绒毛白蜡果实提取物的抑菌作用研究

采用管碟法研究了绒毛白蜡果实的水、50%乙醇和无水乙醇提取物对7种常见细菌菌株的抑制活性,并采用Sephadex G-15凝胶过滤层析、结合抑菌活性检测,对绒毛白蜡果实的抑菌活性物质进行了初步分离.结果表明,绒毛白蜡果实的水提物具有广谱的抗细菌作用,其对7种供试菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)范围为50～100 mg*mL-1;化学成分系统预试表明,绒毛白蜡果实的活性成分可能为有机酸、酚类、糖、苷类和香豆素类等.     

绒毛白蜡的核型分析

应用根尖压片法对木樨科白蜡属绒毛白蜡(Fraxinus velutina)的染色体数目和核型进行了研究。结果表明:绒毛白蜡体细胞染色体数目为2n=22,核型公式为:K(2n)=22=20m 2 sm,属于"1A"类型。染色体相对长度组成为2n=22=4L 10M2 8M1。     

绒毛白蜡的核型分析

应用根尖压片法对木樨科白蜡属绒毛白蜡(Fraxinus velutina)的染色体数目和核型进行了研究。结果表明:绒毛白蜡体细胞染色体数目为2n=22,核型公式为:K(2n)=22=20m+2 sm,属于"1A"类型。染色体相对长度组成为2n=22=4L+10M₂+8M₁。     

4种白蜡的耐盐性响应特征与综合评价

以1年半生绒毛白蜡、美国红梣、美国白梣和中国白蜡实生苗为材料,进行为期28 d 的水培试验,通过测定4 种NaCl 浓度(0、40、80、120 mmol/L)处理下其形态、生长量、膜透性、抗氧化酶系统、叶绿素含量以及光合参数等指标的变化特征,并通过相关分析、主成分分析和隶属函数法对4种白蜡进行了综合耐盐性分析与评价,以明确盐胁迫条件下4种白蜡植物的生理响应特征及其耐盐性差异,为盐碱地绿化树种筛选提供科学依据。结果表明：(1)盐胁迫条件下,4种植物形态特征受到不同程度影响,相对株高生长量都受到抑制;叶片膜透性和丙二醛含量 随盐浓度的增加而增加,而叶绿素含量随盐浓度的增加而减少。(2)不同盐浓度处理下,4个白蜡植物叶片过氧化物酶活性呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,其峰值出现在40或80 mmol·L^-1NaCl,超氧化物歧化酶活性变化规律不完全相同; 随着NaCl浓度的增加,4种白蜡树种叶片的平均净光合速率都呈现下降的趋势,但绒毛白蜡升降趋势较平缓,胞间CO₂浓度、气孔导度和蒸腾速率变化没有明显的规律性。(3)耐盐性综合评价结果显示,4种白蜡树种的耐盐性大小为绒毛白蜡＞ 美国白梣＞ 美国红梣＞中国白蜡,这与盐害形态症状表现的结果排序相一致。研究发现,4种白蜡树种在盐胁迫下的生长、生理响应明显不同,耐盐性存在明显差异;绒毛白蜡和美国白梣在盐胁迫下的抗氧化酶活性更强,光合能力和生长受到的影响更小,具有更优异的耐盐能力,可优先作为中国沿海地区盐碱地造林绿化树种或抗逆育种的主要试验材料。     

盐碱地绒毛白蜡和苦楝种子抗盐萌发机理

将盐碱地和正常地上采集的绒毛白蜡(Fraxinus velutina)和苦楝(Melia azedarach)种子在不同盐浓度下做发芽实验, 测定两类种子的发芽指标和幼苗的生理生化指标, 比较两种种子在不同盐胁迫下的发芽情况、幼苗保护性酶活性、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛含量的差异。结果表明: 绒毛白蜡比苦楝种子抗盐萌发能力强, 比较适合在盐碱地上种植。正常地上采集的两类种子的各项发芽指标高于盐碱地上采集的相应种子, 产自正常地的绒毛白蜡种子活力随盐胁迫的增强而逐渐增大, 苦楝却相反。盐碱地上采集的两类种子形成的幼苗的保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量高于正常地上采集的相应种子形成的幼苗, 以绒毛白蜡幼苗为最高; 丙二醛含量则是产自盐碱地的幼苗低于正常地幼苗, 以绒毛白蜡为最低。     

盐碱地绒毛白蜡和苦楝种子抗盐萌发机理

将盐碱地和正常地上采集的绒毛白蜡(Fraxinus velutina)和苦楝(Melia azedarach)种子在不同盐浓度下做发芽实验,测定两类种子的发芽指标和幼苗的生理生化指标,比较两种种子在不同盐胁迫下的发芽情况、幼苗保护性酶活性、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛含量的差异.结果表明:绒毛白蜡比苦楝种子抗盐萌发能力强,比较适合在盐碱地上种植.正常地上采集的两类种子的各项发芽指标高于盐碱地上采集的相应种子,产自正常地的绒毛白蜡种子活力随盐胁迫的增强而逐渐增大,苦楝却相反.盐碱地上采集的两类种子形成的幼苗的保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量高于正常地上采集的相应种子形成的幼苗,以绒毛白蜡幼苗为最高;丙二醛含量则是产自盐碱地的幼苗低于正常地幼苗,以绒毛白蜡为最低.     

耐盐树种绒毛白蜡

绒毛白蜡(Fraxinus velutina)又名绒毛梣,是木犀科落叶乔木。它喜湿耐涝、耐盐碱、抗病虫、树姿优美、材质好,为优良绿化树种。我们1983年开始在黄河三角洲盐碱地区,作了引种、育苗和栽培试验。目前,绒毛白蜡已在当地沟渠、公路两侧和道路、庭院绿化中普遍推广。     

不同产地白蜡虫(Ericerus pela Chavannes)产卵期天敌的种类及其群落结构研究

白蜡虫雌虫产卵期是白蜡种虫生产的关键时期,在我国白蜡主产地区,选择有代表性的4个种虫产地,2个白蜡产地和4个虫蜡混产地,调查群落中白蜡虫天敌的物种组成和数量变化,并进行聚类分析和排序,在10个白蜡主产地内,共收集到各种天敌15种,分属于6科11属,各群落的物种组成变化较小,优势种为白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂Microterys ericeri Ishii、中华花翅跳小蜂M.sinicus Jiang、白蜡虫啮小蜂Tetrastichus kodaikanalensis Saraswat、白蜡蚧长角象Anthribus la-jievorus Chao和黑缘红瓢虫Chilocorus rubidus Hope。群落的优势集中指数较小,多样性指数和均匀性指数较高,群落相似性系数最高达97.46%,最低为75.92%。影响群落相似性的主要因子为白蜡产区不同、生态环境差异和优势种天敌的数量变化,根据聚类分析和排序,将10个不同产地白蜡虫天敌群落分为3类;第1类为种虫产地,优势种天敌发生和危害较轻;第2类为白蜡产地,白蜡虫天敌发生和危害极为严重,其种群数量为第1类的3.36倍,第3类虫蜡皆产,其天敌数量介于第1、2类之间,中华花翅跳小蜂种群数量在第1、3类群落中大致相等,第2类发生较较重,白蜡虫天敌的严重危害是造成蜡区不产种虫的主要原因之一。     

白蜡虫泌蜡期天敌群落的研究

选择有代表性的１０个白蜡主产地,研究了各地白蜡虫天敌群落的物种组成和群落结构,并进行了聚类分析和排序。结果表明,白蜡白泌蜡期天敌群落共有捕食和寄生性天敌１８种,各群落的优势种和物种变化较小,群落性程度较高,相似性系数最高达９５．１２％,最低为７３．８６％。影响群落相似性的主要因子为产区,地理位置,捕食性瓢虫的种类和数量。     

白蜡属种间杂交子代木质素含量变异及FmPAL核苷酸多态性关联分析

研究水曲柳（Fraxinus mandshurica）×大叶白蜡（Fraxinus rhynchophylla）、水曲柳×小叶白蜡（Fraxinus sogdiana）和水曲柳×绒毛白蜡（Fraxinus velutina）的3个杂交组合与母本自由授粉子代木质素含量的遗传变异及FmPAL核苷酸多态性相关性,为水曲柳遗传育种和定向改良奠定基础。以东北林业大学帽儿山林场白蜡属种间杂交组合及母本自由授粉子代共176个无性系的水曲柳当年新生枝为材料,测定木质素的含量,进行木质素含量差异、变异参数及均值比较分析,并对木质素及其合成相关基因PAL进行分子水平的联合分析。结果表明：白蜡属各杂交组合间木质素含量差异极显著,各杂交组的木质素含量均与母本自由授粉子代水曲柳差异显著。其中大多数杂交子代水曲柳的木质素含量高于母本水曲柳木质素平均含量。本研究中的水曲柳群体的PAL基因单倍体多样性值达到了0.999 7,属高水平,证实了FmPAL基因具有较高的变异,且存在3个单核苷酸多态性（SNP）位点与木质素含量显著相关。主要结论：水曲柳各杂交组合的木质素含量存在显著性差异,FmPAL基因中SNP位点与木质素含量显著相关。     

Genetic diversity and structure of Populus nigra populations in two highly fragmented river ecosystems from Turkey

Tree Genetics & Genomes - This study aimed to further clarify the mechanisms of salt-alkali tolerance in Fraxinus velutina Torr. Shoots obtained from Fraxinus velutina Torr (also known as...     

The invasion by the Yellow-legged hornet: A systematic review

The Yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina nigrithorax), native to regions of Southeast Asia, was accidentally introduced in Europe, South Korea, and Japan, where is has often become invasive. Due to its potential negative impacts at ecologic, economic and social levels, this hornet was included in the “Union list” of the EU legislation for invasive alien species. This means that measures are urgently needed to prevent further introductions, as well as to early-detect and control spread to avoid new populations. In this study we aim to identify the main reported drivers of distribution, ecological preferences, impacts, and methods for preventing introduction, controlling, and managing this invasive species. The supporting information was obtained from a comprehensive literature search. Then, a literature review was performed to classify the records gathered and to extract the relevant information following an adapted Drivers-Pressures-State-Impacts-Responses framework. The achieved results show a growing interest of researchers on V. velutina nigrithorax through time due to its quick spread and impacts on new ecosystems. They also revealed that there is much information on the State of invasions, whereas more knowledge is needed regarding the Drivers of those invasions. Biological traits such as life history traits, morphology, and the sting venom properties are some of the most studied topics regarding V. velutina nigrithorax. In the future, research should focus on the topics that lack information, analyse other Response solutions that meet the intended measures by the EU legislation, and use new methodology to study the impacts caused by this invader under new perspectives.     

种子萌发期4种植物对干旱胁迫的响应及其抗旱性评价研究

用不同浓度PEG-6000的1/2Hoagland溶液模拟干旱胁迫条件,对沙枣、柠条、杠柳、白蜡4种植物种子的总萌发率、幼苗鲜重、活力指数进行研究.结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧4种植物种子的总萌发率、幼苗鲜重、活力指数呈下降趋势,且白蜡下降幅度最大,但柠条、沙枣、杠柳的抗旱指数显著高于白蜡;(2)4种植物种子的逐日萌发率和胚根日变化表明:低浓度PEG-6000对柠条和杠柳的种子萌发具有较好的诱发作用,白蜡和杠柳种子萌发比较集中,沙枣和柠条相对比较分散;沙枣、柠条和白蜡胚根生长呈线性增长,而杠柳呈指数式增长;(3)采用隶属函数法对干旱胁迫下4种植物的相对萌发率、相对鲜重、抗旱指数、相对活力指数进行综合评价的结果显示,4种植物种子萌发阶段的抗旱性次序为:柠条>沙枣>杠柳>白蜡.     

Encounter with New Resources Causes Polarized Growth of the Cord-Forming Basidiomycete Phanerochaete velutina on Soil

Abstract The development and physiology of cord-forming saprotrophic basidiomycetes, which form extensive and persistent mycelial networks in woodland ecosystems, can be conveniently studied on non-sterile soil in laboratory microcosms mimicking field conditions. Morphological responses of Phanerochaete velutina mycelial systems to resource encounters, and decay partitioning following encounters, varied according to whether simulated woody litter was unsterile or autoclaved and on whether encounter took place at the mycelial foraging front or behind the margin (simulating litter fall onto established systems in the field). Results show that encounter of discrete resources by P. velutina is rapidly communicated to the entire mycelial system; that resource capture takes high priority at the expense of continued system extension and decay-derived carbon reallocation; and that polarized growth toward newly encountered resources, previously considered to occur infrequently with this species, may be readily detected using image analysis techniques. Potential advantages of polarized development of P. velutina are discussed.     

Karyomorphology of four species in Cimicifuga (Ranunculaceae) from China,with some cytogeographical notes on C. foetida

In this paper, four species of the genus Cimicifuga L. from China(C. acerina, C. simplex, C. yunnanensis, C. foetida var. foetida and C. foetida var. velutina ) were karyomorphologically investigated. All the taxa studied had the same chromosome number of 2n= 16 except for C. foetida var. foetida, in which a tetraploid cytotype was found to occur in northwestern Yunnan. Their karyotypes are all presented. The chromosomecounts in C. yunnanensis and C. foetida var. velutina are reported here for the first time.