角蜡蚧和日本龟蜡蚧蜡泌物的超微结构及化学成分分析

采用扫描电镜和气相色谱/质谱联用技术研究了角蜡Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius) 和日本龟蜡蚧C. japonicus Green蜡泌物的超微结构及化学成分。结果表明,这2种蜡蚧分泌蜡质和形成蜡壳的过程基本相似。在1、2龄期分泌的蜡质为“干蜡”,蜡壳为星芒状,虫体周缘的蜡芒均为2大节,与其2个龄期发育相对应,每一个大节又分为若干小节。同时,虫体背面中央蜡质堆积成帽状,也分为均匀的多层。由此说明泌蜡过程具有节律性。虫体周缘与蜡芒对应的突起区上分布着密集的刻点状腺孔,每一个腺孔分泌1根蜡丝,这在以往玻片标本中是观察不到的。雌性第3龄幼虫和成虫期,虫体分泌“湿蜡”,形成龟背状蜡壳,泌蜡腺孔主要为三格腺和四格腺。在肛突区发现了密集的泌蜡腺孔,排列为纵条纹状。从角蜡蚧蜡泌物甲酯化处理样品中检测到14个组分,从直接测试 (未经甲酯化处理) 样品中检测到14个组分;而从日本龟蜡蚧则分别检测到10个组分和25个组分。它们的主要成分是一系列高级的长链饱和与不饱和的烃、脂肪酸、脂肪醇、酯类、醛类以及杂环、多环或大环状化合物。对它们可能的生物生态学功能进行了讨论。     

康氏粉蚧蜡泌物的扫描电镜观察

采用制作玻片标本和扫描电镜技术研究了康氏粉蚧Pseudococcus comstocki(Kuwana)在不同发育阶段的显微形态特征及蜡泌物的超微形态。结果表明:三格腺是康氏粉蚧最主要的腺体,随着虫体的发育,数量增多,分布变广,每个腺孔分泌一根蜡丝,覆盖体表;管腺只在特定的时期分泌长的空心蜡管构成卵囊;多格腺分泌多棱形卷曲的小蜡丝粘附在卵粒上,防止其相互粘连。     

云南双蜡蚧蜡泌物的超微形态与化学成分

采用扫描电镜、红外光谱、气相色谱/质谱联用技术研究了云南双蜡蚧Dicyphococcus bigibbus Borchsenius（同翅目：蚧科）蜡泌物的超微结构和化学成分。结果发现：该虫的若虫与成虫分泌的蜡质从蜡腺排出初期均为湿蜡,在体外凝结形成质地稍硬而脆的玻璃状干蜡壳,蜡壳具有均匀脊和横层。幼期和雄性蜡壳小,船形,周缘带有蜡角,中央隆起。雌成虫蜡壳大,元宝形。蜡泌物的红外光谱吸收峰密集,峰型尖锐,种的特征明显。用红外光谱特征推断蜡泌物的主要基团和化学构成在GC/MS检测中得到印证。用甲酯化和非甲酯化两种处理方法检测证明,该虫蜡泌物主要成分是一系列高级的长链饱和与不饱和的烃、脂肪酸及酯类化合物。化合物的碳原子数从C₁₄～C₄₀,大部分为偶数个,特别是碳链长度在C₃₀～C₄₀的酯类化合物种类多,比例大。还将该蚧虫蜡泌物的特征与蚧科内近缘的蜡蚧属种类及瘤坚大球蚧、朝鲜毛球蚧、背刺毡蜡蚧、白蜡虫等作了对比,阐述了蜡泌物在蚧虫分类、系统学及防治中的意义。     

柿白毡蚧蜡泌物的超微结构与蜡壳的形成

采用扫描电镜技术研究了柿白毡蚧Asiacornococcus kaki(Kuwana)泌蜡腺体、蜡泌物的超微结构与蜡壳形成过程.结果发现,蜡壳形成分3个阶段,即泌蜡发生期、泌蜡增长期和蜡囊形成期,由3种腺体分泌的蜡质构成.锥刺是泌蜡的主要器官,其分泌的粗蜡管形成蜡壳的框架.管腺分泌空心细蜡丝,与框架蜡管紧密交织在一起.单孔腺分泌的细小蜡丝散布虫体表面.雄茧扁平,由空心长丝状蜡编织形成.     

朝鲜毛球蚧蜡泌物的超微形态与红外光谱特征

采用扫描电镜和红外光谱技术研究了朝鲜毛球蚧Didesmococcus koreanus在不同发育阶段蜡泌物的超微形态和化学成分。结果发现：该虫在低龄期的蜡泌物的形态是长丝状,到3龄和成虫期是由湿蜡凝结成不同大小的颗粒,块状和片状。雄虫蜡壳是薄蜡片构成,表面呈鱼鳞状凹凸。低龄期若虫蜡泌物的红外光谱特征与雌成虫的十分相似,说明二者所含的主要化学成分是相同的,雄虫和低龄若虫及雌成虫蜡壳萃取物的红外光谱的吸收峰型基本一致,但在1 240.7 cm^-1处出现一个中等强度的特征峰,这充分说明3种蜡泌物的有机化合物种类和结构一致,只是雄虫分泌物与另二者比较具有特征官能团,从而,利用该吸收峰可以区别出雄虫。此外,根据红外光谱特征分析,可以知道该虫蜡泌物的化学成分主要为长链脂肪酸、脂肪醇和一些带芳香环的化合物。     

瘤坚大球蚧蜡泌物的超微形态与红外光谱特征

采用扫描电镜和红外光谱技术研究了瘤坚大球蚧Eulecanium gigantea在不同发育阶段蜡泌物的超微形态和化学成分。结果发现：该虫在低龄期分泌湿蜡,最初在虫体背面凝结成晶体状的不同大小颗粒,接着连接成片状和块状构造,最后蜡质堆积形成龟背状蜡壳。蜡壳的各个板块与体壁上突起的腺孔分布区位置相对应。雄虫蜡壳与低龄期若虫蜡壳质地相同。雌成虫分泌的蜡质为长而卷曲的空心蜡丝。雌成虫背面和腹面蜡泌物的红外光谱特征说明二者所含的主要化学基团和成分是相同的。尽管雄虫蜡壳与雌虫的化学成分基本相似,但存在的官能团有明显差别,主要表现在雄虫蜡泌物光谱图上1736.3 cm^-1处出现两个吸收峰,而雌虫只有一个;在振动频率1 242.0 cm^-1～1 106.6 cm^-1出现3个C-O键振动峰,而雌虫的是一系列锯齿状长碳链-C-C-C-骨架振动峰。根据红外光谱特征分析,推测该虫蜡泌物的化学成分可能主要是由长链烃、长链脂肪酸、脂肪醇和某些带芳香环的化合物组成。     

两种吹绵蚧蜡泌物超微结构的研究

采用扫描电镜技术研究了澳洲吹绵蚧lcerya purchase Maskell和埃及吹绵蚧Icerya aegyptiaca(Douglas)不同龄期主要泌蜡腺体和蜡泌物的超微结构.结果发现:成虫期背面的丝状蜡是由多格腺和皮毛共同分泌产生的.卵囊是由雌成虫成熟时腹部腹面的半圆形卵囊带所分泌的,也是实心丝状蜡结构.若虫期吹绵蚧背面覆盖着由多格腺分泌的丝状蜡,实心结构;腹面有长丝状的蜡质缠绕,紧贴腹面体壁的还有一层小蜡圈.     

六类常见泌蜡昆虫的蜡腺和蜡泌物研究进展

泌蜡昆虫体表除了具有和其他昆虫一样的薄蜡层之外,还具有特殊的蜡腺,在生长发育过程中能够分泌蜡质覆盖于体表,从而有利于昆虫防止体内水分过度蒸发、抵御外界多种不利条件、阻碍病原物入侵和躲避天敌寄生或捕食,对昆虫的生存和繁衍具有重要的保护作用。本文概述了蚧虫、蚜虫、蜡蝉、木虱、粉虱和粉蛉等6类常见泌蜡昆虫的蜡腺和蜡泌物的超微形态结构、蜡泌物的主要化学组成及泌蜡的分子机制等方面的研究进展,以期为今后其在昆虫分类学和系统发育学的研究以及在害虫防治中的应用提供参考。     

柑橘真棉蚧蜡泌物的超微形态、红外光谱与化学成分特征

采用扫描电镜、红外光谱、气相色谱/质谱联用技术研究了柑橘真棉蚧Eupulvinariacitricola(Kuwana)(半翅目:蚧科)蜡泌物的超微形态、红外光谱和卵囊蜡质的化学成分特征。结果发现:该蚧雌虫背面腺体分泌湿蜡,在体表面形成薄的半透明蜡壳,背面蜡壳分为6个小区,表面由湿蜡凝结成片状和蜡块状构造。雌成虫产卵期由腹面多格腺分泌丝状蜡结成卵囊。雄若虫也分泌湿蜡,雄蛹的蜡茧薄,表面有浅的凹凸花纹。用雌成虫卵囊、背面蜡壳和雄茧的蜡质作红外光谱分析,它们的谱图具有共同的基本特征,吸收峰群分为5个区域:2900cm-1附近的3个强吸收峰组成的峰群是>CH2和—CH3的特征吸收峰;1800cm-1~1500cm-1之间的吸收峰群是羰基(>C=O)和C=C键的伸缩振动;1500cm-1~1400cm-1区域是>CH2和—CH3基团的吸收峰;1400cm-1~1000cm-1之间为饱和碳链—C—C—C—骨架振动。730cm-1附近为环状化合物的基团吸收峰群。由此确定它们的组成都是长碳链结构的脂肪酸、脂肪醇、烃类、酯类或带有环状结构的化合物。其主要区别在第2、3、4区吸收峰的形式、强度和数量,反映出基团的种类和数量不同。雌成虫卵囊蜡质甲酯化后GC/MS检测出7个组分(表1),全部为长链脂肪酸。未经甲酯化的蜡质检测出4类16个组分(表2),可分为长链烃、酸、醇、酯。第一类为饱和长链烃,5个组分,占总组分的38.38%;第二类是长链脂肪酸,包括直链饱和酸和不饱和酸共6个组分,占31.59%;第三类是直链饱和醇,占2.87%;第四类是酯类化合物,4个组分,占总组分的27.16%。     

枣球蜡蚧雄虫不同发育期的形态特征

采用光学显微镜研究了枣球蜡蚧Eulecaniumgiganteum (Shinji)雄虫在不同发育期的形态特征。结果表明 :该虫雄性完成其生活史需经历初孵若虫、固定若虫、预蛹和蛹、雄成虫 4个阶段。初孵的 1龄若虫为扩散活动期 ,虫体具有发达的单眼、触角和 3对胸足 ,便于寻找寄生场所 ,但泌蜡腺体很少。 1龄后期和 2龄若虫为固定取食期 ,虫体缘毛粗大 ,泌蜡腺体很多 ,蜡泌物在虫体背面堆积成龟背状蜡壳 ,自我保护性很强。预蛹和蛹不再取食 ,虫体隐藏在白色的半透明蜡壳内。与若虫相比 ,体形变化很大 ,预蛹出现翅芽 ,而其它各器官退化 ,眼无 ,触角和足短小且分节不显。到蛹期 ,翅芽、触角和足明显长大 ,并出现感觉毛。成虫期为活动交配期 ,头部出现发达的 5对单眼 ,触角 1 0节 ,密布各种刚毛等感觉器。前翅和足发育完好。     

A survey of scale insects in soil samples from Europe (Hemiptera,Coccomorpha)

In the last decades, several expeditions were organized in Europe by the researchers of the Hungarian Natural History Museum to collect snails, aquatic insects and soil animals (mites, springtails, nematodes, and earthworms). In this study, scale insect (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) specimens extracted from Hungarian Natural History Museum soil samples (2970 samples in total), all of which were collected using soil and litter sampling devices, and extracted by Berlese funnel, were examined. From these samples, 43 scale insect species (Acanthococcidae 4, Coccidae 2, Micrococcidae 1, Ortheziidae 7, Pseudococcidae 21, Putoidae 1 and Rhizoecidae 7) were found in 16 European countries. In addition, a new species belonging to the family Pseudococcidae, Brevennia larvalis Kaydan, sp. n. and a new species of Ortheziidae, Ortheziola editae Szita & Konczné Benedicty, sp. n. are described and illustrated based on the adult female stage. Revised keys to the adult females of Brevennia and Ortheziola are presented.     

蚧虫基因组DNA不同提取方法的比较

实验以日本龟蜡蚧CeroplastesjaponicusGreen,白蜡绵粉蚧PhenacoccusfraxinusTang ,朝鲜球蚧DidesmococcuskoreanusBorchseniush和瘤大球坚蚧EulecaniumgiganteaShinji等 4种蚧虫为材料 ,分别用十二烷基硫酸钠 (SDS)法、十六烷基三乙基溴化铵 (CTAB)法、醋酸钾 (KAc)法和氯化钠 (NaCl)法等 4种方法 ,对单只蚧虫进行基因组DNA提取 ,用 0 8%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测所提DNA。结果表明 ,4种方法都可以提取到基因组DNA ,但是比较而言 ,CTAB法和NaCl法所提取的DNA质量明显优于SDS法和KAc法 ,并适用于PCR。因此认为 ,CTAB法和NaCl法是实验室提取单只蚧虫基因组DNA更有效而实用的方法。     

弯齿琵甲防御分泌物的化学成分测定及抗菌活性分析

弯齿琵甲Blaps femoralis Fischervon Waldheim是中国北方的优势土壤昆虫,其防御腺分泌物用于御敌和引起本种群体的集结,体外具有一定毒性,民间将该虫作为药用昆虫资源利用年代久远。由该虫防御腺体获得分泌物并经气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析,共计获得14种小分子化合物,其中以2-甲基苯醌、1-十三碳烯和2,4-二甲基-3-呋喃乙酮含量较高,苯醌、苯二酚、3,5-二羟基甲苯和十二烷醛等小分子化合物次之。研究证实该分泌物具有较明显的抑菌能力。研究结果为今后进一步深入开展弯齿琵甲的防御腺化学分泌物天然产物的研究积累了工作。     

Settling-site selection and survival of two scale insects,Ceroplastes rubens andC. ceriferus,on citrus trees

We studied settling-site selection and the resulting survival of two sessile scale insects, Ceroplastes rubens and C. ceriferus, in the citrus tree, Citrus unshiu, in central Japan. C. rubens preferred 0-year-old twigs most as a settling-site; the density of nymphs settling on 0-year-old twigs was significantly higher than those on ≥1-year-old twigs, and few nymphs settled on ≥3-year-old twigs. The mean survival rates from settling until reproduction in the next year were significantly higher on more preferred twigs than on less preferred ones. In C. ceriferus, nymphs significantly preferred 1- and 2-year-old twigs to 0- and ≥3-year-old ones, and the mean survival rates on the more preferred 1- and 2-year-old twigs were significantly higher than those on less preferred ≥3-year-old twigs. However, the survival rate on less preferred 0-year-old twigs was slightly higher than those on 1- and 2-year-old ones. Thus, in both species of scale, it was the preferred twigs which were more profitable sites for survival after settling, except for less preferred 0-year-old twigs for C. ceriferus. In both scale species, most mortality was due to growth cessation, which is believed to be related to the twig quality as a food source. Predators and parasitoids were minor mortality factors. Both species showed constant survival rates until the density of settled nymphs exceeded double the “upper-limit” density, whereupon they decreased drastically. Nymphs of C. rubens settling on twigs of high scale density showed a spacing-out distribution, those of C. ceriferus did not. In C. rubens, an increase in preference for originally less profitable twigs at the later stage of the settling season was observed, but not in C. ceriferus. Accordingly, individuals of C. rubens showed a stronger tendency to avoid conspecifics than did C. ceriferus. Although nymphs of the two scales clearly preferred more profitable sites, their settling-site selection did not agree with the predictions from the ideal free distribution theory (Fretwell and Lucas, 1970). The discrepancies were (1) frequent settling on less profitable sites at the early stage of the settling season, (2) insufficient utilization of the most profitable twigs, and (3) virtually 100% mortality on overcrowded twigs under conditions where unoccupied profitable twigs still remained. These discrepancies are thought due to the limited dispersal time of nymphs.     

昆虫产卵分泌物的产生方式、成分及功能

产卵是昆虫生活史中的重要阶段。绝大多数昆虫产卵前后都会产生分泌物用于卵的粘着和覆盖, 这些分泌物起到保护卵及初孵幼虫的作用;有些昆虫还通过产卵分泌物对卵进行标记, 进而影响种群、个体间对现有资源的有效利用。产卵分泌物是昆虫进化过程中的一种适应, 一般具有特定的生理和生态学功能, 影响着种群数量的变化。本文阐述了不同昆虫产卵分泌物的产生方式及物理性状, 并对产卵分泌物的组成、功能、分泌器官以及产卵分泌物中微生物的研究进展进行了综述。     

胡杨、灰叶胡杨种子营养化学成分的研究

对不同居群的胡杨、灰叶胡杨种子营养化学成分进行分析,结果表明,胡杨种子中可溶性糖、粗蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉的含量分别为9～12g·kg-1、38～44g·kg-1、21～62g·kg-1、1.9～2.3g·kg-1;灰叶胡杨种子中可溶性糖、粗蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉的含量分别为9～10g·kg-1、38～48g·kg-1、14～41g·kg-1、2.3～2.5g·kg-1.胡杨、灰叶胡杨不同居群种子中大量元素含量均以N最高,分别为6.0～6.9g·kg-1、6.3～7.6g·kg-1;微量元素含量排序一致,依次为Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>Pb>Ni>Cd.统计分析表明,不同居群种子中可溶性糖、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、N、P、K、Ca、Mg的含量均呈现极显著差异;而淀粉与微量元素含量除一些差异不显著外,其余均达显著或极显著水平.     

A review of chemical control options for invasive social insects in island ecosystems

Social insects present unique challenges to chemically based management strategies, especially because fast‐acting compounds commonly applied for many pest insects may not be the most effective for colony elimination. The reproductive caste of a colony is the most protected from direct damage by insecticides, and compounds that cause rapid mortality among foragers frequently do not impact the reproductive members or even markedly reduce overall colony size. With recent bans on persistent insecticides that previously have been used to control social insects, especially termites, new compounds must be used. Island and coastal ecosystems are particularly sensitive to the effects of widespread pesticide use and concerns about unintentional water pollution and runoff are common, and international attention is being paid to developing sustainable pesticide options for agricultural and urban pest insects in particularly sensitive environments. Given the precarious status of many native insects and arthropods care must be taken to minimize exposure to potentially harmful insecticides and the non‐target impacts of these chemicals. However, recent developments in the synthesis and discovery of highly selective insecticides with low mammalian and non‐target toxicity provide viable alternatives to the broad‐spectrum persistent organochlorine insecticides that have been largely deregistered. Novel technologies, particularly synthetic analogues of biologically active compounds, yield new chemical control options and management strategies for island and other sensitive ecosystems; case studies from Australia, the Galapagos Islands and New Zealand highlight current challenges and successes.     

Deme formation in scale insects: a test with the pinyon needle scale and a review of other evidence

ABSTRACT. 1. Deme formation is the transformation of a generalist population into one which is adapted to its local conditions. This adaptation has been inferred from many things but should be inferred from higher survival or fecundity of scale insects on their natal tree compared to that of immigrant scales on the same tree.
2. Transfers of the scale insect Matsucoccus acalyptus Herbert within and between infested host trees ( Pinus monophylla (Torr. & Frem.) resulted in significant differences in scale survivorship among recipient trees. Survival on individual trees was correlated across years, indicating stable differences in tree susceptibility to scale.
3. A significant natal tree colonized tree interaction was observed for late stage scale survival in one experiment but the interaction was not caused by superior survivorship of scales transferred back to the natal tree. Hence, we found no evidence of deme formation in M.acalyptus.
4. Previous studies have concluded that deme formation occurs in the black pineleaf scale based on a significant natal tree by colonized tree interaction in scale survival. We question this conclusion because the experimental design employed did not include transfers back onto the natal tree. Other indirect evidence for deme formation in scale insects is critically discussed.     

中国古生代化石昆虫研究回顾

自林启彬先生1978年命名了我国第一个古生代昆虫至今, 中国学者共发表20余篇分类学论著, 描述鉴定我国古生代昆虫共61种, 归属于9目（总目）。这些标本分布于西北、 西南、 华东等9省区, 其中石炭纪47种, 二叠纪14种。本文统计了我国已发现的古生代化石昆虫属种名录以及它们的分布和地质年代, 总结了国内古生代化石昆虫当前的研究状况和发展趋势, 并分析了研究中存在的问题。其中关于化石昆虫普遍存在的脉序差异问题需给予足够的重视, 高级阶元的建立应更加慎重。研究表明我国古生代昆虫已经高度分异, 古翅类、 新翅类均已出现, 且代表着有翅昆虫辐射演化的重要阶段。