1065. Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. subsp. tangshen (Oliv.) D.Y. Hong: Campanulaceae

Codonopsis pilosula subsp. tangshen is illustrated: its relationships, history and pollination are discussed. Instructions for its successful cultivation are given, and references are given to its use in Traditional Chinese medicine.     

Trichaptum (Basidiomycota, Hymenochaetales) from China with a description of three new species

Trichaptum imbricatum, T. perenne and T. podocarpi are three new species from China. They are described, illustrated and compared in this paper with similar species. Trichaptum imbricatum is unique in its imbricate basidiocarps, white to cream hymenophores, small and regular pores, and scattered and thin-walled cystidia. Trichaptum perenne differs from other species in the genus in its perennial and pileate habit, its large pores and entire dissepiments, and oblong, ellipsoid basidiospores. Trichaptum podocarpi is distinguished in having totally resupinate basidiocarps, distinctly long cystidia, and in its habitat on Podocarpus. A key to species of Trichaptum occurring in China is provided; statistical variations of spore dimensions for each species are included in the key.     

Functional aspects of the intercentriolar body in the spermiogenesis of Nematoplana coelogynoporoides (Plathelminthes,Proseriata)

Summary The intercentriolar body in the biciliary spermatids of Nematoplana coelogynoporoides and its changes during spermiogenesis are described. Different functional aspects of the body, for example its presumed role as microtubule-organising centre and its influence on cell elongation, are discussed.Abbreviations bb basal body - ce cell elongation - ci cilium - icb intercentriolar body - mt microtubules - n nucleus - r ciliary rootlet     

Genetic and environmental effects on wing polymorphisms in two tropical earwigs (Dermaptera: Labiidae)

Summary The tropical earwigs Paralabella dorsalis and Pseudomarava prominensis are polymorphic for wings in both sexes. An individual's chances of being winged are influenced by whether its parents were winged, by its own sex, and by its nymphal nutrition (at least in P. dorsalis). Wingless females of P. dorsalis lived longer, started ovipositing ealier, and laid slightly larger clutches.     

Chemistry and Pharmacology of Gynostemma pentaphyllum

In traditional Chinese medicine, Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino is a herbal drug of extreme versatility and has been extensively researched in China. The dammarane saponins isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, namely gypenosides or gynosaponins, are believed to be the active components responsible for its various biological activities and reported clinical effects. This review attempts to encompass the available literature on Gynostemma pentaphyllum, from its cultivation to the isolation of its chemical entities and a summary of its diverse pharmacological properties attributed to its gypenoside content. Other aspects such as toxicology and pharmacokinetics are also discussed. In vitro and in vivo evidence suggests that Gynostemma pentaphyllum may complement the popular herbal medicine, Panax ginseng, as it also contains a high ginsenoside content and exhibits similar biological activities.     

The taxonomy of the family Paramphistomidae Fischoeder, 1901 with special reference to the morphology of species occurring in ruminants. VIII. The genera Stephanopharynx Fischoeder, 1901 and Balanorchis Fischoeder, 1901

Summary Only Stephanopharynx compactus Fischoeder, 1901 is considered valid under the genus Stephanopharynx Fischoeder, 1901 and S. secundus Stunkard, 1929 and S. coilos Dollfus, 1963 are regarded as its synonyms. The species is redescribed and illustrated based on new material and scanning electron photomicrographs of its tegumental surfaces and the internal surface of its pharyngeal pouch are provided. Balanorchis anastrophus Fischoeder, 1901, the one and only species of the genus Balanorchis Fischoeder, 1901 is redescribed and illustrated. Photomicrographs of its tegumental surfaces as revealed by scanning electron microscopy are given. Additional information on Bilatorchis papillogenitalis Eduardo, 1980 is included. Part of a thesis approved by the University of London for the award of the Ph.D. degree. Part of a thesis approved by the University of London for the award of the Ph.D. degree.     

724. BOMAREA DULCIS

Bomarea dulcis (Hook.) Beauv. is illustrated and details of its cultivation are given; its relationships to other members of subgenus Wichuraea are discussed.     

A new species of Ainudrilus (Tubificidae) from South Georgia,and other subantarctic freshwater oligochaetes

The freshwater oligochaetes of the subantarctic islands are reviewed and new records are given. Ainudrilus dartnalli sp.n. (subfamily Rhyacodrilinae) is described from freshwater sites on South Georgia (South Atlantic Ocean). It differs from the closely related, southwest Australian, A. nharna Pinder & Brinkhurst, by its longer clitellum, the longer upper teeth of its ventral somatic chaetae, its straighter and fewer penial chaetae, and by the proportions of its spermathecae. Range extensions are given for two widespread naidids, Nais variabilis Piguet and N. communis Piguet, from the Falkland Islands (S. Atlantic). Moreover, new material of N. elinguis Müller is recorded from Macquarie Island (Southern Ocean, SW of New Zealand).     

784. SALVIA × WESTERAE

Salvia × westerae is described and illustrated, its floral characteristics being contrasted with those of its parents. The characteristics and distribution of the parent species, Salvia haenkei and S. orbignaei, are discussed and short biographies of their eponymous discoverers, Haenke and D'Orbigny are provided. Pollination syndromes in American Salvia are briefly discussed and the rare occurrence of natural hybrids in the Americas is noted.     

728. SALVIA OXYPHORA

The Bolivian endemic Salvia oxyphora Briq. is described and illustrated; the circumstances of its discovery, possible reasons for its reduced population in the wild and suggestions for its cultivation are given. The molecular status of Salvia and the probable break‐up of the genus as traditionally circumscribed are discussed.     

829. TSUGA CHINENSIS

Tsuga chinensis Franch. is described and illustrated here and details of its distribution and habitat are also provided. Its history in cultivation and its resistance to the woolly adelgid, (Adelges tsugae) which is so damaging to T. canadensis in North America, are discussed.     

广西楼梯草属五新种

描述了在中国广西发现的楼梯草属五新种:小果楼梯草(Elatostema microcarpum W. T. Wang & Y. G. Wei)在体态方面与荔波楼梯草(E. liboense W. T. Wang)极为相似,但茎较低矮,不具软鳞片,叶上面无毛,钟乳体较小而可区别。圆序楼梯草(E. gyrocephalum W. T. Wang & Y. G. Wei)在体态上与浅齿楼梯草(E. crenatum W. T. Wang)相似,但叶两面均有糙伏毛,侧脉较少,4～6对,钟乳体较小,长约0.1 mm而不同。对序楼梯草(E. binatum W. T. Wang & Y. G. Wei)在亲缘关系方面与深绿楼梯草(E. atroviride W. T. Wang)相近,但茎和叶无毛,雄花序托较小,近方形,长度及宽度约6.5 mm,小苞片较小,长约1.5 mm,无毛,可以区别。河池楼梯草(E. hechiense W. T. Wang & Y. G. Wei)似华南楼梯草(E. balansae Gagnep.)但叶的渐尖头全缘,钟乳体较小,长0.1～0.15 mm,雌花序苞片顶端无角状突起,可以区别。环江楼梯草(E. huanjiangense W. T. Wang & Y. G. Wei)可能与樟叶楼梯草(E. petelotii Gagnep.)有亲缘关系,但后者的叶全缘,钟乳体较大,长0.3～0.7 mm,侧脉在狭侧3条,在宽侧4条,雌花序常有长花序梗,而与本种相区别。     

MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF NEW SPECIES OF SCHIZAEA AND ACTINOSTACHYS

The gametophyte, old embryo, and sporophyte of Schizaea pseudodichotoma sp. nov., sporophyte and female parental gametophyte of S. diversispora hybr. nov. (S. pseudodicholoma X probably S. dichotoma), sporophyte of S. rhacoindusiata sp. nov., and gametophyte, old embryo, and sporophyte of Actinostachys macrofunda sp. nov. are described. The taxonomy of Schizaea is discussed and the system of Diels is strongly supported. The two sectional names used by Diels, Euschizaea Hook, and Lophidium Rich, are replaced by Pectinatae Prantl and Schizaea respectively. The prime morphological significance of Schizaea pseudodicholoma lies in its leafless embryo and its simple leaf differing from other species in its section, and that of Actinostachys macrofunda lies in its reduction to nearly complete heterotrophic existence and its frequent multiple annulus. Fungal hyphae have been traced from Schizaea and Actinostachys through the substratum and into root nodules of Casuarina and into roots of two other angiosperms.     

A rejoinder onOryctina (Loranthaceae)

Both of the two main generic features ofOryctina (Loranthaceae), i.e., its dioeciousness and its absence of floral bracteoles, are based on misinterpretations. Instead, both species appear to be monoecious, and both are bracteolate. Nevertheless,Oryctina should be maintained as a distinct genus, probably most closely related toMaracanthus.     

云南楼梯草属二新种

该文描述了自云南东南部发现的荨麻科楼梯草属二新种。(1)文山楼梯草,与上林楼梯草在亲缘关系上相近,与后者的区别在于本种的茎密被短柔毛,叶片在基部斜楔形,具半离基三出脉,雌头状花序的花序托较小,长约1.2 mm,宽1 mm,不分裂,其雌苞片约12,不等大,只3枚在顶端具角状突起。(2)绿突楼梯草,与马关楼梯草近缘,与后者的区别在于茎密被反曲的柔毛和贴伏的短柔毛,雄花序较长,雄总苞的苞片6枚,排成2层,2外层苞片较大,背面具1绿色纵列龙骨状突起和4或6绿纵肋,4内层苞片较小,背面近中央有1绿色角状突起。     

Feeding of Hoplias malabaricus in the wetlands of Dulce river (Córdoba,Argentina)

Hoplias malabaricus behaves as a zoophagous and euryphagic species with a strong tendency to eat fish during its entire life. Fish begin to constitute its main food at approximately 200 mm standard length. Insects are important for fish smaller than 50 mm. Crustaceans are of lesser importance for both size groups."Mojarras" (genus Astyanax), the characin Odontostilbe microcephala, and the catfish Pimelodus albicans are its main prey. The relative importance of each prey type varies with predator length.In high summer more food is eaten by H. malabaricus, and digestion rate, related to the higher temperatures, is also higher. During colder seasons feeding activities decreases markedly.     

Goussia polylepidis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Sporozoea: Coccidia) from Chondrostoma polylepis (Pisces: Cyprinidae) of the Duero Basin (NW Spain)1

In the examination of 90 Chondrostoma polylepis caught in the Esla River, a coccidium of the genus Goussia was found in the swimbladder, peritoneum, kidney, and ureter. It is described as Goussia polylepidis n. sp. and its taxonomic affinities are discussed. Data on its prevalence and seasonality are also given.     

Monotropastrum kirishimense (Ericaceae), a new mycoheterotrophic plant from Japan based on multifaceted evidence

Due to their reduced morphology, non-photosynthetic plants have been one of the most challenging groups to delimit to species level. The mycoheterotrophic genus Monotropastrum, with the monotypic species M. humile, has been a particularly taxonomically challenging group, owing to its highly reduced vegetative and root morphology. Using integrative species delimitation, we have focused on Japanese Monotropastrum, with a special focus on an unknown taxon with rosy pink petals and sepals. We investigated its flowering phenology, morphology, molecular identity, and associated fungi. Detailed morphological investigation has indicated that it can be distinguished from M. humile by its rosy pink tepals and sepals that are generally more numerous, elliptic, and constantly appressed to the petals throughout its flowering period, and by its obscure root balls that are unified with the surrounding soil, with root tips that hardly protrude. Based on genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms, molecular data has provided clear genetic differentiation between this unknown taxon and M. humile. Monotropastrum humile and this taxon are associated with different Russula lineages, even when they are sympatric. Based on this multifaceted evidence, we describe this unknown taxon as the new species M. kirishimense. Assortative mating resulting from phenological differences has likely contributed to the persistent sympatry between these two species, with distinct mycorrhizal specificity.