低酚棉中苯丙氨酸解氨酶活力与某些含氮化合物的变化（简报）

低酚棉植株中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活力比有酚棉中的低。在营养生长期,低酚棉叶片含氮量基本保持恒定,有酚棉则呈下降趋势。低酚棉棉籽中的粗蛋白含量随生育期的延续呈上升趋势,而有酚棉中的则基本保持恒定。     

菜青虫感染玫烟色拟青霉后血淋巴蛋白质含量及几种保护酶活力的变化

对玫烟色拟青霉Paecilomyces fumosoroseus侵染3、4龄菜青虫Pieris rapae后,其血淋巴中蛋白质含量、体内保护酶及谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活力进行了研究。结果表明,感病的3、4龄菜青虫血淋巴中蛋白质含量明显低于同期未感染的幼虫;感病虫体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶的活力发生了不同程度的改变,其中对3龄菜青虫体内酶活力的影响比4龄幼虫大。此外被侵染的3、4龄菜青虫体内谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活力在感病前期显著高于同期未感染的菜青虫,而在感病后期明显低于同期未感染的菜青虫。     

新铁炮百合生长发育过程的一些生理生化变化

对新铁炮百合(Lilium.formolongi)生长发育过程中的重要生理生化指标进行了研究。结果表明,新铁炮百合植株的干物率,淀粉,可溶性糖和蛋白质含量在不同生育期有不同的变化格局;鳞茎中的干物质、淀粉呈上升趋势,可溶性糖和蛋白质含量下降;茎叶中的干物质含量增加,淀粉含量在鳞茎成熟期下降,可溶性糖含量变化较小,蛋白质在开花期含量升到最大值;多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性,随着营养生长的加速而不断提高,但随着生殖生长的进程其酶活性逐渐下降。     

菠萝中蛋白酶及其他组份在品种间的差异分析

以湛江地区6个主要菠萝品种巴厘、卡因、台农17号、台农16号、粤脆、香水为对象,研究菠萝的组分在品种间的差异及其与菠萝蛋白酶的产率和酶活力之间的相关性,结果显示,不同的菠萝品种间,各组分的含量以及蛋白酶的得率及酶活有显著差异。菠萝果皮和果肉的不同生长部位的蛋白含量、酶活力及酶得率有显著差异。酶得率与蛋白及纤维素含量呈显著正相关;酶活力与糖酸比、得汁率、纤维素含量及Zn含量呈显著负相关,蛋白含量、纤维素含量、糖酸比、得汁率是衡量菠萝产酶品质的重要指标。     

干旱对玉米叶绿体Mg~(++)-ATP酶活力的影响

-3巴PEG-Hoagland渗透溶液处理玉米幼苗时,叶片水势、叶片相对含水量和叶绿体蛋白质含量都明显低于对照,叶绿体Mg~(++)-ATP酶活力也低于对照,复水后Mg~(++)-ATP酶活力恢复到对照水平,复水时用环己亚胺处理后,叶绿体Mg~(++)-ATP酶活力受抑不能恢复到对照水平,说明-3巴渗透溶液处理时Mg~(++)-ATP酶活力的降低和复水后酶活力的恢复与蛋白质合成有关。-11巴PEG-Hoagland渗透溶液处理幼苗时,叶片水势、叶片相对含水量和叶绿体蛋白质含量显著地低于对照,但是叶绿体Mg~(++)-ATP酶活力明显地高于对照,复水后Mg~(++)-ATP酶活力不能恢复到对照水平,复水时用环己亚胺处理后,叶绿体Mg~(++)-ATP酶活力不为环己亚胺所抑制,仍显著地高于对照,说明-11巴渗透溶液处理时叶绿体Mg~(++)-ATP酶活力的加强和复水后酶活力不可逆转与蛋白质合成无关。     

尾巨桉不同类型愈伤组织抗性相关酶活性差异与不定芽分化关系研究

本实验以尾巨桉无性系32-29无菌苗的茎段为外植体,应用不同植物生物调节剂处理,诱导愈伤组织形成,分别测量4种类型愈伤组织的蛋白质含量及过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等保护酶的指标活性,比较不同愈伤组织的酶活性强弱与不定芽分化的关系。结果表明:不同处理间愈伤组织诱导率差异达到极显著水平,且不同愈伤组织蛋白质含量及3种酶活力差异明显,POD、SOD活力高的愈伤组织不定芽诱导率也高,而PPO含量高的愈伤组织诱芽率低。     

桃小食心虫幼虫越冬前后对几种杀虫剂敏感性的差异

用药液浸渍法测定了桃小食心虫幼虫越冬前和越冬后对三唑磷、辛硫磷、马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、高效氯氟氰菊酯和阿维菌素等杀虫剂的敏感性差异.结果表明:越冬后幼虫对上述药剂的敏感性分别是越冬前幼虫的34.50、16.71、3.89、3.28、5.90和2.73倍.幼虫越冬后体内能源物质蛋白质、糖元和脂肪含量分别比越冬前降低17.10%、41.76%和30.08%;羧酸酯酶、酸性磷酸酯酶、碱性磷酸酯酶及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的活力分别比越冬前降低62.36%、53.47%、76.19%和80.60%;超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶等保护酶活力比越冬前分别降低18.77%、14.16%和64.02%;而幼虫体内多种农药的靶标酶乙酰胆碱酯酶活力的变化则相反,该酶在越冬后幼虫体内的活力是越冬前的1.41倍.表明越冬后幼虫对药剂敏感性的提高与体内能源物质含量、代谢酶、保护酶和靶标酶的活力变化有关.     

干旱胁迫对蝉拟青霉SOD活性的影响

为探讨蝉拟青霉Paecilomyces cicadae抗旱的生理生化基础,利用聚乙二醇6000(PEG-6000)对采自贵州省荔波县的蝉拟青霉GZUIFR-3L菌株液体发酵进行胁迫,用氮蓝四唑法连续测定不同培养时间SOD活性,考马斯亮蓝G-250法测定蛋白质含量,从而测定SOD比活力。结果表明,胁迫和非胁迫情况下,蝉拟青霉蛋白质含量、SOD活性和SOD比活力分别在发酵培养第7,8,6d时达到最大值;经干旱胁迫的蝉拟青霉SOD活力及其比活力均比未经胁迫处理的高,初步推测蝉拟青霉抗旱能力与SOD活性有一定的相关性。     

叶型超补偿下棉花叶中保护酶活性的变化

研究了棉花在叶片损失后产生的超补偿现象和超补偿下棉叶中的保护酶活性的变化。在棉花盛蕾期,用剪刀剪除棉花标准叶面积的25%和50%,模拟田间害虫的食叶危害程度,结果显示：50%去叶处理可使棉花成铃数增加24.4%, 产生超补偿现象。25%去叶处理在短时间内对棉花的株高和叶中蛋白质含量都没有影响,植株株型亦无大的变化,表明25%叶面积属于生长冗余范畴。但25%去叶处理的植株叶中蛋白质含量最高点比对照推迟一周出现。50%去叶处理可增加单株棉花的冠叶面积,在处理后2周时使棉花株高减低14.5%,蛋白质含量增加7.7%,过氧化物酶活性增加14.1%。在处理后3天,不论是过氧化物酶比活力还是多酚氧化酶比活力,都是50%去叶处理的值较大。保护酶活性发生变化是棉花发生超补偿的前奏。而在处理后2周时过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶的比活力,50%去叶处理的与对照最为接近,表明 50%去叶处理属于超补偿范畴。     

蓖麻蚕在变态期间代谢作用的研究——Ⅲ.酸性磷酸一酯酶的性质及其活力在变态期的变化

蓖麻蚕在变态期血淋巴酸性磷酸一酯酶活力随着蚕体的发育不断发生变化。在五龄起蚕,五龄四天及前蛹期酶活力较高,化蛹时显著降低,羽化前后又复升高。酶活力按血淋巴单位体积计算。雌雄两性差异不显著。但由于五龄中期以后,血淋巴蛋白质含量雌体大于雄体:故自五龄中期以后,酶的比活力雄体大于雌体。此酶在组织中的分布及其活力变化如下:在幼虫五龄盛食期消化道酶活力较高,其中尤以中肠酶活力最高。脂肪体和丝腺仅有微弱的酶活力。脂肪体酶活力有蛹期上升,羽化后达到最高点。此表明蓖麻蚕中肠在五龄盛食期具有旺盛的磷酸化及脱磷酸化作用,为代谢的活跃场所。在蛹及成虫体,消化道退化,脂肪体在代谢方面占了主要位置。昆虫血淋巴和其它动物血液不同的一个方面是它含有大量的磷酸酯类。影响血淋巴磷酸酯类的种类及其含量变化的,主要有两个因素:一是血淋巴本身对于不同的磷酸酸类的选择水解,蓖麻蚕在变态期血淋巴不同专一性磷酸酯酶的存在及其活力的变化,就是血淋巴选择水解的决定因素:另一是组织磷酸酯类对于血淋巴的选择分泌;本研究表明五龄幼虫中肠及脂肪体,尤其是蛹和成虫的脂肪体是血淋巴磷酸酯的重要来源。此外还研究了血淋巴磷酸一酯酶的性质,及某些金属离子,有机酸等对该酶活力的抑制及激活作用。     

土壤pH值对烤烟叶片生理生化特性的影响

烟草生长初期,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量与pH增长呈正相关,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性则随着pH的增加而下降,pH值6.5和7.5时叶绿素含量和净光合速率(Pn)较高,旺长期达到高峰;生长后期,各处理的MDA含量和POD活性最高,SOD、CAT活性最低.各pH值处理的叶片中,叶绿素含量、Pn下降,比叶重达到高峰,但pH 8.5下的烟叶中叶绿素含量高,Pn大,比叶重较小.pH 6.5和7.5下的烟叶中蛋白质和可溶性糖总体含量高于其它pH的.烟碱含量在pH 5.5时最高,pH 8.5时最低.     

Chloroplast pigments,proteins, lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidative enzymes during maturation and senescence of leaves and reproductive organs of Cajanus cajan L.

A comparative investigation was undertaken with pigeon pea leaves and attached flower buds/flowers/pods during their developmental stages including senescence in a natural system in experimental plots. Alterations in chloroplast pigments, total soluble proteins, lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and activities of guaiacol peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) and superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) were studied at 5-day interval from initial to 40-day stage. Chloroplast pigments and proteins of leaves increased upto 15 and 20-day stages respectively followed by a steady decline. Reproductive parts, however, exhibited rise in chloroplast pigments upto 25-day and protein till last stage as developing pods gain the amount from the senescing leaves which are nearest to them. Senescing leaves show very high POD activity than the developing and senescing pods and POD appears to be associated with chlorophyll degradation. Considerably higher activity and amount of LOX and MDA respectively have been noticed in senescing leaves than in flowers and pods. Increase in SOD activity during early stage of leaf growth and maturation indicates protective role that declined at senescent stages. Pods are unique in having very high SOD activity, only last stage of senescence does show a decline.     

Peroxidase activity and isoenzyme patterns in wheat during ontogenesis

Protein content, total and specific peroxidase activity and isoperoxidase patterns were determined in crude protein preparations from individual parts of field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Jubilar). Protein content in roots, leaves, and stalks increased at the beginning of ontogenesis and then decreased from 6th, 9th, and 10th development phase (according to Feekes), respectively. Steady increase of the protein content in the ears was observed. Highest peroxidase activity was found in the roots; it diminished from the onset of ontogenesis till maturity of the plants. In the leaves and stalks a slight decrease of peroxidase activity till the 10th development phase and then an increase till maturity was found. The ears exhibited a gradual increase of peroxidase activity. The course of specific peroxidase activity was found to be very similar to that of total activity. Isoperoxidase patterns did not change significantly. In the leaves, a decrease of activity of C₄ and C₅ isoperoxidases was recorded. In the stalks, C l isoenzyme emerged at the end of ontogenesis. A gradual increase of A₁ and A₅ isoperoxidase intensity took place both in the leaves and stalks.     

Oxidative responses of resistant and susceptible cereal leaves to symptomatic and nonsymptomatic cereal aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) feeding.

The impact of the leaf-chlorosis-eliciting Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), and the nonchlorosis-eliciting bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), feeding on D. noxia-susceptible and -resistant cereals was examined during the period (i.e., 3, 6, and 9 d after aphid infestation) that leaf chlorosis developed. After aphid number, leaf rolling and chlorosis ratings, and fresh leaf weight were recorded on each sampling date, total protein content, peroxidase, catalase, and polyphenol oxidase activities of each plant sample were determined spectrophotometrically. Although R. padi and D. noxia feeding caused significant increase of total protein content in comparison with the control cereal leaves, the difference in total protein content between R. padi and D. noxia-infested leaves was not significant. Although R. padi-feeding did not elicit any changes of peroxidase specific activity in any of the four cereals in comparison with the control leaves, D. noxia feeding elicited greater increases of peroxidase specific activity only on resistant 'Halt' wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and susceptible 'Morex' barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), but not on susceptible 'Arapahoe' and resistant 'Border' oat (Avena sativa L.). D. noxia-feeding elicited a ninefold increase in peroxidase specific activity on Morex barley and a threefold on Halt wheat 9 d after the initial infestation in comparison with control leaves. Furthermore, D. noxia feeding did not elicit any differential changes of catalase and polyphenol oxidase activities in comparison with either R. padi feeding or control leaves. The findings suggest that D. noxia feeding probably results in oxidative stress in plants. Moderate increase of peroxidase activity (approximately threefold) in resistant Halt compared with susceptible Arapahoe wheat might have contributed to its resistance to D. noxia, whereas the ninefold peroxidase activity increase may have possibly contributed to barley's susceptibility. Different enzymatic responses in wheat, barley, and oat to D. noxia and R. padi feeding indicate the cereals have different mechanisms of aphid resistance.     

Does the rate of German chamomile growth and development influence the response of plants to soil drought?

The response of the wild type (WT) and a strain C6/2 of German chamomile to 7-d soil drought and subsequent 7-day rehydration was studied. Shoot and leaf growth, vegetative development, water and protein contents, ascorbate peroxidase activity and gas exchange were compared. At the stress stage, water content of WT plants was slightly influenced and the effect was ceased after rehydration. Also the decrease in gas exchange was temporary. New leaves were formed, although their area was diminished. On the contrary, leaves of C6/2 plants were more desiccated and the durable decrease in water content was accompanied by the impairment in gas exchange also at the recovery stage (20–40% loss when compared to the control). At both stages of the experiment the growth of the long shoots of this genotype was drastically decreased, as well as leaf formation. Ascorbate peroxidase activity was increased by drought in leaves of both genotypes, but the pattern of changes in WT plants reflected the enhancement of metabolism resulting from proper water content and gas exchange at the recovery stage. Different pattern of changes in the protein content during drought was also noticed: a slight increase in WT, while the decrease by ¼ in C6/2 leaves. The response of WT plants to desiccation and rewatering was found to be more elastic than that of C6/2.     

Seasonal Changes of the Antioxidative Systems in Foliar Buds and Leaves of Field-grown Beech Trees (Fagus sylvatica,L.) in a Stressful Climate

The activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate radical reductase, and dehydroascorbate reductase and the contents of ascorbate, chlorophyll and soluble protein were determined in beech (Fagus sylvatica, L.) foliage over two or three seasons. Four important stages of leaf development were distinguished: resting buds, emerging, mature and senescent leaves. Foliar buds in spring, prior to the emergence of new leaves, contained a lower chlorophyll content but a higher protein content and higher activities of ascorbate peroxidase and monodehydroascorbate radical reductase than mature leaves in summer. By contrast, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activities and ascorbate contents were higher in mature leaves than in swollen foliar buds. Dehydroascorbate reductase activity was low in all developmental stages. Resting buds in winter contained activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and monodehydroascorbate radical reductase that were similar to those found in mature leaves in summer, whereas the contents of total and reduced ascorbate were 6- and 20-times lower, respectively, in buds than in mature leaves. The low foliar concentration of reduced ascorbate in resting buds, despite high monodehydroascorbate radical reductase activity, suggests that the regeneration of ascorbate might be limited by the availability of reductant. High antioxidative capacity was conferred by mature beech leaves and may be an important protection measure for coping with the large fluctuations in temperature and exposure to elevated ozone concentrations in summer.     

Indole-3-acetic acid content and glutamine synthetase activity in the pericarp,and peroxidase activity and isoenzymes in the meso- and exocarp of growing peach fruits

The indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content in peach pericarp (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv. Merry) was highest at early stage I of development (～200 ng/g fresh wt), decreased to the lowest level during stage II, and rose again at stage III to 60–70 ng/g fresh wt. High activity of glutamine synthetase was found in the pericarp during stage I. The soluble peroxidase activity was highest in the meso- and exocarp at stage II, and isoenzymatic changes in this fraction corresponded to the transition from cationic isoenzymes, predominant at stage I, to anionic isoenzymes at stage III. The ionically bound peroxidase activity in these tissues was highest at stage I. The three developmental stages showed marked differences in auxin content and enzyme activities; for peroxidases these changes reflect a developmental expression pattern for the isoenzymes.     

PEROXIDASE LOCALIZATION,ACTIVITY, AND ISOZYME PATTERNS IN THE DEVELOPING SEEDLING OF VANDA (ORCHIDACEAE)

Peroxidase activity in the seedling of Vanda was investigated at various stages of development. Active sites were demonstrated histochemically and soluble proteins and peroxidase isozymes were resolved by disc electrophoresis at progressive stages of growth. Activity, which is highest in the early stages of development and lowest at the stage when maximum differentiation occurs, is confined to the epidermal layer and outer surface of the seedling in early stages of development, It is also present in the vascular tissues of the leaves, root, and parenchymatous region at later stages. Indoleacetic acid raises peroxidase activity when present in the growth medium in physiological concentrations. The number of isoperoxidases varies with developmental stage and is lowest in the stage at which leaves and roots are initiated. These observations are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the peroxidases play a role in morphogenesis as a part of the indoleacetic acid-oxidase system.     

Jasmonic acid induced changes in protein pattern, antioxidative enzyme activities and peroxidase isozymes in peanut seedlings

Protein pattern, ammonia content, glutamine synthetase activity, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and peroxidase isoforms were studied in the leaves and roots of 7-d-old peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. JL-24) seedlings treated by 25, 100 and 250 μM jasmonic acid (JA). SDS-PAGE protein profile of leaves and roots after JA application showed a significant increase in 18, 21, 30, 45, 47 and 97.4 kDa proteins and significant decrease in 22 and 36 kDa proteins. Pathogenesis related PR-18 was specific in leaves at 250 μM JA and PR-21 have cross reacted differently with 21 and 30 kDa proteins in leaves and roots treated by all JA concentrations. Further, the immunoblot analysis with glutamine synthetase, GS-45 antibodies revealed a specific cross reaction with 45 and 47 kDa proteins of both control and JA treated leaves, however, higher at 100 and 250 μM JA treated leaves than control ones. Further, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content significantly increased in leaves and roots treated with JA, indicated membrane damage with JA treatments that led to the generation of peroxidation products. The peroxidase isozymic pattern showed two specific isoforms. Besides, the activities of SOD and catalase were significantly elevated in JA treated leaves.     

德保苏铁回归后几个生理指标的比较研究

以广西黄连山自然保护区内的德保苏铁幼苗为材料,研究了不同叶数苏铁幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量的变化。结果表明:在7月至11月间,随着时间的推移,德保苏铁幼苗叶片的SOD、POD活性均呈递增趋势,CAT活性则先缓慢下降后又呈递增的趋势;MDA含量呈下降趋势;脯氨酸含量呈缓慢上升趋势;可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质均呈持续积累趋势。综合分析结果表明:可将不同叶数苏铁幼苗分为两类:5叶植株单独为一类,环境适应能力强;3叶植株和4叶植株可聚为一类,环境适应能力相对较强。