新烟碱类杀虫剂对麦扁盾蝽若虫和成虫的毒效（英文）

在伊朗, 麦扁盾蝽Eurygaster integriceps是小麦和大麦上的主要害虫。新烟碱类杀虫剂是一类具有较强活性的杀虫剂, 对刺吸式口器害虫具有良好的效果。本研究应用触杀和熏蒸两种生测方法测定了4种新烟碱类杀虫剂（噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、呋虫胺和啶虫咪）对麦扁盾蝽3龄若虫和成虫的毒效。触杀法生测结果显示, 各杀虫剂对麦扁盾蝽没有强烈的触杀活性, 但是在高浓度下（5 000 mg/L a. i.）, 可见较高的死亡率。熏蒸法生测结果显示, 所有杀虫剂对麦扁盾蝽的若虫和成虫均有较好的毒性。结果提示应用熏蒸方法可能是治理这一重要害虫的新方法。     

沿黄稻区灰飞虱越冬种群的时空分布及抽样技术研究

2009—2010年间系统调查了河南省境内沿黄稻区灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus Fallén越冬种群的时空动态变化,并在田间调查的基础上,运用聚集度指标法和改进的Iwao回归分析法对沿黄稻区灰飞虱越冬种群的空间分布格局、理论抽样数及序贯抽样技术进行了研究。结果表明,灰飞虱在沿黄流域主要以少量3、4龄若虫进行越冬,11月下旬进入越冬期,翌年4月上中旬为越冬代种群发生高峰期,成、若虫虫量分别为22头/m2、43头/m2;灰飞虱成虫在5月中旬开始向水稻田迁飞,迁入高峰时虫量在450头/m2以上;灰飞虱越冬代成虫在麦田中空间分布型的聚集性指标大于1,空间分布型为聚集分布型,在此基础上得出灰飞虱田间调查的理论抽样数公式:N=t2/D2(0.324/m+0.086),并且描述了灰飞虱种群序贯抽样的Iwao模型:Tn=25n±15.4n~(1/2)。研究结果为田间灰飞虱的准确抽样调查和有效防治提供了科学依据。     

Spatial and temporal correspondence of sunn pest oviposition and egg parasitism by Trissolcus spp. in Iran

The sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton, is a serious pest of wheat and other cereals in the Firouzabad region of Ardabil Province, Iran. In this study, we examined the spatial distribution of sunn pest eggs and their parasitism by Trissolcus spp., primarily Trissolcus grandis Thomson, during the growing seasons of 2008 and 2009. Ten quadrats of 1 m² were established in each of the ten experimental fields and sampled every 3 days beginning at Feekes growth stage 6 (beginning of stem elongation) through stage 11 (ripening). The numbers of sunn pest eggs, both parasitized and unparasitized, were tallied in each quadrat on each sampling date. Sunn pest oviposition peaked during the onset of flowering in both years, while parasitism peaked at the completion of anthesis in 2008, and at anthesis complete to early milk stage in 2009. Iwao’s regression provided a better fit to the data than did Taylor’s power law. Both models indicated an aggregated distribution of eggs and parasitism. Temporally, there was a negative overlap between egg density and parasitism from inflorescence emergence until the beginning of anthesis, and positive overlap from anthesis complete until the soft dough stage, such that parasitism ranged from 0% of eggs laid early, to virtually 100% of eggs laid late. Thus, despite good spatial correspondence between egg density and egg parasitism, the time lag between peak bug oviposition and peak parasitism enabled large numbers of early‐laid host eggs to hatch and diminished the potential efficacy of biological control by Trissolcus spp. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of integrated management of sunn pest in wheat fields and the possible benefits of early season augmentation of the parasitoid population.     

越北腹露蝗若虫空间格局的地学统计学分析

应用地学统计学研究广东北部桑田中越北腹露蝗(Fruhstorferiola tonkinensis Will)1～5龄若虫的空间格局动态.结果表明：越北腹露蝗1～5龄若虫种群变异曲线函数均为球状模型,表现为聚集分布,但各龄若虫的空间依赖范围分别为1.973、1.968、2.169、2.302和4.307 m.利用Kriging插值法由地学统计学软件Surfer 8.0产生的各龄若虫等值线图清晰地反映了各龄若虫的空间位置, 表明越北腹露蝗有别于其它一些蝗虫,其低龄若虫呈聚居型,高龄若虫呈散居型分布.     

Spatial Behavior Comparison of Bactericera cockerelli Sulc. (Hemiptera: Triozidae) in Mexico

During the last five?years, Bactericera cockerelli Sulc. has caused significant economic losses in potato production in Mexico, due to the purple top and zebra chip diseases, since it acts as the vector of Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous. Despite its importance as a vector of serious potato diseases, the knowledge of its spatial distribution behavior, which could improve the efficiency of control measures, is entirely lacking. The main objective of this work was to compare the spatial distribution of the immature and adult stages of B. cockerelli obtained in a potato field by means of transect and quadrant sampling techniques and of geostatistics tools that allow the visualization of its spatial distribution in the field. Transect and quadrant samplings showed that the immature stages (eggs and nymphs) of B. cockerelli present a clustered distribution. The validation of the achieved semivariograms in the three dates of sampling corroborated the aggregated distribution of immatures and adults of the insect. The maps obtained in the sampling by using the quadrant or the transect approaches reflect the aggregated structure of the insect populations which did not infest 100% of the plot area. This allowed us to identify infested and free areas, what will aid in decisions for selecting alternatives of control.     

Sampling of Cacopsylla pyri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and Pilophorus gallicus (Hemiptera: Miridae) in pear orchards

The psyllid Cacopsylla pyri L. (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is one of the principal pests of pear (Pyrus spp.) orchards and, along with its natural enemies, needs to be carefully monitored for correct integrate pest management and biological pest control decision making. We compare sampling techniques and develop sampling methods for C. pyri and Pilophorus gallicus Remane (Heteroptera: Miridae). Four pear orchards were sampled periodically from 2007 to 2010 in southern Spain by beating branches into funnels or 45-cm-diameter nets and taking shoot samples. Different sampling techniques were compared, and several sampling methods were assayed for adults and nymphs of C. pyri and P. gallicus. Psylla adult and P. gallicus counts in the nets and funnels were similar and closely correlated. Counts of C. pyri adults in the funnels and nets were higher than on shoots, but all measures were closely correlated. The number of nymphs on shoots and leaves was correlated, as were the counts on leaves within shoots. A guide for choosing the sampling unit in cost/precision terms is given. C. pyri nymphs and adults showed an aggregated distribution, whereas P. gallicus had a less-crowded spatial distribution. Enumerative sequential sampling was evaluated for both insects by using the different sampling techniques by resampling experimental data. The negative binomial distribution fitted the experimental data gathered using the different sampling techniques for C. pyri adults and P. gallicus. The use of binomial sampling is discussed for the two insects and the costs involved are compared with those implied in the sequential enumerative method.     

不同松林马尾松毛虫蛹及其寄生天敌群子的空间格局分析

应用地学统计学的原理和方法研究了３种松柯马尾松毛虫越冬工蛹及其寄生天敌群子的窨结构和空间相关性。结果表明,湿地松－马尾松－火炬松混交松林中蛹的半变异函数曲线为球形,其空间格局为聚集型,受害程度高的马尾松纯林中,蛹的半变异函数曲线为指数形,空间格局为聚集型,受害程度低的纯马尾松林中,蛹的半变异函数曲线是一条截距为０．４２３,斜率为０．００３８１４的直线,表明为随机或均匀型的空间格局。３种松林中蛹的寄     

Spatio-temporal dynamics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scotinophara lurida</Emphasis> (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in rice fields

Studying the spatial pattern of insect pests and the temporal stability of their patterns is important in understanding underlying ecological mechanisms and in developing pest management programs in cultivated crop systems. To elucidate the spatio-temporal pattern of the black rice bug, Scotinophara lurida, in rice fields, samplings were conducted in two rice fields over 2 years. Using spatial analysis by distance indices, the spatial pattern of each developmental stage of S. lurida and their temporal stability of the spatial pattern were identified. Most of the I _a (the index of aggregation) values for overwintered adults and eggs of S. lurda were close to 1, indicating random distribution pattern while nymphs and new adults mainly had I _a values >1, indicating an aggregated distribution pattern. According to spatial association analysis between successive samples using X (the index of spatial association), the spatial pattern of S. lurida showed strong temporal stability throughout the season. Also, there was strong association between the spatial patterns of developmental stages, indicating the great effect of the spatial pattern of the previous developmental stage on that of later developmental stage. Factors influencing the spatial pattern and spatial stability of S. lurida are discussed.     

高山草原狭翅雏蝗的生物学特性及种群空间分布

在甘肃省夏河县甘加高山草原,对狭翅雏蝗的发生期、食量、空间格局及动态进行了系统研究。结果表明,该虫1年发生1代,以卵在土中越冬,翌年5月下旬至6月上旬开始孵化出土,6月中旬至下旬为孵化出土盛期,蝗蝻多数为4龄,少数(约23％)为5龄,整个蝗蝻期为70．45±15．76d,成虫寿命42．36±13.46d;取食量随龄期增大而增大,蝗蝻期平均食量为368．3mg,成虫期平均食量为743．8mg,狭翅雏蝗在前期低龄蝗蝻阶段为聚集分布,高龄蝗蝻及成虫阶段以均匀分布和随机分布为主。     

Spatio-temporal dynamics of corn rootworm, Diabrotica spp., adults and their spatial association with environment

Multiyear and multilocation studies were conducted to investigate the within‐ and the between‐year spatial dynamics of corn rootworms Diabrotica spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), adults and their spatial associations with environmental factors in cornfields. Grid‐based spatial sampling was conducted by trapping adults emerging from the soil (i.e., ‘emergence‐trap counts’) and by counting the number of adults in the ear zone of corn plant (i.e., ‘ear‐zone count’). Spatial analysis with distance indices (SADIE) was used to determine spatial distribution patterns and to investigate spatial associations. Ear‐zone counts and emergence‐trap counts were spatially dynamic within a year and more frequently aggregated in the middle of growing seasons and random early and late in the season. However, during the peak population periods, spatial distribution of ear‐zone counts and emergence‐trap counts were significantly consistent between years, indicating predictability of future spatial distributions. Spatial distribution of emergence‐trap counts and ear‐zone counts were positively associated with soil moisture and presence of corn plants with silks, respectively. This study demonstrated that within‐year spatial distribution patterns were dynamic and that there was between‐year spatial consistency of corn rootworm adult distributions. Such information can be used to improve preventative management of corn rootworms.     

PROTEOME ANALYSIS OF GUT AND SALIVARY GLAND PROTEINS OF FIFTH-INSTAR NYMPH AND ADULTS OF THE SUNN PEST, Eurygaster integriceps

In the digestive system of the sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), the salivary gland has a key role in extra oral digestion and the gut is the main site for digestion of food. In this study, proteomics was used to study the role of proteins involved in digestion. The amount of feeding on wheat grain by adult insects increased by comparison to fifth-instar nymphs. Proteins of the gut and salivary gland in adults and fifth-instar nymphs were analyzed 1 day after feeding. The proteins related to digestion, metabolism, and defense against toxins were accumulated in the gut of adult insects. Three plant proteins including serpin, dehydroascorbate reductase, and β-amylase were accumulated in guts of adults. In the salivary gland, phospholipase A2 and arginine kinase were increased in adults. Heat shock protein 70 increased in the gut of fifth-instar nymphs. Proteomic analysis revealed that most of changed proteins in digestive system of sunn pest were increased in adults. This study provided more targets derived from gut and salivary gland for pest management.     

Dispersion patterns and sampling plans for Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in citrus

The abundance and spatial dispersion of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) were studied in 34 grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad.) and six sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] orchards from March to August 2006 when the pest is more abundant in southern Texas. Although flush shoot infestation levels did not vary with host plant species, densities of D. citri eggs, nymphs, and adults were significantly higher on sweet orange than on grapefruit. D. citri immatures also were found in significantly higher numbers in the southeastern quadrant of trees than other parts of the canopy. The spatial distribution of D. citri nymphs and adults was analyzed using Iowa's patchiness regression and Taylor's power law. Taylor's power law fitted the data better than Iowa's model. Based on both regression models, the field dispersion patterns of D. citri nymphs and adults were aggregated among flush shoots in individual trees as indicated by the regression slopes that were significantly >1. For the average density of each life stage obtained during our surveys, the minimum number of flush shoots per tree needed to estimate D. citri densities varied from eight for eggs to four flush shoots for adults. Projections indicated that a sampling plan consisting of 10 trees and eight flush shoots per tree would provide density estimates of the three developmental stages of D. citri acceptable enough for population studies and management decisions. A presence-absence sampling plan with a fixed precision level was developed and can be used to provide a quick estimation of D. citri populations in citrus orchards.     

Spatial and temporal distribution of Empoasca vitis within a vineyard

1 The intra‐plot spatial distribution of the green leafhopper Empoasca vitis (Goethe) (Cicadellidae, Empoascini) was assessed over three successive growing seasons in a Bordeaux vineyard. Weekly measurements of adult trappings and nymphal counts were performed in a 1.7‐ha plot on 130 sampling points. 2 Statistical and geostatistical analyses revealed inconsistent spatial distributions of adults and nymphs in spring, but consistent spatial distributions in summer, which were identical every year. 3 Similarities between spatial distributions of the mobile adults and the sedentary and aggregated nymphs strongly suggest that adults disperse inside the plot to areas preferred for egg deposition. 4 The similarity of summer populations among years suggests that this insects distribution is based on (perennial) differences in plot characteristics.     

Photoperiod and temperature affect the life cycle of a subtropical cockroach, Opisoplatia orientalis: seasonal pattern shaped by winter mortality

Abstract.  Opisoplatia orientalis is an ovoviviparous cockroach living in the subtropical areas in Japan. Both adults and nymphs overwinter on Hachijo Island (33°N). The nymphs sampled before and after overwintering showed a similar pattern in frequency distribution of head widths with a definite peak of fifth instars. The present study was conducted to determine how this pattern was formed by investigating the effects of photoperiod and temperature on development and reproduction. Photoperiod influenced the number of nymphal instars, resulting in a longer duration of nymphal development at LD 12 : 12 h than at LD 16 : 8 h. However, the rate of development at each instar was only affected to a small extent by photoperiod and no sign of diapause was detected. It was suggested that the photoperiodic response controlling the number of nymphal instars might have evolved to adjust the timing of adult emergence and reproduction to the favourable season. The prereproductive period and time intervals between nymph depositions were prolonged as temperature declined, but there was no evidence for diapause in adults. Mortality occurred in eggs and embryos inside of the body of the females during winter. Thus, it was inferred that female adults would reset ovarian development in spring and deposit nymphs in summer simultaneously, and these nymphs would reach the fifth instar before winter comes. This winter mortality hypothesis was supported by experiments in which reproductive activity and mortality were monitored for field-collected adults under either constant or changing temperature conditions simulating those in the field.     

白三叶草生长期西花蓟马的空间分布型变化

利用聚集度指标检验和比较频次法对白三叶草Trifolium repens生长期间西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis的空间分布型变化进行研究,结果如下：聚集度指标检验分析表明西花蓟马在白三叶草上的空间分布为聚集分布;利用频次拟合分析表明白三叶草上大部分生长期内其分布型为负二项分布,其聚集程度与虫口密度有关系,其空间分布不会因为一些人为干扰而改变。     

An analysis of the feeding behavior of three stages of Toxoptera citricida by DC electrical penetration graph waveforms

With the purpose of studying the feeding behavior of the brown citrus aphid pest, Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), we compared stylet probing behaviors of third and fourth instars and adults on Citrus unshiu Marc (Rutaceae) seedlings using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. EPG waveforms exhibited the full suite of stylet behaviors – stylet pathway, intracellular stylet puncture, phloem salivation (E1), sieve ingestion (E2), and xylem sap ingestion activities, plus the non‐penetration (Np) waveform. Before the phloem phase, the number of probes was significantly higher for third‐instar nymphs than for adults. Overall duration of Np events by adults was significantly lower than the duration of third and fourth instars. The number of short probes of the fourth instars was significantly higher than that of the adults. In the phloem phase, adults made more frequent and longer E1 events than the third and fourth instars. Third instars made more frequent but shorter E2 events, whereas adults made fewer but longer events. These results showed adults gained nutrients by increasing feeding time during phloem ingestion. Thus, the probability of phloem‐associated virus acquisition and transmission of T. citricida was higher in adults than in nymphs.     

烟蚜及其捕食性天敌草间小黑蛛种群空间结构分析

采用地统计学原理和方法,拟合了不同时期烟蚜种群及其捕食性天敌草间小黑蛛种群的空间结构模型,分析了其空间关系．结果表明,不同时期烟蚜种群的空间结构模型均为球型,空间格局呈聚集型分布,空间相关距离在2．0252～4．1495m之间,异质系数为10281．36～300216．30,空间依赖程度为12176．81～303433．70;不同时期草间小黑蛛种群的空间结构模型也均为球型,空间格局呈聚集型分布,空间相关距离在3．7328～4．8983m之间,异质系数为1．4482～4．4134,空间依赖程度为1．6941～5．8167．该结果和方法可用于监测烟田目标害虫的时空格局动态．     

Phospholipid and triacylglycerol fatty acid composition of major life stages of sunn pest,Eurygaster integriceps (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae)

Phospholipid and triacylglycerol fatty acid compositions of whole animals from all life stages of Eurygaster integriceps, including eggs, nymphs, pre-diapausing adults and diapausing adults, were determined. The fatty acid composition of total lipids of their food, wheat, was also determined. The major components of the insects and their food were the expected C16 and C18 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Since fatty acid compositions of third-stadium nymphs were not similar to the profiles of their food, most likely, dietary fatty acids are modified by the insect. The fact is that the food does not provide C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids, but the insect tissue lipids include these components. We suggest biosynthesis of the C20 components by elongation/desaturation of C18:2n-6, an abundant component of the diets. We also show differences in fatty acid profiles from each of the life stages.     

The spatial and temporal distribution of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The spatial and temporal distribution of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae F. (Homoptera: Aphididae) was studied within a field of winter wheat during the summer of 1996. Sampling was done using four nested grids comprising 133 locations. Analysis by Taylor's power law gave results typical for insect populations. Analysis by SADIE (Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices) showed spatial pattern due to edge effects and sampling scale, and positive but mild spatial association, although spatial patterns were ephemeral. Reasons for these findings and the implications for integrated crop management are discussed.     

Spatial Distribution of Nymphs Populations Bactericera cockerelli Sulc in Tomato Crops (<i>Physalis ixocarpa</i> Brot)

Tomato crops (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.) are produced in almost all Mexico, part of the United States and Central America. Recently the tomato production has suffered economic losses of 70% to 80% due the presence of yellowing and floral abortion, whose causal agent has been attributed to the presence of phytoplasma; an insect vector of these phytoplasma is Bactericera cockerrelli Sulc. Alternative control of this psyllid has lacked effectiveness because their spatial distribution is unknown within tomato plots. This study aimed to determine the spatial distribution of populations of nymphs of B. cockerelli in four tomato plots, the determination of the spatial distribution was performed by means of geostatistics. The experimental semivariogram was determined to adjust to a theoretical model (spherical, exponential or Gaussian) through the program Variowin 2.2, the adjustment was validated with the method of cross-validation and aggregation maps of the pest were obtained through Kriging with Surfer 9.0 program. The short-term time-space stability of the pest was determined through the tests Crámer-von Mises. The results showed that populations of nymphs of B. cockerelli have a distribution of aggregate type, which was corroborated by density maps. Infestations are not present in 100% of the surface of the experimental plots, which helps to direct control measures on specific areas of infestation.