核受体相关因子1的研究进展

核受体相关因子 1(nuclearreceptor relatedfactor 1,Nurr1)是一种转录因子 ,属于核受体超家族成员 ,主要表达于中脑黑质与腹侧被盖区 ,作为基因转录调控蛋白而参与了中脑多巴胺能神经元的发育与存活、长时记忆、肝再生及炎症等多种生理和病理过程。本文总结和讨论了有关Nurr1的编码基因、分子结构、组织表达及生物学功能等方面研究的新近进展     

下调受体酪氨酸激酶样孤儿受体1表达对黑色素瘤B16F10生物学特性的影响

目的探讨下调黑色素瘤(melanoma)B16F10细胞中受体酪氨酸激酶样孤儿受体1(receptor tyrosine kinase like orphan receptor 1, ROR1)分子表达对其生物学特性的影响,为治疗黑色素瘤筛选候选靶标奠定基础。方法①以慢病毒载体介导shRNA下调B16F10细胞中ROR1的表达,并检测其下调效果;②CCK8法检测B16F10, Scrambled和Lv-shROR1-B16F10等3组细胞的增殖能力,再通过划痕实验和Transwell实验检测3组细胞的迁移能力,最后用流式细胞仪检测3组细胞的细胞周期;③将3组细胞接种到小鼠体内,观察小鼠的致瘤能力,并检测其致瘤效果。结果①经慢病毒感染后得到Lv-shROR1-B16F10和Scrambled两株细胞;②下调ROR1能够抑制细胞的增殖能力和细胞的迁移能力(P<0.05),使细胞停滞在G0～G1(P<0.05);③下调ROR1能抑制B16F10细胞的致瘤能力,瘤组织中ROR1的表达水平也降低(P<0.05)。结论 ROR1可参与黑色素瘤细胞的增殖、转移以及细胞的致瘤性,是一个有效治疗黑色素瘤的候选靶标。     

针刺备用背根猫脊髓背核组织对鸡胚背根节神经突起生长的促进作用

改良了Ｍａｘｉｍｏｗ双盖片悬滴培养法。籍之研究了猫脊髓在部分去腰骶背根专入后以及去传入并行备用背根外周支配区穴位针刺后,背核组织促神经突起生长作用的变化。发现部分去背根传入可使背核组织的促神经突起生长作用增强,电针刺激术侧穴位能够进一步提高背核组织的促神经突起生长效应。推测是为去传入导致备用背根侧支出芽及针刺穴位促进侧支出芽的直接原因之一。     

酪氨酸羟化酶和左旋芳香族氨基酸脱羧酶基因的细胞表达及活性检测

由于在帕金森病中合成多巴胺所需的酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)和左旋芳香族氨基酸脱羧酶(aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase,AADC)活性明显降低,所以补充多巴胺合成酶成为基因治疗帕金森病研究的主要手段。我们分别构建了重组逆转录病毒载体pLHCX／TH及pLNCX2／AADC,通过脂质体介导将带有目的基因的载体分别转到包装细胞PA317中,经筛选得到产病毒的细胞PA317／TH和PA317／AADC,采用免疫组化、原位杂交方法检测目的基因表达;细胞经裂解后进行的酶促反应产物多巴胺以高压液相电化学方法检测证明所克隆的T‘H及AADC基因具有功能活性;这两种基因工程改造细胞可以完成酶促动力学的功能,使L-dopa及多巴胺产生明显增加。本研究为用TH和AADC双基因对帕金森病进行基因治疗提供了一定的依据。     

低频脉冲电场对PC12细胞酪氨酸羟化酶和多巴胺合成的影响

运用Western印迹和HPLC分别测定不同时间电场刺激和刺激后不同培养时间条件下,PC12细胞内酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)和细胞培养液中多巴胺(DA)含量的变化。结果显示,受到短时间(5、10min)脉冲电场刺激的PC12细胞,经较短时间(2天)的培养后,细胞内TH的含量和培养液中DA的含量均比对照组有所提高,但随着培养时间的延长(3~5天),TH和DA的含量均明显下降。然而,长时间(15、20、30min)脉冲电场刺激组则先表现为TH和DA的合成受到抑制,但随着培养时间的延长,其合成则被逐渐激活。采用蛋白激酶A(PKA)特异性抑制剂H-89和有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶的激酶(MEK1/2)特异性抑制剂U0126,研究脉冲电场刺激所激活的与TH和DA合成相关的信号通路。结果表明,在没有神经生长因子(NGF)存在的情况下,PC12细胞主要通过PKA通路来激活TH的合成,低频脉冲电场刺激也主要激活PKA通路,因为抑制这条信号通路能显著抑制电场刺激所诱导的TH合成。     

DJ-1保护大鼠中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元抵抗鱼藤酮损伤的研究

目的:探讨过表达DJ-1蛋白能否保护大鼠中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元抵抗鱼藤酮所致的急性损伤.方法:构建表达DJ-1基因的腺相关病毒载体(rAAV-DJ-1)并转染HEK-293细胞,进行腺相关假病毒颗粒包装,所得假病毒颗粒注射到大鼠脑内感染黑质神经细胞;4周后,注射鱼藤酮于大鼠黑质相同脑区;通过免疫组织化学和免疫印迹试验鉴定TH蛋白表达情况,采用动物行为轨迹分析软件计算大鼠30 min内运动距离以及强迫游泳试验鉴定大鼠精神症状.结果:与对照组相比,过表达D J-1组大鼠运动损伤症状较轻,精神症状改善明显;损伤侧黑质TH阳性神经元数目和TH蛋白表达水平显著高于对照组.结论:过表达DJ-1蛋白能保护大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元抵抗鱼藤酮所致的急性损伤,延缓多巴胺能神经元的退行性变,提示DJ-1可能对帕金森病的治疗有较好的应用前景.     

择时电针对氯胺酮滥用大鼠隔内侧核酪氨酸羟化酶、c-fos表达的影响

目的探讨择时电针治疗氯胺酮滥用成瘾的某些神经生物学机制。方法将56只清洁级SD大鼠随机分为7组,即正常组、生理盐水组、模型组、子时电针组、卯时电针组、午时电针组和酉时电针组,每组8只。每天1次经腹腔注射盐酸氯胺酮注射液100mg/kg,连续给药7d复制氯胺酮滥用成瘾模型,不同时辰电针组在造模成功后选取一侧"三阴交"和"足三里"穴给予电针(低频2Hz)治疗,每次30min,连续7d。采用免疫组织化学染色方法检测隔内侧核(medial septal nucleus,MS)酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)、c-fos的表达。结果与正常组和生理盐水组相比较,模型组MS TH、c-fos表达明显增强(P0.05)。与模型组相比较,午时、酉时电针组MS TH、c-fos表达明显减弱(P0.05),而子时、卯时电针组无明显变化(P0.05)。结论氯胺酮滥用成瘾可以增强TH、c-fos在MS的表达,午时、酉时电针具有逆转作用。     

低频脉冲电场对PC12细胞突起生长和NGF受体分布的影响

以PC12细胞为实验材料,研究低频脉冲电场(f=50Hz,τ=20ms,Epp=1V／m)对神经细胞突起生长及膜受体聚簇的影响。结果显示,该电场能促进NGF受体的聚簇。电场处理15min使PC12细胞表面的NGF受体发生明显的聚簇,30min组次之,5min组聚簇效果较弱。这表明细胞膜受体可能是电磁场与细胞相互作用的位点之一。运用细胞突起图形处理软件,追踪测定经电场处理后PC12细胞的突起数量和长度,发现该电场能显著促进细胞突起的生长,但对突起数量没有明显的影响。     

HSV-1感染对神经胶质瘤细胞神经生长因子及其受体表达的影响

神经生长因子(NGF)主要由神经胶质细胞产生,通过特异的靶细胞表面的神经生长因子受体介导产生生物学效应,与神经细胞的生长发育、分化和凋亡等密切相关。单纯疱疹病毒1型(HSV-1)作为一种嗜神经病毒,易造成神经细胞、神经胶质细胞凋亡或死亡。本实验以U251人神经胶质瘤细胞为研究对象,观察HSV-1感染致U251细胞凋亡的过程中NGF及其受体的变化情况。结果发现U251细胞是HSV-1的容许细胞;HSV-1感染致U251细胞凋亡过程中,NGF及其低亲和力受体p75NTR出现表达强度随时间先增强后减弱的趋势,而高亲和受体Tr-kA持续低表达。推测HSV-1感染致神经细胞凋亡中可能调控了神经营养因子的表达。     

GLT-1基因siRNA真核表达载体的构建及其在大鼠神经胶质细胞中的抑制效应

目的:研究特异性siRNA对大鼠神经胶质细胞中GLT-1基因的阻抑效果。方法:根据GLT-1基因的序列特点和RNAi设计原则,设计其shRNA的核苷酸片段。退火后将其克隆入pSupressorNeo,构建可表达大鼠GLT-1基因siRNA的重组真核表达质粒pSuppressorNeo-GLT-1;利用脂质体法将其转染神经胶质细胞后,用RT-PCR、Western印迹及免疫荧光法等方法检测转染的神经胶质细胞中GLT-1基因的表达水平。结果:瞬时转染的神经胶质细胞中GLT-1基因的表达受到明显抑制,GLT-1蛋白含量明显下降。结论:pSuppressor-Neo-GLT-1质粒构建成功,瞬时转染神经胶质细胞后可以明显抑制GLT-1基因的表达。     

L-DOPA and glia-conditioned medium have additive effects on tyrosine hydroxylase expression in human catecholamine-rich neuroblastoma NB69 cells

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of L-DOPA and glia-conditioned medium (GCM) on cell viability, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression, dopamine (DA) metabolism and glutathione (GSH) levels of NB69 cells. L-DOPA (200 microM) induced differentiation of NB69 cells of more than 4 weeks in vitro, as shown by phase-contrast microscopy and TH immunocytochemistry, and decreased replication, as shown by 5-bromodeoxyuridine immunostaining. L-DOPA did not increase the number of necrotic or apoptotic cells, as shown by morphological features, Trypan Blue, lactate dehydrogenase activity, bis-benzimide staining and TUNEL assay. Furthermore, L-DOPA (200 microM) increased Bcl-xL protein expression. Incubation of cells with L-DOPA (50, 100, 200 microM) for 24 h resulted in an increase in TH protein levels (174, 196 and 212% versus control). Neither carbidopa, an inhibitor of L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzyme, nor L-buthionine sulfoximine, which inhibits GSH synthesis, or ascorbic acid, an antioxidant, blocked the L-DOPA-induced effect on TH protein expression. L-DOPA (0, 50, 100 and 200 microM) plus GCM further increased the amount of TH protein (346, 446, 472 and 424%). L-DOPA (200 microM) increased TH protein levels to 132, 191 and 245% of controls after incubation for 24, 48 and 72 h. DA metabolism in NB69 cells was increased in cultures treated with either L-DOPA (200-300 microM) or GCM and these two agents had a synergistic effect on DA metabolism. In addition, L-DOPA (200 microM) or/and GCM-treated cells increased their GSH extracellular levels (223, 257, 300% of controls) after 48 h of treatment. The L-DOPA-induced increase of TH protein expression in NB69 cells was independent of DA production, free radicals and GSH up-regulation.     

The mutation of two amino acid residues in the N-terminus of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) dramatically enhances the catalytic activity in neuroendocrine AtT-20 cells

The sequence Arg37-Arg38 of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is known to play a significant role in the feedback inhibition by the end product DA. To clarify how deeply the sequence Arg37-Arg38 and the phosphorylated Ser40 of human TH type 1 (hTH1) are involved in the regulation of this feedback inhibition in mammalian cells, we generated the following mutants: (i) RR-GG, Arg37-Arg38 replaced by Gly37-Gly38; (ii) RR-EE, Arg37-Arg38 replaced by Glu37-Glu38; (iii) S40D, Ser40 replaced by Asp40; and (iv) S40A, Ser40 replaced by Ala40. In a cell-free system, the level of the DA inhibition of the RR-EE mutant enzyme was to the same or smaller degree than that of the phosphorylation-mimicking S40D. Next, AtT-20 neuroendocrine cells were transfected with wild-type and mutated TH genes because these cells were earlier shown to be capable of fully converting L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine into DA, whereby the catalytic activity of TH would be expected to be inhibited by the end product DA accumulating in the cells. The level of DA accumulation in AtT-20 cells expressing the TH gene was in the order: RR-EE > S40D > S40A = RR-GG > wild-type, which was in accordance with the observations for the cell-free system. These results suggest that the sequence Arg37-Arg38 of hTH1 is a more potent determinant of the efficient production of DA in mammalian cells than is the phosphorylated Ser40-hTH1.     

Modification of tyrosine hydroxylase activity by chloral derived beta-carbolines in vitro

Beta-carbolines have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease as a result of their structural similarity to the neurotoxin N -methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The chloral-derived beta-carboline derivative 1-trichloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (TaClo) causes cell loss in neuronal and glial cell cultures and induces a slowly developing neurodegenerative process in rats. In our experiments, effects of TaClo and its derivatives 2-methyl-TaClo (2-Me-TaClo), and 1-dichloromethylene-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline (1-CCl(2) -THbetaC) on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity were investigated in TH assays using homogenate preparations of the rat nucleus accumbens and recombinant human TH (hTH1). TH activity was determined in vitro by measuring l-DOPA production with HPLC-ECD. Using homogenate preparations, TaClo, 2-Me-TaClo, and 1-CCl(2) -THbetaC inhibited TH in concentrations of 0.1 mm, while 1-CCl(2) -THbetaC in low concentrations enhanced TH activity. When TH was activated by PACAP-27, TaClo, 2-Me-TaClo, or 1-CCl(2) -THbetaC also inhibited activated enzyme activity in high concentrations. However, in the case of 2-Me-TaClo and 1-CCl(2) -THbetaC a biphasic effect was observed with a marked increase of TH activity in the nanomolar range. In our experiments using recombinant hTH1, TaClo, 2-Me-TaClo, or 1-CCl(2) -THbetaC did not modify enzyme activity. After activation of hTH1 by PKA all the tetrahydro-beta-carbolines investigated in this study decreased l-DOPA formation. We suggest that these beta-carbolines modulate dopamine synthesis by interacting with a protein kinase TH-activating system.     

Substrate-mediated enhancement of phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase in nigrostriatal dopamine neurons: evidence for a role of alpha-synuclein

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein, phosphorylated at serine-40, serine-31 and serine-19, and enzyme catalytic activity were compared under basal conditions and in activated nigrostriatal dopamine (NSDA) neurons of wild-type and homozygous alpha-synuclein knockout mice. Mice were injected with the D2 antagonist raclopride to stimulate NSDA neuronal activity in the presence or absence of supplemental l-tyrosine. There was no difference in phosphorylated TH levels or TH catalytic activity between wild-type and alpha-synuclein knockout mice under basal conditions or following raclopride-induced acceleration of NSDA activity. In wild-type animals, tyrosine administration potentiated the raclopride-induced increase in phosphorylated TH and enzyme activity. However, tyrosine administration did not enhance phosphorylated TH levels or enzyme catalytic activity in raclopride-stimulated NSDA neurons in alpha-synuclein knockout mice. These findings suggest that alpha-synuclein plays a role in the ability of tyrosine to either enhance TH phosphorylation or hinder TH inactivation during accelerated neuronal activity. The present study supports the hypothesis that alpha-synuclein functions as a molecular chaperone protein that regulates the phosphorylation state of TH in a substrate and activity-dependent manner.     

环加氧酶-2对帕金森病小鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元的影响

目的和方法 :选用C5 7BL种系环加氧酶 2 (cyclooxygenase 2 ,COX 2 )缺陷小鼠 ,腹腔注射 1 甲基 4 苯基 1,2 ,3,6 四氢吡啶 (MPTP)制备帕金森病小鼠模型 ,用免疫组织化学方法观察COX 2对帕金森病小鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元的影响。结果 :行为学及免疫组织化学观察显示 ,野生型帕金森病小鼠的死亡率明显高于COX 2缺陷杂合子帕金森病小鼠 (P <0 .0 1) ,野生型帕金森病小鼠黑质致密部酪氨酸羟化酶 (tyrosinehydroxylase,TH)免疫反应阳性神经元数目较杂合子帕金森病小鼠明显减少 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :COX 2可能与帕金森病时黑质多巴胺能神经元的损伤有关