三峡水库香溪河库湾底泥中总氮、总磷含量的时空分布

2004年10月-2006年7月,对三峡水库香溪河库湾底泥中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量的时空分布特征及其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明：香溪河库湾底泥中TN、TP含量均表现为“中间高,两头低”的空间分布规律,其中,TN含量最高值为1.08 mg·g^-1,出现在库湾中部区域,最低值为0.89 mg·g^-1,出现在河口附近区域;TP含量最高值为1.07 mg·g^-1,最低值为0.80 mg·g^-1,分别出现在库湾中部和库尾.TN含量按秋季、冬季、春季的顺序依次降低,从春季到夏季则大幅上升,夏季达最高值;TP含量的季节波动较小,以春季最高.研究区底泥中TN、TP含量的年际差异均达显著水平.香溪河库湾底泥中总氮、总磷含量的空间分布主要受水体中悬浮物质沉积率的影响,沉积率较高区域的TN、TP含量较高;TN含量的季节波动主要受上游来水量季节变化的影响,而TP含量的季节变化主要源于点源污染.     

Responses of spring phytoplankton communities to their habitats in the Xiangxi Bay of Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Since the water storage was initiated in 2003, the environment of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) has changed significantly. Algal blooms and eutrophication have been a frequent occurrence, with serious eutrophication in the tributary bays. To provide some theoretical evidence for the prevention and control of algal blooms, the goal of this study is to elucidate factors that influence algal blooms at different sections of the Xiangxi Bay (XXB). Using field data from the XXB, the responses of phytoplankton communities to their habitats were investigated from March to May, 2010. The results indicated a significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity in phytoplankton composition, cellular abundance, and habitats in the spring. Fifty-four genera representing 6 phyla were monitored. Redundancy analysis indicated that the variation in water temperature and relative water column stability (RWCS) contributed greatly to the succession of spring phytoplankton. Due to different physiological adaptabilities and mechanisms of competition among the algae species, significant succession of the community structure had been observed. The predominant species appears to have changed from those adapted to low temperatures and strong mixing (dinoflagellates and diatoms) to those adapted to high temperatures and weak mixing (green algae and cyanobacteria). The lack of silicate resulted in the succession from diatoms to green algae. Due to the influence of the Yangtze River, there is a low potential for algal blooms at lower reaches of the bay because of frequent water exchange. In contrast, the potential is high at middle and upper reaches where the water temperature increases gradually. The hierarchical status of the two sections is significantly different. Precipitation would inhibit algal blooms somewhat, and heavy rainfall would eliminate algal blooms throughout the bay. Phytoplankton are sensitive to their changing habitat in XXB. For a bloom to occur, sufficient nutrients, a lower flow velocity, and appropriate temperature and light conditions are necessary. As an artificial regulating reservoir, proper ecological regulation could not only significantly affect the dynamic conditions of the water body tributaries, but it could also change the transfer characteristics of light and heat, abolishing the algae habitats and thereby inhibiting the water bloom.     

三峡水库及香溪河库湾理化特征的比较研究

根据2003年6月三峡水库初期蓄水后对香溪河库湾的常规监测,对该水域的理化特征及其动态进行了分析,并与三峡水库库首的数据进行了比较研究。结果显示库湾TN、NO3-N浓度要显著低于库首,前者两周年平均值为1.29mg/L,0.88mg/L,后者两周年平均值为1.62mg/L,1.22mg/L。而PO4-P则是库湾显著高于库首,并且在7—9月库首的TP/PO4-P有显著提高。结果同时表明库首的水土流失较严重,而库湾则有较好的水土保持。最后对TSIM的计算结果表明,由于TP、TN都处于高水平,库首呈现中营养化(TSIM>37),而库湾则呈现严重富营养化(TSIM>53)。     

三峡水库香溪河库湾基于初级生产力的渔产潜力估算

于20132014 年在三峡水库香溪河库湾开展了浮游植物初级生产力的调查, 并分别采用营养动态模型、Cushing 模型、Tait 模型和Downing 模型计算了该库湾滤食性鱼类的渔产潜力, 以此来评估其水体承载量。结果表明, 香溪河库湾初级生产力具有显著的时空异质性;据此计算的渔产潜力显示了空间差异和季节动态;高岚河水域的渔产潜力较其他水域要大;夏季渔产潜力最大, 从大到小依次为春季、秋季、冬季。上述方法计算的滤食性鱼类渔产潜力分别为7.3103、1.046104、1.256104 和2.064106 kg/y。除了Downing模型外, 其他方法的估算结果较接近渔业资源量的真实状况。以3 个模型计算的渔产潜力为核算依据, 确认该库湾滤食性鱼类的水体承载量约为104 kg, 最大持续捕捞量可达5103 kg/y。研究结果可为三峡水库支流库湾渔业资源的可持续利用提供必要的技术支撑。     

蓄水对三峡库区重庆段长江干流浮游植物群落结构的影响

为了分析三峡库区长江干流重庆段因蓄水产生的三类不同水体(自然河流型、过渡型、类湖泊型)对浮游植物的影响,分别于不同季节和蓄水期对水体浮游植物进行了群落调查,结果显示各群落指标仍呈现亚热带河流型水库的季节变化趋势:春季绿藻、隐藻占优势,夏季蓝藻所占比例增加,冬季硅藻占绝对优势,但不同类型水体对季节的响应程度不同:(1)2010年3月春季调查期间绿藻的优势种的优势度以及所占比例均呈现随水体类型改变逐渐增加趋势,并在类湖泊型水体中达到最大(优势度0.62、所占比例达67.8%),而夏秋季(9月蓄水前)蓝藻的优势种数、优势度、藻密度以及所占比例也存在同样的变化,2009年9月蓝藻所占比例由河流型水体的8.5%增加到类湖泊型水体的52.6%,到2010年9月类湖泊型水体蓝藻比例甚至达到63.8%。冬季蓄水期间(2010年1月),硅藻占绝对优势,但绿藻在类湖泊型水体中的比例要大于其他两类型水体。(2)Shannon-Wiener指数平均值为2.43,总体呈现出河流型水体>过渡型水体>类湖泊型水体,类湖泊型水体多样性指数夏秋季>冬季>春季,而自然河流型和过渡型水体冬季多样性指数低于其他季节。     

Monthly change of community structure of zoobenthos in Xiangxi Bay after impoundment of the Three Gorges Teservoir, China

Xiangxi Bay, a typical bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China, was formed in June 2003 after the impoundment of the TGR. We investigated the community structure of zoobenthos in Xiangxi Bay from August 2003 to August 2004. Benthic abundance and biomass were calculated per unit area of sediment. A total of 26 taxa were identified. They included two families of Lamellibranchia (7.7% of the total taxa number), two families of Oligochaeta (50%), Chironomidae (38.5%), and one other animal (3.8%). The average density and biomass were 276 ind./m² and 0.301 g/m², respectively. Oligochaetes and chironomids constituted the major groups, and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Procladius sp., Branchiura sowerbyi, Tubificidae sp1. and Polypedilum scalaenum group sp. were the common taxa in this reservoir system. Among them, L. hoffmeisteri and Procladius sp. were the dominant species, and contributed 37.0% and 28.3% of the total density, respectively. The standing crop of zoobenthos in Xiangxi Bay was relative low, compared with other similar reservoirs. Our studies demonstrate that the standing crop increased gradually with time. The total density and biomass in August 2004 were 8.8 and 14.3 times those of the initial impoundment, separately. Oligochaetes did not become the sole dominant group, indicating that the sediment loading in Xiangxi Bay may be not serious. __________ Translated from Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2006, 30(1): 64–69 [译自: 水生生物学报]     

Monthly change of community structure of zoobenthos in Xiangxi Bay after impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Xiangxi Bay,a typical bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR)in China,was formed in June 2003 after the impoundment of the TGR.We investigated the community structure of zoobenthos in Xiangxi Bay from August 2003 to August 2004.Benthic abundance and biomass were calculated per unit area of sediment.A total of 26 taxa were identified.They included two families of Lamellibranchia (7.7% of the total taxa number),two families of Oligochaeta (50%),Chironomidae (38.5%),and one other animal (3.8%).The average density and biomass were 276 ind./m2 and 0.301 g/m2,respectively.Oligochaetes and chironomids constituted the major groups,and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri,Proclaclius sp.,Branchiura sowerbyi,Tubificidae spl.and Polypedilum scalaenum group sp.were the common taxa in this reservoir system.Among them,L.hoffmeisteri and Procladius sp.were the dominant species,and contributed 37.0% and 28.3% of the total density,respectively.The standing crop of zoobenthos in Xiangxi Bay was relative low,compared with other similar reservoirs.Our studies demonstrate that the standing crop increased gradually with time.The total density and biomass in August 2004 were 8.8 and 14.3 times those of the initial impoundment,separately.Oligochaetes did not become the sole dominant group,indicating that the sediment loading in Xiangxi Bay may be not serious.     

三峡水库香溪河库湾夏季藻类水华的时空动态及其影响因素

2008年6-8月,三峡水库香溪河库湾相继暴发蓝藻和绿藻水华.依据香溪河库湾夏季的每周监测,对研究区2次水华分别进行聚类和判别分析,研究了2次水华的时空动态及其影响因素.结果表明：研究区2次水华过程均可划分为无水华组、过渡组和水华组;2次水华的暴发对可溶性硅(DSi)、硝态氮与亚硝态氮(NO₃--N+NO₂^--N)和磷酸盐(PO₄^3--P)3种营养盐的吸收程度不同;蓝藻水华暴发期间的DSi、总氮/总磷(TN/TP)、DSi/TN和DSi/TP值均低于绿藻水华;判别蓝藻水华暴发的参数为叶绿素a(Chl a)、TN和PO₄^3--P,而Chl a和DSi则是绿藻水华暴发的判别因子,将2次水华过程划分为水华组和无水华组的判别效果更好;判断蓝藻和绿藻水华暴发的叶绿素a临界浓度分别为40和20 μg·L^-1.     

三峡水库不同区域对鱼类群落结构和鱼类组成动态的影响

研究选取三峡水库三个不同的区域来研究离坝距离对鱼类群落结构和鱼类组成动态的影响。2010年11月到2011年10月期间共采集了8680尾鱼类样本,隶属于11科58种,其中鲤科鱼类占据了三峡水库鱼类的主体。夏季时的鱼类丰度显著高于其他季节的（P0.05）。鱼类物种多样性与丰度在靠近大坝的江段（秭归）最低,中游江段（万州）相对较高,远离大坝的江段（涪陵）居中。随着三峡大坝的建成,鱼类区系也由适应流水生存的种类转变为适应静水生存的种类。因此,三峡水库蓄水已经明显地改变了其原有的鱼类群落结构,鱼类组成的相对丰度也随着时间发生了改变。     

香溪河库湾枝角类的种类组成及垂直分布

枝角类在水库生态系统的物质循环和能量流动过程中具有重要的作用, 有关水库枝角类的研究在水库水生生物研究中历来备受重视。枝角类在深水水体中具有垂直分布的特性, 生物和非生物因素影响着包括枝角类在内的浮游动物垂直分布及垂直分布的时空变化。香溪河河口至兴山峡口段在2003 年6 月三峡水库蓄水后被没,形成香溪河库湾。因受干流库区的水体顶托, 库湾水体流速缓, 更新时间长, 容易产生富营养化现象, 香溪河库湾2004 年春季就有藻类异常繁殖现象发生。     

三峡水库蓄水后香溪河库湾底栖动物群落结构的变化

2003年8月到2004年8月对长江三峡水库香溪河库湾的底栖动物进行了定量研究。共采到底栖动物26种,隶属4门6科,总平均密度为276ind./m2,总平均生物量为0.301g/m2,优势种为霍甫水丝蚓和前突摇蚊幼虫。与其他同类型的水库比较香溪河库湾的现存量相对较低。研究结果同时显示随着蓄水时间的延长,底栖动物的现存量在逐渐增加。霍甫水丝蚓和前突摇蚊幼虫等耐污种发展为优势种,表明水质有恶化的趋势,寡毛类的平缓发展说明目前香溪河库湾的沉积情况尚不严重。     

香溪河库湾春季水华期间悬浮颗粒物粒度动态的初步研究

水体中的悬浮颗粒物是物质在水环境中迁移转化的载体和蓄积库,是营养成分在水相、沉积物相和食物链中循环的重要载体,是河流生态系统物质循环和能量流动的重要组成部分[1—3],很多学者研究了悬浮物的组成、结构和粒度之间的关系,发现其粒度特征对于了解生态系统内部物质和能量循环转化过程具有重要意义[4,5]。三峡水库蓄水后,香溪河下游部分河段成为库区的一部分,相对于河流来说,流速的减小使更多的悬浮颗粒物发生沉降,营养物质富集,易暴发水华[6]。本研究在三峡水库香溪河库湾水华暴发过程中对不同水深的悬浮颗粒物在24h内的动态分布特征进…     

三峡库区植被生物量和生产力的估算及分布格局

三峡工程对三峡库区的生态环境将会产生巨大影响,对库区生物量和生产力的本底研究具有重要的科学意义和历史价值.以108块临时样地及森林资源清查数据为基础,对三峡库区植被生物量和生产力进行估算,结果表明:(1)三峡库区植被总生物量和年生产力分别为1.17×108t、1.77×107t,占全国森林植被的0.91%和3.62%,均高于全国平均水平;(2)三峡库区马尾松林生物总量最多,达到4.14×107t,常绿阔叶林单位面积生物量最高,为85.60t hm-2;(3)竹林的NPP最高,为10.10t a-1 hm-2,柏木林最低,仅为4.21t a-1 hm-2;(4)三峡库区植被平均生物量和NPP均呈现\"东高西低,北高南低\"的分布格局,与经纬度没有明显相关性;(5)森林植被平均生物量随着海拔上升而增加,在海拔为1500～1800m范围内达到最大值59.05t hm-2,随后迅速下降.(6)NPP随海拔变化呈现\"先减后增随后又减\"的规律,最大值出现在900～1200m区段,为7.07t a-1 hm-2;(7)库区海拔在300～1500m间的森林植被总生物量和总生产力分别为8.15×107t和10.38×106t a-1,占整个库区的83.58%和83.83%.     

三峡坝区干流及香溪河库湾水体秋季二氧化碳分压

于2009年9月对三峡水库坝区干流以及坝区主要库湾-香溪河流域水体中溶解CO2分压(pCO2)进行了走航观测。结果表明:秋季香溪河表层pCO2为150～240μatm,三峡水库坝区干流表层pCO2为920～1140μatm;在干、支流交汇处的水柱剖面上,表层水体pCO2最低为368μatm,随着水深的增加,pCO2急剧增大,在10m达到最大值1300μatm,10m后保持不变;通过计算,香溪河和三峡水库坝区干流河道的CO2释放通量分别为-4.74±1.15和(83.7±14.1)mmol.m-2.d-1。香溪河表现为CO2的\"汇\",而三峡水库坝区干流表现为CO2的\"源\"。在评价水库建设对周边区域CO2通量影响时,不仅要考虑局部流域,更需要对整个研究地区进行综合考察。     

三峡水库香溪河消落带植物群落结构及其特征

香溪河是三峡水库重要的支流,其消落带植物群落组成及结构特征随着三峡水库周期性的水位消涨处于持续的演变过程中。本研究以香溪河消落带的植物群落为研究对象,通过样地调查,运用双向聚类分析、冗余分析方法探讨植物群落组成特征及其环境影响因子。结果显示,本研究共调查到维管植物74种,隶属于30科67属,其中菊科植物13属15种,为主要优势科。一年生草本植物占54.05%,为优势生活型;植被群落Shannon多样性、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson优势度指数和物种丰富度指数随海拔的增加整体呈现先降低后升高的趋势。双向聚类分析结果表明,植物群落在低、中海拔消落带地区以一年生、多年生植物群落为主;高海拔地区以一年生、多年生草本和草灌复合群落为主。冗余分析结果显示,海拔、水淹时间、土壤含水量是影响植物群落空间分布的主导因子,此外,速效钾等土壤因子对植物群落空间分布也有一定影响。     

三峡库区小江库湾鱼类食物网的稳定C、N同位素分析

应用稳定碳(δ₁₃C)、氮(δ₁₅N)同位素探讨了三峡库区一级支流小江库湾枯水期(2010.7)和丰水期间(2010.12)鱼类食物网结构。研究结果显示：初级生产者颗粒有机物(POM)和固着藻类δ₁₃C、δ₁₅N值范围分别为-23.33‰～-21.05‰、-25.13‰～-24.54‰,3.99‰～6.25‰、4.64‰～4.79‰。POM和固着藻类构成了小江库湾食物网能量的主要来源,其中丰水期间陆生营养物质输入是其食物网能量来源的一种重要补充途径。小江库湾常见鱼类食性可分为杂食偏植物食性、杂食偏动物食性及动物食性3种营养类群。在不同时期(枯水期和丰水期)小江库湾鱼类食物网营养级长度均有三级并且存在4种主要营养路径,表明了在三峡工程运行初期小江库湾已经形成了相对稳定的食物网结构。研究为小江库湾鱼类资源管理及生态系统恢复提供了一定的指导意义。     

香溪河库湾春季水华期间硝酸盐、磷酸盐的时空分布

在三峡水库香溪河库湾春季水华连续暴发期间(2005年2月26日—4月28日)对香溪河与长江汇合处(河口)至香溪河库湾上游库尾处总计14个采样点进行连续监测,结果表明硝酸盐和磷酸盐在库湾中存在明显的时空分布规律。在空间上,河口的硝酸盐浓度高,库尾浓度低,其变化趋势是随着与河口距离的增加而降低;磷酸盐的分布规律是库尾的浓度高,河口的浓度低,其变化趋势与硝酸盐恰好相反。各采样点硝酸盐和磷酸盐浓度在时间上也呈现出明显的规律。河口硝酸盐的浓度在不同时间变化幅度较小,库尾采样点的硝酸盐浓度的变化幅度较大,随着与河口距离的增加硝酸盐浓度在不同时间的变化幅度逐渐增大。各样点磷酸盐在时间上的变化趋势是样点S04-S08的变化幅度较大,位于香溪河库湾河口和库尾的变化幅度较小。     

三峡水库典型库湾生态渔业综合效益评估以重庆市忠县甘井河水域牧场为例

以三峡库区忠县甘井河水域牧场示范区为例, 在水域牧场内、外设置采样点, 调查水质、浮游生物及土著鱼类组成现状, 同时监测水域牧场内放养鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)的起捕规格及生长情况, 旨在评估三峡水库典型库湾生态渔业的综合效益。忠县甘井河水域牧场水域面积为0.08 km2,按零投喂的放养模式经营, 放养的鲢、鳙起捕规格分别为(2436486)和(2769496) g, 年龄均为34 龄。生态效益方面, 水域牧场内、外调查到的土著鱼类数量均为10 种, 优势种均为贝氏 Hemiculter bleekeri 和似鳊Pseudobrama simoni。在6 月、9 月和12 月, 水域牧场内总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)比水域牧场外低或相近, 水域牧场内溶氧(DO)比水域牧场外高或相近;在3 月、9 月和12 月, 水域牧场内、外水质总体无差异;而在鱼类生长旺季的6 月份, 水域牧场内的水质优于水域牧场外, 说明生态渔业在一定程度上改善了水质。经济效益方面, 甘井河水域牧场年均效益202.6 万元;社会效益方面, 共转产渔民111 人, 提供就业岗位45 个, 人均年收入36610 元。     

Distribution and potential eco-risk of chromium and nickel in sediments after impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir,China

The impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) altered the hydrodynamic conditions and modulated the accumulation and behaviors of heavy metals in the sediments. In this study, the sediments from the riparian and submerged areas of the entire TGR mainstream were collected in 2014 to investigate the spatial distribution of chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni), and to assess their contamination state and potential eco-risk to aquatic environment by multiple indices. Results showed that the concentrations of Cr and Ni in the sediments increased toward the dam. The concentrations of Cr were significantly higher in the riparian sediments than in the submerged sediments, whereas the Ni concentrations were comparable. The relatively high storages of Cr and Ni in the sediments existed near the dam. The physiochemical properties of sediments and local human activities controlled the spatial variations of Cr and Ni in the sediments. Currently, the TGR sediments are not heavily contaminated by Cr and Ni and show low eco-risk. Nevertheless, considering the decrease in sediment loads from the upper Yangtze River and the rapid urbanization in the TGR catchment, much more attentions should be paid to the geochemical behaviors and the eco-risk of Cr and Ni in the sediments.     

三峡水库富营养化问题与对策研究

三峡水库蓄水后,大部分库湾已出现富营养化态势,并暴发了数次以甲藻(拟多甲藻)和硅藻(小环藻)为主的水华现象,特别是在春季。以香溪河库湾为例,分析两周年的营养状态变化,总体上说,除冬季外,大多数月份为富营养,在春季则为重富营养。对三峡水库22条入库支流库湾的营养状态进行综合评价,结果表明,有5条(22.7%)支流库湾为中营养,17条(77.3%)支流库湾为富营养(重富营养化支流库湾有10条,占45.5%);但三峡水库本身水质尚好,仍保持中营养状态。统计分析表明,入库支流流域的年均流量和流域面积与支流库湾叶绿素a存在显著负相关关系,说明支流库湾越小或年均流量越小,藻类叶绿素a浓度就越高,即越容易在春季形成水华。文中讨论了控制和减缓富营养化几项措施。