中国鹿花菌属志略

近年来,国外许多学者对鹿花菌属 Gyromitra Fr.的一系列研究导致该属传统的概念、范围发生了很大的变动。本文在接受了 Harmaja 将 Discina 和 Neogyromitra 合并在Gyromitra 名下的观点的基础上,报道了近年来作者在我国鹿花菌属研究中所确认的8个种。其中乳白鹿花菌 Gyromitra lactea 和新疆鹿花菌G.xinjiangensis 为新种,含糊鹿花菌G.ambigua、帚状鹿花菌 G.fastigiata 和亮鹿花菌 G.splendida 为我国首次报道。我国文献中所记载的鹿花菌 G.esculenta 在我国是否存在,尚需进一步调查。     

软齿菌属（红姑目，担子菌纲）小记

本文对世界范围内的软齿菌属种类进行了研究,并发现无囊软齿菌Dentipellis acystidiatata为一新种,且对该种进行了详细描述。该种的主要特征是子实层体齿状、单系菌丝系统、无囊状体和胶化菌丝、担孢子小(4.1-5.2×2.4-3.2μm)、表面粗糙、具淀粉质反应。对软齿菌属的种类进行了总结,并给出了该属所有种类的检索表。     

热带地区的膜盘菌属一新种（英文）

对采自我国热带地区的柔膜菌科标本进行了研究,发现膜盘菌属1个新种,命名为海南膜盘菌,该种子囊盘盘状、具柄,外囊盘被为矩胞组织、厚60~160μm,盘下层为交错丝组织、厚80~400μm,子囊长棒状、8孢、(58~)61~70×5~6(~7)μm,子囊孢子梭椭圆形、7~8×2.5~3.0μm。对其形态解剖学特征进行了详尽描述和图示,对与相近种的差异进行了讨论。     

中国硬孔菌属研究小记及一新记录种

总结了我国硬孔菌属的种类.目前该属在我国共发现11种,其中叉囊硬孔菌为中国新记录种.文中对该种进行了详细描述和显微结构绘图,并给出了该属的检索表.     

中国地下子囊菌新记录属——史蒂芬块菌属

文中首次报道了史蒂芬块菌属Stephensia在中国的分布.史蒂芬块菌发现于滇中地区呈贡县,生于l株栽培的天麻旁边,附近长有云南松和榛属植物.标本的特征与文献中对于该种的描述一致,即子囊果表面具褐色绒毛,产孢组织有曲折的脉沟,脉沟向中心辐聚,中心有时形成空腔,孢子球形,直径18～25 μm,无油滴,包被(外囊盘被)角胞组织.中国标本的ITS序列与北美和欧洲样品有99％的相似性,其LSU序列仅有3个碱基与北美样品不同.史蒂芬块菌在分子系统上与腔囊块菌属Hydnocystis和地杯菌属Geopxyis近缘.     

中国地下子囊菌新记录属——史蒂芬块菌属（英文）

文中首次报道了史蒂芬块菌属Stephensia在中国的分布。史蒂芬块菌发现于滇中地区呈贡县,生于1株栽培的天麻旁边,附近长有云南松和榛属植物。标本的特征与文献中对于该种的描述一致,即子囊果表面具褐色绒毛,产孢组织有曲折的脉沟,脉沟向中心辐聚,中心有时形成空腔,孢子球形,直径18~25μm,无油滴,包被(外囊盘被)角胞组织。中国标本的ITS序列与北美和欧洲样品有99%的相似性,其LSU序列仅有3个碱基与北美样品不同。史蒂芬块菌在分子系统上与腔囊块菌属Hydnocystis和地杯菌属Geopxyis近缘。     

中国大陆一新记录属——拟虫囊孢属Listeromyces(英文)

描述了暗色丝孢真菌一中国大陆新记录属———拟虫囊孢属(Listeromyces),其中腐木拟虫囊孢(Lis-teromyces insignis)在中国大陆首次报道。该种菌采自湖南岳麓山地表枯枝表层,根据采集材料对其进行了详细的形态描述和显微照相。研究标本保存于山东农业大学植物病理标本室(HSAUP)。     

中国小孢盘菌属—新种(英文)

报道了源于我国黑龙江的小孢盘菌属Acervus一新种,即黑龙江小孢盘菌A.heilongjiangensis。该种的显著特征为子囊盘杯状,无柄,直径5–10mm;子实层新鲜时黄色;外囊盘被为角胞组织至表层组织;子囊具囊盖,具8个子囊孢子,孔口在Melzer试剂中不变色,98–119×6.5–8.5μm;子囊孢子椭圆形,无分隔,9–10.5×3.9–5.5μm。对该种的形态学特征进行了描述和图示,并对其分类地位提供了DNA序列分析的佐证。     

柔膜菌科一新属——华胶垫菌属（英文）

对来自我国不同地区的柔膜菌科真菌材料进行了分类研究,在海南省发现一个新属,命名为华胶垫菌属Sinocalloriopsis,模式种为华胶垫菌S.guttulata。以下性状组合为该属区别于相近属的显著特征:子囊盘盘状至垫状,淡色,无柄;外囊盘被组织胶化,细胞及菌丝淡色;子囊孢子梭形,单细胞,内含油滴;侧丝顶端呈头状。对新属的属征及其与近似属的区别进行了讨论,对新种进行了详细的描述和图示。     

一个具两型子囊的齿裂菌属新种

生于蒙古栎（Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ ｍｏｎｇｏｌｉｃａ）和波罗栎（Ｑ．ｄｅｎｔａｔａ）上的齿裂菌属一新种,即异囊齿裂菌（Ｃｏｃｃｏｍｙｃｅｓ ｄｉｍｏｒｐｈｕｓ）。该种因子囊同时以两种状态存在而明显区别于齿裂菌属其它成员,主、副模式标本保藏于安徽农业大学森林保护教研室（ＡＡＵＦＰ）。     

A contribution to Gymnosphaera (Cyatheaceae) in mainland Asia: Two new species,reinstatement of Cyathea bonii,and their phylogenetic positions

Gymnosphaera represents a minor lineage within the scaly tree-fern family Cyatheaceae. Tropical and subtropical mainland Asia is a main distribution area of Gymnosphaera. However, the species diversity of Gymnosphaera is currently incompletely known in mainland Asia due to lacking critical revision. Here we present new findings of species diversity and their relationships to mainland Asian Gymnosphaera based on field surveys, the examination of herbarium collections, and phylogenetic analyses of sequences of multiple chloroplast and nuclear regions. Two new species, G. saxicola from southwestern Yunnan and G. bachmaensis from central Vietnam, are established. Traditionally recognized G. podophylla is revealed to be a complex, from which G. bonii is reinstated as a distinct species. Our phylogenetic analyses identified four clades within Gymnosphaera in mainland Asia: G. denticulata clade, G. gigantea clade, G. podophylla clade, and G. salletii clade. The new species G. saxicola, which is special for its saxicolous habitat, was resolved as sister to G. austroyunnanensis in the G. salletii clade. The newly discovered G. bachmaensis, which is characterized specially by the spathulate frond, was positioned in the G. podophylla clade, being sister to G. bonii. The mountainous region from south-central Vietnam northwards to western Yunnan is a diverse center of Gymnosphaera and more species of this group are probably to be discovered there.     

中国近海甲藻环沟藻属2个新记录种:纺锤环沟藻和莫氏环沟藻

甲藻环沟藻属于一类无色素体、表面有脊的裸甲藻, 因可捕食一些重要的赤潮生物而在海洋生态系统中扮演着重要的角色。有关中国近海环沟藻属的物种多样性信息非常有限。本文报道了2个新记录种——纺锤环沟藻(Gyrodinium fusiforme)和莫氏环沟藻(G. moestrupii)。纺锤环沟藻细胞呈纺锤形, 长48.0-58.0 μm, 宽18.0-23.0 μm, 长宽比为2.4-3.0, 和模式种相比体型和长宽比都较小。莫氏环沟藻细胞也呈纺锤形, 长约30 μm, 宽约15 μm。我们测定了纺锤环沟藻和莫氏环沟藻大亚基的部分序列, 并根据大亚基序列利用最大似然法和贝叶斯法建立了系统发育树。结果显示环沟藻属是单源的, 纺锤环沟藻和裂缝环沟藻(G. fissum)聚合在一起, 但是与螺旋环沟藻(G. spirale)分离。纺锤环沟藻和莫氏环沟藻分别可以摄食米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)和具齿原甲藻(Prorocentrum dentatum), 前者在米氏凯伦藻赤潮中的大量出现显示它可以促进赤潮的消退。     

Allozyme diversity and introgression in the Galapagos Islands endemic Gossypium darwinii and its relationship to continental G. barbadense

Gossypium darwiniiWatt is a tetraploid cotton endemic to the Galapagos Islands. Opinion has been divided as to whether or not it deserves recognition at the specific rank, with some considering it a variety of its presumed progenitor, the widely distributed South American species G. barbadense L. A previous hypothesis states that much of the perceived intergradation between the two taxa arose as a consequence of introgression from G. barbadense following its introduction to the archipelago during the past several hundred years. We performed allozyme analysis on 58 accessions of G. darwinii from six islands, using 17 enzymes collectively encoded by 59 loci. Levels of variation were high for an island endemic, with a mean number of alleles per locus of 1.34 and an average panmictic heterozygosity of 0.062. Principal component analysis revealed clustering of accessions according to their island of origin, and a spatial pattern of island-clusters that approximates geographical relationships among islands. Genetic relationships of G. darwinii with G. barbadense and G. hirsutum L. were studied using previously generated allozyme data. Significant introgression of G. hirsutum alleles was detected; however morphological considerations support the hypothesis that much of G. darwinii's diversity stems from interspecific gene flow from G. barbadense, Evidence is presented suggesting that the occurrence of G. hirsutum alleles in G. darwinii derives not from direct hybridization, but from a mediated transfer through introduced, G. hirsutum-introgressed; G. barbadense. Gossypium darwinii and G. barbadense are nearly fixed for different alleles at four loci and each contains a large number of unique alleles. Notwithstanding the high interspecific Nei's genetic identity (0.949), the allozyme data support geographical and morphological evidence in suggesting that a specific rank for G. darwinii is warranted.     

PHAEODISCUS,A NEW GENUS OF SCLEROTINIACEAE (INOPERCULATAE: DISCOMYCETES)

Phaeodiscus, a new genus of Sclerotiniaceae, is described with P. rhamnicola Batra as the single species. It is characterized by an ectal excipulum of subhyaline textura prismatica and textura porrecta; dichotomously branched, golden brown, aculeate paraphyses; and golden brown, narrowly ellipsoid, usually biguttulate ascospores. The two guttules fuse at maturity to form a single central guttule. The apothecia arise from pseudosclerotia consisting of numerous interconnected sclerotules. A number of other Sclerotiniaceae related to the new fungus are compared with it.     

Differential influence of Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala) on the behaviour of native and invader gammarid species.

Although various species of acanthocephalan parasites can increase the vulnerability of their amphipod intermediate hosts to predation, particularly by altering their photophobic behaviour, their influence on the structure of amphipod communities and the success of invader species has so far received little attention. We compared the prevalence and behavioural influence of a fish acanthocephalan parasite, Pomphorhynchus laevis, in two species of amphipods, Gammarus pulex and Gammarus roeseli in sympatry in the river Ouche (Burgundy, eastern France). There, G. pulex is a resident species, whereas G. roeseli is a recent coloniser. Both uninfected G. pulex and G. roeseli were strongly photophobic, although less so in the invading species. However, there was no significant difference in reaction to light between infected and uninfected G. roeseli, whereas infected G. pulex were strongly photophilic. We discuss our results in relation to the parasite's ability to manipulate invading host species, the possibility that resistant individuals have been selected during the invasion process, and the role that acanthocephalan parasites can play in shaping the structure of amphipod communities.     

Ciborinia gentianae sp. nov., the causal organism of sclerotial flower blight of cut-flower gentians

A new Ciborinia causing sclerotial flower blight of cut-flower gentians (Gentiana triflora var. japonica and interspecific hybrids between related species or varieties) is described as Ciborinia gentianae on the morphological basis of sclerotia and apothecia. The characteristics of Ciborinia gentianae are (1) an abundant production of spermodochia in the hollow cavity of host stems; (2) flat and thin sclerotia produced beneath the epidermis and the inclusion of host vascular remnants within their medulla; (3) globose cells composed of ectal excipulum of apothecia; (4) elongated cells with a slight apical swelling in ectal excipulum at the apothecial margin; and (5) tetra nucleate ascospores. Asci and ascospores mounted in Melzer's reagent measured 156–208 × 8–12 μm and 11.8–15 × 5.5–7.1 μm, respectively.     

New records of Echiura and Sipuncula in the North Atlantic Ocean, with the description of a new species of Jacobia

Data on Echiura and Sipuncula collected by the MAR-ECO expedition on the RV G.O. Sars to the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge are presented. Eight specimens of echiuran and 13 specimens of sipunculan worms were obtained from eight stations. Two species of Echiura and two species of Sipuncula were identified. One echiuran is a new species of Jacobia.     

13种野生灵芝菌丝体中胞内三萜与多糖含量的比较

为探究不同野生灵芝的主要活性成分以及对野生灵芝的开发利用价值,对13种野生灵芝菌株在同一条件下进行液体发酵,采用化学分析的方法,比较菌丝体胞内三萜和多糖的含量差异。结果显示,13种灵芝菌株的三萜和多糖含量有很大差异,其中无柄紫灵芝Ganoderma mastoporum、亮盖灵芝G. lucidum和树舌灵芝G. applanatum的三萜含量较高;树舌灵芝G. applanatum、紫芝G. sinense和褐灵芝G. brownii的多糖含量较高。目前国内广泛栽培灵芝G. lingzhi的野生菌株发酵产物中的三萜和多糖含量并不是最高的,研究结果表明不同种类的野生灵芝还有进一步挖掘的潜在价值。     

青鳉与食蚊鱼竞争排斥的生态形态学解释

生态形态学理论指出,形态相似的物种生态位相似,是导致种间竞争排斥的关键性因素。在鱼类入侵生态学研究中引入生态形态学理论,对于加深理解入侵种与土著种的种间相互关系有着重要意义。本文利用形态分析方法,对广东怀集燕都国家湿地公园入侵种食蚊鱼对土著种鳍斑青鳉和弓背青鳉的影响机制进行研究。结果表明: 弓背青鳉和鳍斑青鳉在研究区域常同域分布,但两者的空间分布格局差异显著。两者形态高度相似,符合生态形态学“形态相似者竞争排斥”理论。与群落其他鱼类相比,食蚊鱼与2种青鳉鱼类形态更为相似。聚类分析发现,食蚊鱼和青鳉鱼类聚合在同一分枝,且其空间生态位的重叠度极低。种群相对密度调查显示,食蚊鱼与青鳉鱼类种群数量呈显著的负相关关系。食蚊鱼的入侵是导致2种青鳉鱼类种群数量明显下降的关键原因。形态特征的相似性能够初步解释食蚊鱼与青鳉鱼类的竞争排斥关系,尚需从不同角度就食蚊鱼入侵对青鳉鱼类的作用机制进行深入探索。     

Effects of season on the yield and quality of agar from Gracilaria species (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta)

The effect of season on yield and physical properties of agars extracted from Gracia gracilis and G. bursa-pastoris were determined. The agar yield from G. gracilis was maximum during spring (30%) and minimum during autumn (19%). In G. bursa-pastoris, the agar yield was greatest in summer (36%) and lowest in winter (23%). Agar yield from G. bursa-pastoris was positively correlated with temperature (r=0.94; P<0.01) and salinity (r=0.97; P<0.01) and negatively with nitrogen content (r=−0.93; P<0.01). Agar gel strengths fluctuated from 229 to 828 g cm⁻² and 23 to 168 g cm⁻² for G. gracilis and G. bursa-pastoris, respectively. The gelling temperature showed significant seasonal variation for both species. Chemical analysis of agar from the two seaweeds indicated variation in 3,6-anhydrogalactose and sulfate content (P<0.01). Furthermore, there was an inverse correlation between the two chemical variables. In general, agar extracted from G. gracilis possessed better qualities than agar extracted from G. bursa-pastoris and can be considered a candidate for industrial use.