动物源溶菌酶研究进展

动物源溶菌酶是一种动物体内广泛存在的酶类,它可以水解细菌细胞壁肽聚糖中的β-1,4糖苷键,具有消化分解细菌、抑制外源微生物生长、增强机体免疫力的作用.目前溶菌酶已被用作研究蛋白功能、性质以及分子进化的模型.首先介绍了溶菌酶及其分子的晶体结构,溶菌酶基因及其蛋白研究进展,其次介绍了动物源溶菌酶的功能,包括溶菌酶生物学功能和重组蛋白功能活性,重点介绍了溶菌酶基因在转基因工程中的应用研究,最后对动物源溶菌酶研究进行了展望.研究动物源溶菌酶对于基础科学,并应用其转变成现实生产力具有重要的指导意义.     

反刍动物溶菌酶研究进展

目前,抗生素滥用带来的副作用日益凸显,寻找抗生素的有效替代品显得尤为迫切。溶菌酶能水解细菌细胞壁肽聚糖中的β-1,4糖苷键,具有消化分解细菌、抑制外源微生物生长、增强机体免疫力的作用,在动物尤其是反刍动物体内广泛存在。本文讨论了反刍动物溶菌酶的来源与分布、基因序列、蛋白结构和酶学性质、蛋白功能及活性,对其耐酸分子机理进行了归纳总结;同时阐述了反刍动物溶菌酶基因的进化研究,最后对反刍动物溶菌酶研究进行了展望。研究反刍动物溶菌酶对于基础科学,并应用其转变成现实生产力意义重大。     

中国明对虾溶菌酶基因克隆、重组表达与性质分析

溶菌酶是机体先天免疫系统中一个重要的效应分子, 参与机体多种免疫反应, 在溶菌过程中形成一个水解体系, 破坏和消除侵入体内的病原, 从而实现机体的免疫防御。从中国明对虾中克隆得到了溶菌酶基因(称为FcLyz基因), 该基因全长709 bp, 其完整的阅读框为477 bp, 编码158个氨基酸, 前18个氨基酸(-1~-18)为信号肽, 成熟肽由140个氨基酸组成(1-140aa), 其分子量为16.2 kD。经SMART分析,该基因具有1个溶菌酶1(LYZ1)结构域(19-130aa)。半定量RT-PCR分析结果表明溶菌酶虽在多种组织中有较低水平的组成性表达, 但在细菌诱导的血细胞、心脏、肝胰腺和鳃等多种组织中表达上调。将中国明对虾溶菌酶基因的成熟肽亚克隆进原核表达载体pET-30a (+)中, 转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3), 再进行诱导表达和亲和纯化, 得到了纯化的重组溶菌酶, 并进行了抑菌活性检测。结果表明, 重组对虾溶菌酶对革兰氏阳性菌的抑菌能力较强, 最小抑菌浓度达到3.43 mmol/L, 但对革兰氏阴性菌抑制作用较小。上述结果表明, 该溶菌酶作为一种重要的免疫效应分子, 参与了对虾的免疫防御反应。     

中国明对虾溶菌酶基因克隆、重组表达与性质分析

溶菌酶是机体先天免疫系统中一个重要的效应分子, 参与机体多种免疫反应, 在溶菌过程中形成一个水解体系, 破坏和消除侵入体内的病原, 从而实现机体的免疫防御。从中国明对虾中克隆得到了溶菌酶基因(称为FcLyz基因), 该基因全长709 bp, 其完整的阅读框为477 bp, 编码158个氨基酸, 前18个氨基酸(-1~-18)为信号肽, 成熟肽由140个氨基酸组成(1-140aa), 其分子量为16.2 kD。经SMART分析,该基因具有1个溶菌酶1(LYZ1)结构域(19-130aa)。半定量RT-PCR分析结果表明溶菌酶虽在多种组织中有较低水平的组成性表达, 但在细菌诱导的血细胞、心脏、肝胰腺和鳃等多种组织中表达上调。将中国明对虾溶菌酶基因的成熟肽亚克隆进原核表达载体pET-30a (+)中, 转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3), 再进行诱导表达和亲和纯化, 得到了纯化的重组溶菌酶, 并进行了抑菌活性检测。结果表明, 重组对虾溶菌酶对革兰氏阳性菌的抑菌能力较强, 最小抑菌浓度达到3.43 mmol/L, 但对革兰氏阴性菌抑制作用较小。上述结果表明, 该溶菌酶作为一种重要的免疫效应分子, 参与了对虾的免疫防御反应。     

溶菌酶晶体及其交联技术的研究进展

在结晶蛋白中,溶菌酶成为一种典范,是一种模型蛋白.在不同的环境中,通过调变各项反应条件,可以实现对不同晶系溶菌酶晶体形貌、结构的控制并进行最优化,然后对其进行交联,讨论其反应机理.所采用的方法还能扩展到其他类型蛋白质晶体中,为设计和制备具有优良应用性能的不同形貌的蛋白晶体及交联晶体材料奠定基础,必将大大促进蛋白晶体材料在我国生物材料应用方面的研究.     

抗体片段在铂纳米粒子表面的构象重构

目的 最近在金纳米粒子（AuNPs）表面重构抗体片段的天然构象和功能的研究表明分子构象工程的可行性。本质上,分子构象工程就是要像蛋白质折叠一样,通过精确控制柔性非功能分子的构象使其产生新功能。本文在铂纳米粒子（PtNPs）表面重构抗体互补决定簇区（CDR）片段的天然构象和功能,旨在探索分子构象工程的普适性及揭示蛋白质结构-功能机制。方法 本文将抗溶菌酶抗体（cAB-lys3）中的CDR3片段（在单独存在时没有稳定构象和功能）通过两个Pt-S键偶联到PtNPs表面。CDR片段的天然构象和功能的恢复通过它对溶菌酶活性的抑制来表征。结果 通过多肽密度优化和表面聚乙二醇修饰,制得基于PtNPs的抗溶菌酶人工抗体（简称铂抗体）。溶菌酶活性测试结果表明,铂抗体可以特异性结合溶菌酶并显著抑制其活性。结论 本文第一次在PtNPs表面重构了蛋白质片段的天然构象并恢复了其功能,证明分子构象工程可作为一种通用方法制备基于纳米粒子的人工蛋白质。     

水合溶菌酶及其热稳定性的NMR研究

本文用90MHz脉冲NMB波谱仪记录了具不同含水量的溶菌酶的质子宽谱线NMR谱图及自由感应衰减曲线,并记录了水合度为0.10及0.19克水/克溶菌酶的溶菌酶样品从室温到热变性温度范围内的谱图.用线宽参量随水合度及温度的变化讨论溶菌酶在水合及热变性过程中溶菌酶分子及水分子运动性的变化.结果表明,溶菌酶分子及水分子的运动性与水合溶菌酶中的水含量密切相关;低水含量的水合溶菌酶在热变性过程中酶分子运动性的变化经历了两个转变,分别对应于酶分子间的解缔合及分子内的解旋.     

环氧丙烷皂化废水活性污泥DNA提取方法的比较与优化

探索适宜的环氧丙烷废水中活性污泥微生物总DNA提取的方法并进行优化。采用11种方法提取环氧丙烷废水中活性污泥微生物总DNA,即Na Cl溶液-提取缓冲液-溶菌酶-十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)法、蛋白酶K-SDS法、SDS-反复冻融法、Tris-EDTA-Na Cl-聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)(TENP)法和反复冻融-SDS-蛋白酶K法等。通过对这11种方法进行比较,以确定最佳试验方案并结合单因素法对最佳方案进行优化。琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果显示:Na Cl溶液-提取缓冲液-溶菌酶-SDS法提取DNA亮度高,有大片断DNA的存在且拖带较少,条带集中;酶法所提取的DNA效果仅次于提取缓冲液-溶菌酶-SDS法,其他方案没有提取出DNA。单因子试验结果表明:10 mg/m L溶菌酶,100g/LSDS,反应时间为30 min,反应温度为45℃时效果最佳。Na Cl溶液-提取缓冲液-溶菌酶-SDS提取法为环氧丙烷废水中微生物群落在分子水平上的研究提供了一种简便、可靠的DNA提取方法。     

罗非鱼3种C型溶菌酶重组蛋白的制备及与几种鱼虾溶菌酶溶菌谱的比较

应用基因工程技术制备了3种奥利亚罗非鱼C型溶菌酶的重组蛋白,并应用比浊法比较了它们与草鱼C型溶菌酶、G型溶菌酶和斑节对虾C型溶菌酶重组蛋白对无乳链球菌、嗜水气单胞菌等8种细菌的溶菌作用.研究发现,6种重组溶菌酶对这8种菌均具有溶菌活性,但是溶菌活力强弱不一.其中罗非鱼C3溶菌酶对革兰氏阳性菌无乳链球菌的溶菌作用最强,草鱼C型与G型溶菌酶次之;所有重组溶菌酶对革兰氏阴性菌铜绿假单胞菌均具较强的溶菌活性.与斑节对虾C型溶菌酶、草鱼C型与G型溶菌酶相比,罗非鱼的C型溶菌酶对嗜水气单胞菌具有较强的溶菌作用,且以C1的溶菌活性最强.本研究结果可为选择具较强溶菌活力的溶菌酶应用于养殖生产提供依据,并可为应用转基因技术培育抗病品种提供靶基因.     

水合溶菌酶的H-D交换与分子活动性

应用红外吸收光谱研究不同含水量的溶菌酶膜的H-D交换动力学,以期阐明水合对溶菌酶分子活动性的影响。 酰胺Ⅱ带与酰胺Ⅰ带峰高之比A_Ⅱ/A_Ⅰ随交换时间延长成指数下降,它反映处于不同状态的质子交换速率。在一定水合范围内交换速率与水合溶菌酶水含量有关。分别在交换10分钟及5小时后的A_Ⅱ/A_Ⅰ测量表明,在R<0.2范围内,交换的质子数随水含量同步增大。R≥0.2交换质子数不再进一步增大。最初10分钟内交换的反应速度常数K_f随水含量的改变亦遵循定律。R≈0.2为一临界水含量,是溶菌酶分子维持其晶体和溶液中的空间结构及表现其活性所必需。低于此值时,溶菌酶分子的活动性随水含量而改变。     

Effective method for purification of lysozyme from human urine

Lysozyme in the urine of a hemodialysis patient was purified in two steps: DEAE Sephadex chromatography followed by Sephacryl chromatography. The Sephacryl S-100 column chromatographed fraction showing lytic activity was proven to give one band on SDS-PAGE and to have a molecular mass of 14 500, in agreement with that of lysozyme. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of this purified protein was identical to that of lysozyme. These results indicate that the protein purified was indeed lysozyme. The specific affinity of lysozyme for Sephacryl S-100 may explain the greater purity of the same protein isolated by this method.     

Characterization of lysozyme synthesized by differentiated mouse myeloid leukemia cells.

Lysozyme was induced by dexamethasone during normal differentiation of cultured mouse myeloid leukemia cells (M1) to macrophages and granulocytes. A large amount of lysozyme was produced by macrophage-like line cells (Mm-1), established from spontaneously differentiated macrophage-like cells from a clonal line of M1 cells. Lysozyme purified from the culture medium of these Mm-1 cells (Mm-1 lysozyme) had a molecular weight of 15,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and showed maximal activity at pH 6.6 with an optimal NaCl concentration of 0.04 M. Its mobility on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 4.5 was distinctly lower than those of lysozymes from hen egg white and human urine. Rabbit anti-Mm-1 lysozyme serum inhibited the activities of lysozyme preparations from peritoneal macrophages of normal mice and rats and dexamethasone-induced differentiated M1 cells, but not those of preparations from hen egg white and human urine. Lysozyme was also purified from normal mouse lung, which is rich in alveolar macrophages and was found to be similar to lysozyme purified from the culture medium of Mm-1 cells in size and electrophoretic mobility and in its pH optimum, trypsin peptide map, and antigenicity. Thus the molecular structure of the lysozyme induced in differentiated mouse myeloid leukemia cells is similar to that of lysozyme produced by normal cells.     

Expression of natural antimicrobial human lysozyme in rice grains

In the present study, we explored the expression of human lysozyme in maturing rice grains. Particle bombardment-mediated transformation was utilized to deliver the codon-optimized structural gene for human lysozyme to the callus of rice cultivar Taipei 309. Lysozyme expression is controlled by the promoter and signal peptide sequence for rice storage protein Glutelin 1. A total of 33 fertile plants were regenerated from independent transformation events and 12 of them with significant expression levels of lysozyme were advanced to further generations. The transgenes were characterized by PCR and Southern blot analysis. Segregation analysis indicated a typical Mendelian 3: 1 inheritance, suggesting a single locus or closely linked loci of gene insertion. The expression levels of lysozyme reached 0.6% of the brown rice weight or 45% of soluble proteins. Seven transgenic breeding lines have been selected and followed over six generations. Lysozyme expression levels were maintained in all generations. Biochemical, biophysical and functional comparisons of native and recombinant human lysozyme revealed identical N-terminal sequence, molecular weight, pI and specific activity. Similar thermal and pH stability was observed for lysozyme from two sources. Furthermore, similar bactericidal activity was displayed towards a laboratory strain of E. coli. The possibility of improving medical and nutritional quality of infant formulas and baby foods with rice flour or rice extract containing recombinant human lysozyme is discussed.     

Effect of different proteins on reabsorption of yellow fluorescent protein in the kidney of the brown frog <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rana temporaria</Emphasis>

Protein reabsorption in the proximal tubules (PT) of the frog kidney was studied by immunohistochemistry, fluorescent and confocal microscopy. The yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) was introduced in combination with other proteins. Reabsorption of YFP co-injected with lysozyme or the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was indistinguishable from that of YFP injection alone. Preliminary lysozyme injection did not change YFP absorption in contrast to YFP uptake reduced after GFP pretreatment. Lysozyme loading for 4 days led to a significant reduction in YFP absorption. The results show that receptor-mediated endocytosis in the frog kidney depends on the molecular nature of absorbable ligands, conditions of their competitive absorption and lysosomal accumulation in PT epithelial cells.     

cDNA cloning of the lysozyme of the white shrimp Penaeus vannamei

Lysozyme, an antibacterial protein, has been implicated in innate immunity in invertebrates, but its activity in shrimp remained to be determined. We cloned the white shrimp lysozyme cDNA using a PCR strategy and detected its activity in haemocytes using a lytic-zone assay against Micrococcus luteus. The cloning was based on a reported EST (dbEST BE18831). The deduced amino acid sequence resulted in 150 amino with 46% identity to hen egg white lysozyme. RT-PCR was used to detect lysozyme mRNA in haemocytes. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of the shrimp lysozyme showed that it belongs to the C-type family of lysozymes. Furthermore, the lysozyme amino acid sequence contained extra residues at its C-terminus, which are characteristic of marine invertebrates. This information will be useful in future studies on the molecular mechanisms of immunity in marine invertebrates.     

七鳃鳗g型溶菌酶的分子特征和抗菌活性

溶菌酶是先天免疫系统中对抗细菌病原体感染的一种关键蛋白．本研究从七鳃鳗中克隆g型溶菌酶基因. 其酶基因cDNA为701 bp（GenBank 序列号KP204854）,开放阅读框为555 bp,编码由184个氨基酸组成的多肽,理论分子质量为20.24 kD,等电点为5.48,含有1个半胱氨酸残基,无信号肽．实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,七鳃鳗g型溶菌酶基因在各组织中广泛表达,其中在肠中表达量最高．脂多糖（LPS）体内刺激七鳃鳗后发现,溶菌酶在口腔腺和头肾表达量显著升高．以溶壁微球菌和哈维弧菌为底物检测重组g型溶菌酶的活性时,均表现出抗菌活性,最适pH为7.5,最适温度为35℃．扫描电镜分析表明,重组酶能够使溶壁微球菌破裂．以上结果均表明,g型溶菌酶在七鳃鳗的先天免疫系统防御病菌感染中起到重要作用．     

Tubular protein uptake pattern in the frog model (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rana temporaria</Emphasis>): The effect of previous protein loading

The effect of increasing protein load on subsequent receptor-mediated protein uptake was studied in the kidney of the common frog Rana temporaria L. Results of in vivo experiments were analyzed in fixed kidney sections using fluorescent or confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Lysozyme was used for daily tubular loading in short-term experiments. Reabsorption of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in the proximal tubule (PT) was tested 60 min after introduction into the dorsal lymphatic sac. YFP uptake decreased progressively with increasing duration of lysozyme preload from 2 to 4 days. Lysozyme loading and single protein injections did not change the morphological characteristics of frog glomeruli and PTs, as shown by light and electron microscopy and morphometric analysis. Cessation of loading led to a decrease in the amount of lysozyme accumulated in PT cells. Reduced YFP uptake gradually recovered after cessation of the 4-day load. Restoration of YFP reabsorption was accompanied by increasing expression of endocytic receptors, megalin and cubilin. Based on the data obtained, the frog model can be successfully used for studying both morphological and functional changes in the nephron caused by tubular or glomerular proteinuria and molecular mechanisms involved in the process of renal protein reabsorption.     

Larval and pupal induction and N-terminal amino acid sequence of lysozyme from Heliothis virescens

Fifth instar larvae and prepupae of Heliothis virescens (tobacco budworm) were injected with live Enterobacter cloacae and bled at different times after vaccination. Immune pupal hemolymph showed a 54 times increase in lysozyme activity when compared with normal larval hemolymph, and an 11 times increase of lysozyme activity when compared with immune larval hemolymph. Lysozyme activity of the normal pupal hemolymph increased as greatly as did lysozyme activity of the immune larval hemolymph after metamorphosis. The pupal immune response with regard to lysozyme was much greater than the larval immune response in H. virescens. Lysozyme was purified by heat treatment at 100 degrees C and a chromatography series that included reverse-phase HPLC. The molecular mass of H. virescens lysozyme was approximately 16 kDa by SDS-PAGE which is greater than other insect lysozymes and chicken lysozyme. Amino acid sequence of the N-terminus showed that H. virescens lysozyme is 82% homologous with lysozyme of Manduca sexta and Galleria mellonella. CNBr cleavage of H. virescens lysozyme produced 11 and 6 kDa peptide fragments indicating that one methionine was present, which was also supported by amino acid analysis. However, methionine was located at the carboxyl terminal side rather than the N-terminal side as judged by the N-terminal sequences of each peptide fragment. The residue 22 in most lepidopteran lysozymes is methionine, whereas H. virescens lysozyme had a leucine at residue 22. There was an amino acid deletion near the carboxyl terminal side of H. virescens lysozyme as also found in Trichoplusia ni.     

Purification of Lysozyme from Hemolymph of Tobacco Cutworm, Spodoptera litura

ABSTRACT Lysozyme is one of the components of the innate immunity of the insects. The lysozyme has been isolated by heat treatment, cation exchange, and reversed-phase chromatography from immunized hemolymph of last instar larvae of Spodoptera litura. The hemolymph immunized with the insect nonpathogen, Escherichia coli was collected 2 days after the abdominal injection. The molecular weight of Spodoptera lysozyme was estimated to be about 15 kDa by SDS-PAGE and it is great similarity with Agrius lysozyme, which recently purified from larval hemolymph of Agrius convolvuli.