)吸水量占总吸水质量的60%;各性状CWD比较显示,以海拔900m以上、阔叶树种、高中腐级、根桩和倒木的CWD持水性较强。(2)在养分元素保持功能方面,CWD边材C含量为78.96%,心材为96.05%;边材中N、Ca、Si、K、Mg、P等6种养分元素的含量分别为心材的4.93、5.88、10.79、2.72、1.25、2.38倍;不同性状CWD边材中,诸元素含量略有差别,其中C元素在针叶树、高腐级、枯立木边材中含量最高,而N元素在阔叶树、低腐级、枯立木边材中含量最高。研究表明,辽东山地古冰缘地貌森林生态系统中,CWD有重要的吸持水分功能以及营养元素的缓释和富集功能,CWD中更接近外界的边材部分较心材有更强的元素缓释和富集的功能;CWD是古冰缘地貌土壤覆盖率低、土层薄而贫瘠的森林中重要的生态组分。     

高山森林林窗和生长基质对苔藓植物氮和磷含量的影响

苔藓在森林生态系统养分富集和循环方面有重要作用,苔藓植物在氮磷循环中的作用可能受到森林更新和生长基质的影响.为理解苔藓在森林生态系统养分循环中的作用,研究了高山森林不同位置(林窗中心、林窗边缘、林下)和不同生长基质(活立木、倒木、枯立木、大枯枝、根桩、地表)上的苔藓植物氮磷含量.结果表明:地表苔藓氮含量(3.12 mg·g^-1)显著低于其他生长基质上的苔藓,尽管枯立木附生苔藓氮含量高达17.41 mg·g^-1,但倒木、大枯枝、枯立木和活立木苔藓氮含量差异不显著;最高(1.09 mg·g^-1)和最低(0.61 mg·g^-1)的磷含量分别出现在森林地表和枯立木的苔藓,且森林地表的苔藓磷含量显著高于其他生长基质上的苔藓,但倒木、大枯枝、根桩和活立木上的苔藓磷含量差异不显著.林窗位置显著影响了倒木和大枯枝上的苔藓氮、磷含量,林窗内倒木和大枯枝上的苔藓氮、磷含量显著高于林窗边缘.粗木质残体的类型、腐烂等级对苔藓氮、磷含量的影响存在差异,两者交互作用的影响显著;第Ⅴ腐烂等级倒木上的苔藓氮含量显著高于其他腐烂等级;第Ⅲ腐烂等级大枯枝上的苔藓氮含量显著高于其他腐烂等级;第Ⅱ腐烂等级倒木上的苔藓磷含量显著高于其他腐烂等级;第Ⅳ腐烂等级枯立木上的苔藓磷含量显著高于其他腐烂等级.可见,森林林窗更新和粗木质残体腐解过程会影响苔藓植物的氮、磷含量,同时影响森林生态系统的养分循环过程.     

Removal of wastewater pathogen indicators in a constructed wetland in Leon, Spain

This paper studies the seasonal presence and removal of the pathogenous micro-organisms Escherichia coli, total coliforms (TC), Clostridium perfringens (Cp), faecal streptococci (FS), Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and helminth eggs, in a constructed wetland treatment system. The removal efficiency of this system with respect to the indicator micro-organisms achieved maximum values in spring and autumn at 99.9% for E. coli and TC, respectively, in winter at 97.0% for FS, in summer at 100% for Clostridium and throughout the year, also at 100%, in the case of Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and helminth eggs. In general, very low protozoan and helminth egg counts were found, and the system demonstrated efficient reduction of the wastewater indicator pathogens.     

Vermicomposting in the management of pig-waste in Hong Kong

The treatment and disposal of pig-waste in Hong Kong has received much attention in recent years but, following any of the presently used treatment processes, solids remain to be further stabilized. Vermicomposting is a waste stabilization technique which converts waste into potentially recyclable materials such as worm protein and worm casts. The earthworm, Pheretima asiatica, can stabilize most of the solids arising from the treatment of pig-waste, including raw pig manure, suggesting that vermicomposting has a high potential as a unit process in the management of pig-waste in Hong Kong.S.H. Wong is with the Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong; and D.A. Griffiths is with the Department of Botany, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.     

Inbreeding in a french peasant population

Genealogical pedigrees were collected from 976 farming couples who lived in a canton of central France in the XIXth and XXth century. Several methods (genealogical, isonymic and probability of origin of genes) were used to appraise the evolution of the biological structure of this population, which has gone through two phases. The first phase from 1800 to the World War I, shows gene flows between the farming population of the canton and those of neighbouring rural districts which are linked to an increase in consanguineous marriages. The second phase, from 1920 onwards, shows important gene flow from distant areas. This trend implies a decrease in consanguineous marriages.     

Lactic acid bacteria in fermented foods in Thailand

Traditional fermented foods (fish, meat and vegetable products), produced by many different processes, are eaten in many parts of Thailand. Lactic acid bacteria are responsible for the souring and ripening of these foods. Homofermentative strains of Lactobacillus pentosus, L. plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus are dominant in foods with low salt concentrations whereas P. halophilus strains are present in foods containing high salt. Strains of Lactobacillus sake, other Lactobacillus spp., P. acidilactici and P. urinaeequi are frequently found. Heterofermentative strains of L. brevis, L. confusus, L. fermentum, L. vaccinostercus, other Lactobacillus spp., and of Leuconostoc spp. are distributed as minor bacteria and strains of Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Halobacterium are occasionally isolated.S. Tanasupawat is with the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; K. Komagata is with the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka 1-1-1, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156, Japan.     

Isolation of spore-forming bacilli from mosquitoes in natural breeding habitats in Iraq

New isolates of spore-forming bacilli from larvae and pupae of 3 species of mosquitoes are recorded in central Iraq.Bacillus sphaericus Meyer and Neide was isolated fromCulex pipiens (L.) larva.Bacillus carotarum Koch andBacillus cereus Frankland & Frankland were isolated fromTheobaldia longiareolata (Macquart) pupae.Bacillus laterosporus Laubach andBacillus thuringiensis (H 18) were isolated fromAedes caspius (Pallas) larvae. In addition, unidentifiedBacillus spp. were isolated fromCx. pipiens, T. longiareolata andAe. caspius larvae. Examination of soil samples collected from mosquito natural breeding habitats revealed isolates ofB. cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis H4a 4b; H 12 and H 16 and an unidentifiedBacillus sp.

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Résumé Des souches bactériennes sporogènes sont isolées de moustiques qui se trouvent dans la région centrale de l'Irak. Les résultats obtenus sont les suivants:Bacillus sphaericus Meyer & Neide [Culex pipiens (L.), larve],Bacillus carotarum Koch etBacillus cereus Frankland & Frankland [Theobaldia longiareolata (Macquart), nymphe],Bacillus laterosporus Laubach etBacillus thuringiensis (H 18) [Aedes caspius (Pallas), larvel]. L'examen des larves deCulex pipiens. T. longiareolata etAe. caspius, ainsi que l'analyse des échantillons du sol prélevés dans la région montrent la présence deBacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis H4a 4b; H12 plus H16 et d'autresBacillus non identifiés.

     

Phylogenetic relationships in theCampanulales based onrbcL sequences

Phylogenetic relationships within the angiosperm orderCampanulales were investigated by comparative sequencing of the chloroplast generbcL. CompleterbcL sequences were obtained for ten species in six families within the order. These data were analyzed along with previously publishedrbcL sequences from other taxa (for a total of 117 species) within the subclassAsteridae and outgroups, producing 32 equally parsimonious trees. A subset consisting of 44 of these taxa was then chosen and more rigorous analyses performed, resulting in four equally parsimonious trees. Results indicate that two major clades roughly corresponding to traditionally circumscribedAsterales andCampanulales exist as sister taxa. In particular, therbcL trees indicate thatSphenoclea is not a member ofCampanulales orAsterales, thatPentaphragma is more closely allied toAsterales thanCampanulales, that theCyphiaceae are not monophyletic, thatCampanulaceae andLobeliaceae are not sister taxa, and thatStylidiaceae are correctly placed withinCampanulales.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Thioglycosides as glycosylating agents in oligosaccharide synthesis

A review is given of the use of thioglycosides as glycosyl donors in oligosaccharide synthesis. Both indirect use, by conversion of the thioglycoside into a glycosyl halide and direct use, by electrophilic activation of the thioglycoside, are discussed.Abbreviations DMTST dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate - Bz benzoyl - Bn benzyl - pNBz p-nitrobenzoyl - Phth phthallyl - Ph phenyl     

Nectary structure and nectar characteristics in someBignoniaceae

The nectary structure and chemical nectar composition of 15 species belonging to 12 genera ofBignoniaceae are analyzed. All taxa bear a conspicuous nuptial nectary surrounding the ovary base. The secretory tissue is mostly supplied by phloem branches. The stomata are located in the middle and upper part of the nectary epidermis with an homogeneous distribution. The nuptial nectary is proportionally large in relation to the ovary (15–30%), disregarding the nectary volume. Most species have extranuptial nectaries in both inner and outer surfaces of the calyx. Both kinds of nectaries lack a vascular tissue that straightly supplies them. Nuptial nectar concentration (wt/wt) ranges from 19 to 68%. Sugars and amino acids are found in all species. Half of the species have hexose predominant nectars, the remaining sucrose predominant. Phenols are detected in only three species, whereas reducing acids exclusively inTecoma stans. Alkaloids and lipids were never detected. Extranuptial nectar chemical composition is analyzed in two species:Dolichandra cynanchoides andPodranea ricasoliana. Bees constitute the main flower visitors of the species studied whereas hummingbirds were seen visiting three species. A correlation analysis is performed with the data obtained. There are a few significant correlations which indicate a parallel increase of three parameters: the longer the flower length, the more voluminous the nectary and the higher stomata number, independently of the floral biotype. Phenograms are obtained using 24 floral characters including nectary and nectar data. The clusters obtained do not reflect taxonomic relationships but are useful in the understanding of animal-plant interactions when the flower biotype is considered.This paper is based on a chapter of a doctoral thesis presented at the University of Córdoba (Argentina).