ERK信号通路对病毒性心肌炎心肌细胞CAR表达的影响

目的:观察细胞外信号调节激酶(Extracellular Regulated Protein Kinases,ERK1/2)信号通路对病毒性心肌炎(Viral Myocarditis,VMC)心肌细胞柯萨奇病毒-腺病毒受体(Coxsackie-adenovirus Receptor,CAR)表达的影响。方法:新生SD大鼠心肌细胞体外培养48 h后随机分为3组,除对照组外均体外接种柯萨奇B3m病毒(Coxsackievirus B,CVB),建立VMC细胞模型。C组:DMEM对照组;V组:CVB3m感染组;U+V组:接种病毒前30 min,给予ERK1/2通路抑制剂U0126(10μmol/L)。各组分别于种毒后12 h、24 h、36 h取心肌细胞,用Western blot法测定ERK1/2活化水平及CAR表达量,并按上述时间点观察各组心肌细胞形态、搏动情况、细胞损伤程度,取培养液测定乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平。结果:在接种病毒后12 h,V组与C组相比,P-ERK1/2表达增高(3.25±0.61 vs 0.59±0.09,P0.05),CAR表达增高(1.03±0.17 vs 0.78±0.11,P0.05),逐步出现细胞病变,细胞搏动停止,培养液中LDH水平明显增高(1016.67±67.75 vs 336.34±28.67,P0.05),心肌酶学的升高与镜下心肌细胞损伤程度平行;U+V组与V组相比,P-ERK1/2表达降低(1.66±0.28 vs 3.25±0.61,P0.05),CAR表达明显增高(1.73±0.27 vs 1.03±0.17,P0.05),但细胞损伤却明显减轻,LDH水平明显降低(410.06±13.62 vs 1016.67±67.75,P0.05)。动态观察24 h、36 h,同样出现上述变化趋势。结论:ERK1/2信号转导通路参与心肌细胞感染CVB发生急性损伤的过程,并参与调控CAR的表达。在病毒感染后36 h内,阻断ERK1/2信号通路,CAR表达上调,并未加重心肌细胞损伤。     

内皮素-1致低氧心肌细胞凋亡的作用及其机制研究

目的:观察内源性内皮素-1(ET-1)在低氧所致心肌细胞凋亡中的作用及受体机制。方法:培养的新生乳鼠心肌细胞分为低氧对照组和内皮素受体拮抗剂预处理+低氧组,前者仅给DMEM液,后者给予ETA受体拮抗剂BQ610或BQ123及ETB受体拮抗剂BQ788后低氧培养24 h,TUNEL和AnnexinV-FITC/PI双标记流式细胞术检测心肌细胞凋亡情况。结果:TUNEL检测显示低氧24 h对照组心肌细胞凋亡百分数为24.2%±2.2%,BQ6105μmol/L+低氧24 h组为13.2%±3.7%,显著低于低氧24 h组(P<0.01)。流式细胞术检测显示BQ123(0.04,0.2,1.0μmol/L)浓度依赖性地抑制低氧引起的心肌细胞凋亡及浓度依赖性提高低氧培养心肌细胞存活率,而BQ788对低氧引起的心肌细胞凋亡及存活率的降低无明显影响。结论:内源性ET-1参与促进低氧引起的心肌细胞凋亡,该作用主要是通过ETA受体介导。     

RACK1对硼替佐米诱导的多发性骨髓瘤细胞凋亡及MAPK/ERK通路的影响

目的:探讨蛋白激酶C受体(Receptor for activated C kinase1,RACK1)对硼替佐米(Bortezomi,Bor)诱导的多发性骨髓瘤(Multiple myeloma,MM)细胞凋亡及MAPK/ERK通路的影响。方法:选取6例岳阳市第一人民医院收治的MM患者及6名正常体检者,用实时荧光定量PCR检测血浆及人MM细胞系中RACK1 m RNA的表达。将MM细胞分为3组:对照组(不干预)、Bor组(75n M的Bor干预12 h)和Bor+siRACK1组(RACK1 si RNA转染24 h后再行Bor干预)。CCK-8法检测各组细胞中的细胞存活率,Hoechest 33342染色检测细胞凋亡,Western Blot检测MAPK/ERK通路相关蛋白表达。结果:与正常体检者相比,MM患者血浆及MM细胞系中RACK1 m RNA表达显著增加(P0.05)。Bor作用12 h、24 h和48 h可显著降低MM细胞的存活率(P0.05)。与对照组相比,Bor组和Bor+siRACK1组细胞存活率显著降低,Bor+siRACK1组细胞存活率明显高于Bor组(P0.05)。Hoechest 33342染色显示对照组细胞核染色均一,未见凋亡小体,Bor组见少量凋亡小体,而Bor+siRACK1组细胞见大量凋亡小体,表现为核固缩或碎块状;与对照组相比,Bor组和Bor+siRACK1组细胞中多发性骨髓瘤细胞凋亡率显著增加(P0.05),Bor+siRACK1组多发性骨髓瘤细胞凋亡率明显高于Bor组(P0.05)。三组间多发性骨髓瘤细胞凋亡率对比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与对照组相比,Bor组和Bor+siRACK1组细胞中p-P38和p-ERK的表达显著降低,而Bor+siRACK1组p-P38和p-ERK的表达低于Bor组(P0.05),3组间P38和ERK的表达对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:RACK1沉默可增强Bor诱导的MM细胞凋亡及生长抑制,其机制可能与MAPK/ERK途径抑制有关。     

EGCG对H2O2诱导HLE细胞氧化损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨表没食子酸酯(EGCG)对体外培养的人晶状体上皮(human lens epithelial,HLE)细胞氧化损伤的保护作用及可能机制。方法:HLE细胞传代培养,分为阴性对照组:以正常培养液培养;氧化损伤组:100μmol·L~(-1)的H_2O_2作用12 h;EGCG低浓度组:10μmol·L~(-1)EGCG孵育24 h后,加入H_2O_2作用12 h;EGCG高浓度组:100μmol·L~(-1)EGCG孵育24 h后,加入H_2O_2作用12 h。MTT比色法检测细胞活力,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,Hochest33258染色观察凋亡细胞形态,比色法检测凋亡相关因子caspses-3及caspase-9的表达。结果:EGCG能明显抑制H_2O_2诱导的HLE细胞活力的下降,用不同浓度EGCG处理后,HLE细胞活性分别提高到51.00%±2.37%和63.67%±2.29%,与氧化损伤组(40.33%±2.86%)比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);经不同浓度EGCG处理后,HLE细胞凋亡率分别下降至33.33±3.12%和22.80±1.67%,与氧化损伤组(43.03±2.43%)比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);此外,EGCG还能明显减少H_2O_2所致HLE细胞内caspses-3及caspase-9的表达。结论:EGCG通过抑制caspses-3及caspase-9的表达有效抑制了H_2O_2对HLE细胞的损伤,从而为其用于治疗HLE细胞损伤提供可靠的实验依据。     

一氧化氮供体对过氧化氢引起的心肌细胞损伤的保护作用

关于一氧化氮(NO)对心肌细胞是否具有保护作用目前尚存在争议,为探讨NO对过氧化氢(H2O2)引起的心肌细胞损伤是否具有保护作用及其可能的机制,实验将体外培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞分为3组(1)阴性对照组(Normal组);(2)H2O2组H2O2(0.1mmol/L)与心肌细胞共育4h;(3)S-亚硝基-N-乙酰青霉胺(SNAP)+H2O2组NO供体SNAP(0.5mmol/L)处理心肌细胞10min后,加入H2O2与心肌细胞共育4 h.用流式细胞术检测心肌细胞凋亡率,心肌细胞损伤程度以心肌细胞存活率和乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)活性来表示,同时检测心肌细胞超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量.通过激光共聚焦显微术检测在不同处理条件下心肌细胞胞内钙的变化.结果表明,正常心肌细胞LDH活性和细胞存活率分别为631.4±75.6 U/L和93.1±6.2%,细胞凋亡率为0;H2O2处理细胞后可使细胞LDH活性显著增高(1580.5±186.7 U/L,P＜0.01),细胞存活率明显下降(58.3±7.6%,P＜0.01),流式细胞仪检测到大量心肌细胞凋亡,凋亡率为26.4±5.7%;SOD活性较正常细胞19.67±0.85 NU/ml显著下降,为14.73±1.68 NU/m(P＜0.01),MDA含量较正常细胞6.95±0.83μmol/L显著增高,为15.35±3.49μmol/L(P＜0.01).SNAP预处理细胞可显著提高心肌细胞存活率(79.7±9.3%,P＜0.01),降低LDH活性和细胞凋亡率(分别为957.8±110.9 U/L和9.1±3.3%,P＜0.01);并提高细胞抗氧化能力,表现为较H2O2处理组的SOD活性增高(21.36±3.11 NU/ml,P＜0.01),MDA含量下降(9.12±1.47 μmol/L,P＜0.01).激光共聚焦显微镜检测结果表明,H2O2可升高细胞内钙,而SNAP则可降低细胞内钙,SNAP预处理细胞后可取消H2O2升高细胞内钙的作用.上述结果提示,NO供体SNAP可对抗H2O2对心肌细胞的损伤,其机制与提高心肌细胞抗氧化损伤能力和对抗H2O2引起的细胞内钙超载有关.     

内皮素-1预处理对培养乳鼠心肌细胞低氧损伤的保护作用

实验观察了 0 0 1- 1nmol/L内皮素 1(ET 1)预处理对低氧孵育 ( 3 %O2 5 %CO2 ,12h)的培养乳鼠心肌细胞乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)释放量、培养液上清超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性以及丙二醛 (MDA)含量的影响。用Fluo 3 /AM负载培养的心肌细胞 ,在激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下监测急性低氧的心肌细胞 [Ca2 +]i 的变化和ET 1预处理对低氧所致 [Ca2 +]i 变化的影响。结果如下 :( 1)心肌细胞低氧孵育 12h后 ,培养液上清LDH活力和MDA含量较常氧对照组明显升高 ,分别为 43 3 3± 1 2 1U/Lvs 19 3 3± 1 0 3U/L和 1 71± 0 0 2nmol/Lvs 0 91± 0 0 3nmol/L (P<0 0 1) ,SOD活性为 16 93± 1 11U/ml明显低于常氧对照组的 3 3 48± 1 15U/ml (P <0 0 1) ;0 0 1- 1nmol/LET 1预处理呈浓度依赖性抑制低氧培养心肌细胞LDH释放 ,减少培养液上清MDA含量、提高SOD活性 (P <0 0 1)。 ( 2 )低氧灌流后 2 9± 1 5s (n =2 3 )心肌细胞自发性钙瞬变完全终止 ,[Ca2 +]i 升高了 10 7± 13 2 % (P <0 0 0 1) ;0 0 1- 1nmol/LET 1能明显加快心肌细胞钙瞬变的频率 (P <0 0 1) ;ET 1预处理后低氧所致钙瞬变终止的时间较单纯低氧组明显推迟 ,[Ca2 +]i过度升高被明显减轻 (P <0 0 1)。上述结果表明 ,0 0 1- 1nmol/LET 1预处理可减轻培     

低氧对体外培养鸡原始生殖细胞凋亡的影响

本研究的目的是通过低氧处理体外培养的鸡原始生殖细胞(Primordial germ cell)优化培养系统,降低细胞凋亡率,提高细胞活力,为高效生产转基因鸡提供科学依据。研究采用低氧气体(1%O_2)分别处理鸡PGCs 6 h、12 h、24 h,随后用q-PCR检测凋亡相关基因Caspase3的表达。与常氧组(21%O_2)相比,1%O_2-24h低氧组Caspase3显著下调(p0.05)。进一步检测1%O_2-24 h低氧组p53和Bcl2的表达情况,结果显示p53表达显著下调(p0.05),Bcl2表达无显著差异。采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡比例,低氧组((13.5±0.8)%)凋亡比例低于常氧组((21.8±2.1)%)。采用q-PCR,免疫荧光染色,细胞迁移鉴定低氧处理后的鸡PGCs生物学特性,发现其仍保持生殖细胞的生物学特性。本研究表明,在体外培养条件下,1%O_2低氧处理鸡PGCs 24 h能抑制细胞凋亡,且不改变其生物学特性。     

甘草次酸通过PI3K-AKT途径抑制H2O2所致大鼠心肌细胞氧化损伤

目的:研究甘草次酸对H_2O_2所致大鼠心肌细胞氧化损伤的影响及其可能机制。方法:采用H_2O_2处理建立H9c2大鼠心肌细胞氧化损伤模型后,比较模型中ROS生成和细胞凋亡比例,使用不同浓度的甘草次酸孵育H9c2细胞24、48h后,通过流式细胞仪检测ROS的生成量,Annexin V-FITC/PI双标记流式细胞术检测凋亡率,蛋白质印迹法检测检PI3K、AKT1、p-AKT蛋白的表达。结果:H9c2大鼠心肌细胞氧化损伤模型中ROS生成和细胞凋亡率分别为(49.33±3.23)%和(33.89±1.45)%,与对照组相比有显著差异;100μmol/L和200μmol/L的甘草次酸作用24 h后,H9c2大鼠心肌细胞氧化损伤模型中表达ROS细胞的比例(35.39±1.24)%和(30.46±0.95)%,凋亡细胞比例分别为(29.47±3.15)%和(23.17±1.46)%,当作用48 h后,H9c2大鼠心肌细胞氧化损伤模型中表达ROS细胞的比例(42.67±1.89)%和(35.49±1.63)%,凋亡细胞比例分别为(40.22±3.06)%和(35.26±2.78)%,与对照组相比有显著性差异;使用渥曼青霉素后,各甘草次酸组的与对照组无显著性差异。结论:甘草次酸可能通过PI3K-AKT途径抑制H_2O_2所致大鼠心肌细胞氧化损伤。     

凋亡诱导因子介导缺氧/复氧致肥大心肌细胞凋亡的作用

心肌细胞凋亡导致心肌组织合胞体功能丧失,最终使代偿性心肌肥大向心力衰竭转化。过去的研究已经确认天门冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶(caspartate-specificcysteinylproteinase,caspase)依赖机制在心肌细胞凋亡中的作用,但对caspase非依赖机制即凋亡诱导因子(apoptosis-inducingfactor,AIF)在心肌细胞凋亡中的作用尚不明确。本研究应用血管紧张素Ⅱ(0.1μmol/L培养12h)诱导培养的小鼠肥大心肌细胞,利用三气孵箱建立缺氧/复氧模型以模拟缺血再灌注。应用RT-PCR、Westernblot、siRNA基因转染、Hoechst33258染色法检测AIF在mRNA和蛋白质水平的表达及细胞凋亡的变化,分析AIF在缺氧/复氧致肥大心肌细胞凋亡中的意义。结果如下:(1)与对照组比较,缺氧8h组(H8h)和缺氧12h组(H12h)AIFmRNA及蛋白表达水平均显著升高(mRNA:0.52±0.04及0.85±0.10vs0.29±0.08,P<0.05;蛋白质:2.07±0.15和3.12±0.19vs0.29±0.04,P<0.05),即随缺血时间的延长,AIFmRNA及蛋白表达水平均显著增加。(2)与对应单纯缺氧组比较,缺氧后给予复氧刺激,H8h/R组和H12h/R组AIFmRNA及蛋白表达水平均显著升高(mRNA:1.09±0.12和1.41±0.23,P<0.05;蛋白质:4.57±0.25和5.71±0.27,P<0.05)。仅在H8h/R及H12h/R组,可见AIF核转位显著增加。(3)AIFsiRNA转染可显著抑制肥大心肌细胞AIF的表达,对缺氧时细胞凋亡无明显影响(P>0.05),但可显著降低缺氧/复氧诱导的肥大心肌细胞凋亡率(P<0.05)。同时抑制AIF及caspase-3活性,可显著加强单一抑制剂对缺氧/复氧诱导的肥大心肌细胞凋亡的抑制作用。(4)抑制caspase-3活性对缺氧/复氧诱导的AIF核转位无明显影响。上述结果提示,缺氧/复氧时AIFmRNA、蛋白表达和核转位均显著增加,且在缺氧/复氧诱导肥大心肌细胞凋亡中具有重要的作用。     

游离脂肪酸对大鼠胰岛细胞胰岛素信号转导蛋白表达的影响

目的 :探讨游离脂肪酸是否对大鼠胰岛细胞某些胰岛素信号转导蛋白的表达产生一定的影响。方法 :分离、培养新生SD大鼠胰岛细胞 ,分别与软脂酸 (0 .2 5mmol/L)或油酸 (0 .12 5mmol/L)孵育 12、2 4、36h ,提取蛋白后用Western印迹法检测胰岛素信号转导蛋白 (cPKCα、Grb2、ERK2 )的水平。结果 :软脂酸和油酸孵育 12h后 ,大鼠胰岛细胞cPKCα、Grb2和ERK2的蛋白水平同对照组相比均未发生显著变化 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;孵育 2 4h后胰岛细胞Grb2的蛋白水平同对照组相比未发生显著变化 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;cPKCα的蛋白水平同孵育 12h后相比显著上调 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;ERK2的蛋白水平同对照组相比明显下降 (P <0 .0 5 )。软脂酸和油酸孵育 36h后大鼠胰岛细胞cPKCα的蛋白水平同对照组及孵育 12h后相比显著上调 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;而Grb2和ERK2的蛋白水平同对照组及孵育 12h后相比均明显下降 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :游离脂肪酸可通过上调cPKCα和降低Grb2和ERK2的蛋白水平来阻滞胰岛素的信号转导 ,这可能是游离脂肪酸引起胰岛素抵抗的机制之一     

New preparations and molecular structures of cis-MCl2(Ph2PCH2PPh2)2, M = Ru,Os and trans-RuCl2(Ph2PCH2PPh2)2

The title compounds were made by reacting bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm) with reduced solutions of OsCl₆^4? and Ru₂OCl₁₀^4?. The crystal and molecular structures of these compounds have been determined form three-dimensional X-ray study. The cis-isomers crystallize with one CHCl₃ per molecule of the complex. All three compounds crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2₁/n with unit cell dimensions as follows: Cis-OsCl₂(dppm)₂·CHCl₃: a = 13.415(4) Å, b = 22.859(4) Å, c = 16.693(3) Å, β = 105.77(3)°, V = 4926(3) ų, Z = 4. cis-RuCl₂(dppm)₂·CHCl₃: a = 13.442(3) Å, b = 22.833(7) Å, c = 16.750(4) Å, β = 105.53(2)°, V = 4953(3) ų, Z = 4. trans-RuCl₂(dppm)₂: a = 11.368(7) Å, b = 10.656(6) Å, c = 18.832(12) Å; β = 103.90(6)°, V = 2213(7) ų; Z = 2. The structures were refined to R = 0.044 (R_w = 0.055) for cis-OsCl₂(dppm)₂·CHCl₃; R = 0.065 (R_w = 0.079) for cis-RuCl₂(dppm)₂·CHCl₃ and R = 0.028 (R_w = 0.038) for trans-RuCl₂(dppm)₂. The complexes are six coordinate with stable four-membered chelate rings. The PMP angle in the chelate rings is ca. 71° in each case.     

Achiral internucleoside linkages: CH2-CH2-NH and nH-CH2-CH2 linkages

The synthesis of CH₂-CH₂-NH and NH-CH₂-CH₂ internucleoside linkages are described. Antisense oligonucleosides containing these dimer modifications hybridized to the sense sequence. Furthermore incorporation of these backbone modifications enhanced the nuclease resistance of the antisense strand.     

Crystal structures of MoCl2(O)(O2)(OPMePh2)2 and mixtures of MoCl2(O2)(OPPh3)2 and MoCl2(O)(O2)(OPPh3)2: allylic alcohol isomerization studies using MoCl2(O)(O2)(OPMePh2)2

Adding one equivalent of H₂O₂ to compounds of stoichiometry MoCl₂(O)₂(OPR₃)₂, OPR₃ = OPMePh₂ or OPPh₃, leads to the formation of oxo-peroxo compounds MoCl₂(O)(O₂)(OPR₃)₂. The compound MoCl₂(O)(O₂)(OPMePh₂)₂ crystallized with an unequal disorder, 63%:37%, between the oxo and peroxo ligands, as verified by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry, and can be isolated in reasonable yields. MoCl₂(O)(O₂)(OPPh₃)₂, was not isolated in pure form, co-crystallized with MoCl₂(O)₂(OPPh₃)₂ in two ratios, 18%:82% and 12%:88%, respectively, and did not contain any disorder in the arrangement of the oxo and peroxo groups. These complexes accomplish the isomerization of various allylic alcohols. A mechanism of this reaction has been constructed based on ¹⁸O isotopic studies and involves exchange between the alcohol and metal bonded O atoms.     

Ntal/Lab/Lat2

Non-T cell activation linker (NTAL)/linker for activation of B cells (LAB), now officially termed LAT2 (linker for activation of T cells 2) is a 25-30kDa transmembrane adaptor protein (TRAP) associated with glycolipid-enriched membrane fractions (GEMs; lipid rafts) in specific cell types of hematopoietic lineage. Tyrosine phosphorylation of NTAL/LAB/LAT2 is induced by FcvarepsilonRI aggregation and Kit dimerization in mast cells, FcgammaRI aggregation in monocytes, and BCR aggregation in B cells. NTAL/LAB/LAT2 is also expressed in resting NK cells but, unlike the related TRAP, LAT, not in resting T cells. As demonstrated in monocytes and B cells, phosphorylated NTAL/LAB/LAT2 recruits signaling molecules such as Grb2, Gab1 and c-Cbl into receptor-signaling complexes. Although gene knock out and knock down studies have indicated that NTAL/LAB/LAT2 may function as both a positive and negative regulator of mast cell activation, its precise role in the activation of these and other hematopoietic cells remains enigmatic.     

P2X2, P2X2–2 and P2X5 receptor subunit expression and function in rat thoracolumbar sympathetic neurons

The present study investigated the pharmacological properties of excitatory P2X receptors and P2X(2) and P2X(5) receptor subunit expression in rat-cultured thoracolumbar sympathetic neurons. In patch-clamp recordings, ATP (3-1000 microM; applied for 1 s) induced inward currents in a concentration-dependent manner. Pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonate (PPADS; 30 microM) counteracted the ATP response. In contrast to ATP, alpha,beta-meATP (30 microM; for 1 s) was virtually ineffective. Prolonged application of ATP (100 microM; 10 s) induced receptor desensitization in a significant proportion of sympathetic neurons in a manner typical for P2X(2-2) splice variant-mediated responses. Using single-cell RT-PCR, P2X(2), P2X(2-2) and P2X(5) mRNA expression was detectable in individual tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons; coexpression of both P2X(2) isoforms was not observed. Laser scanning microscopy revealed both P2X(2) and P2X(5) immunoreactivity in virtually every TH-positive neuron. P2X(2) immunoreactivity was largely distributed over the cell body, whereas P2X(5) immunoreactivity was most distinctly located close to the nucleus. In summary, the present study demonstrates the expression of P2X(2), P2X(2-2) and P2X(5) receptor subunits in rat thoracolumbar neurons. The functional data in conjunction with a preferential membranous localization of P2X(2)/P2X(2-2) compared with P2X(5) suggest that the excitatory P2X responses are mediated by P2X(2) and P2X(2-2) receptors. Apparently there exist two types of P2X(2) receptor-bearing sympathetic neurons: one major population expressing the unspliced isoform and another minor population expressing the P2X(2-2) splice variant.     

Generation of H2O2 in Brain Mitochondria

Generation of H2O2 by rat brain mitochondria using succinate and glycerol-1-phosphate as substrates has been demonstrated. Earlier workers were unable to detect this activity in sucrose-Tris buffer. We found that this was due to a lag in the expression of activity in sucrose medium. Using phosphate buffer (50 mM), good rates are now obtained. Generation of H2O2 by rat brain mitochondria required the presence of antimycin A and was dependent on the substrates succinate and glycerol-1-phosphate. Low rates were obtained with NAD+-linked substrates and none with choline, glutamate, and NADH. The Km and Vmax values for H2O2 generation were considerably lower than the corresponding values for the respective dehydrogenase activity, measured by dye reduction. Oxygen-radical scavengers inhibited H2O2 generation, suggesting oxygen radical involvement. Depletion of ubiquinone from mitochondria resulted in loss of H2O2 generation. Reconstitution of such depleted particles with ubiquinone restored the capacity to generate H2O2 in a concentration-dependent manner. Levels of H2O2 production were found to be maximal in cerebellum. Brain mitochondria from rabbit, hamster, mouse, and guinea pig also have the capacity to generate H2O2 on oxidation of glycerol-1-phosphate.     

Spin trapping of the azidyl radical in azide/catalase/H2O2 and various azide/peroxidase/H2O2 peroxidizing systems

The azidyl radical is formed during the oxidation of sodium azide by the catalase/hydrogen peroxide system, as detected by the ESR spin-trapping technique. The oxidation of azide by horseradish peroxidase, chloroperoxidase, lactoperoxidase, and myeloperoxidase also forms azidyl radical. It is suggested that the evolution of nitrogen gas and nitrogen oxides reported in the azide/catalase/hydrogen peroxide system results from reactions of the azidyl radical. The azide/horseradish peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide system consumes oxygen, and this oxygen uptake is inhibited by the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide, presumably due to the competition with oxygen for the azidyl radical. Although azide is used routinely as an inhibitor of myeloperoxidase and catalase, some consideration should be given to the biochemical consequences of the formation of the highly reactive azidyl radical by the peroxidase activity of these enzymes.     

Synthesis, structure and properties of TTF-carboxylate bridged paddlewheel dirhodium complexes, Rh2(BuCO2)3(TTFCO2) and Rh2(BuCO2)2(TTFCO2)2

Reaction of tetrathiafulvalene carboxylic acid (TTFCO₂H) with paddlewheel dirhodium complex Rh₂(Bu^tCO₂)₄ yielded TTFCO₂-bridged complexes Rh₂(Bu^tCO₂)₃(TTFCO₂) (1) and cis- and trans-Rh₂(Bu^tCO₂)₂(TTFCO₂)₂ (cis- and trans-2). Their triethylamine adducts [1(NEt₃)₂] and cis-[2(NEt₃)₂] were purified and isolated with chromatographic separation, and characterized with single crystal X-ray analysis. Trans-[2(NEt₃)₂] is not completely separated from a mixture of cis- and trans-[2(NEt₃)₂], but its single crystals were obtained from a solution of the mixture. A three-step quasi-reversible oxidation process was observed for 1 in MeCN. The first two steps correspond to the oxidation of the TTFCO₂ moiety and the last one is the oxidation of the Rh₂ core. The oxidation of cis-2 is observed as a two-step process with very similar E_1/2 values to those of the first two processes for 1. Both 1⁺ and cis-2²⁺ in MeCN at room temperature show isotropic ESR spectra with a g value of 2.008 and a_H = 0.135 mT for two equivalent H atoms and a_H = 0.068 mT for one H atom. The redox and ESR data of cis-2 suggest that the intramolecular interaction between the TTF moieties is very small.     

The oxidative stress response in Enterococcus faecalis: relationship between H2O2 tolerance and H2O2 stress proteins

The hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) stress response in Enterococcus faecalis ATCC19433 was investigated. A 2·4 mmol l⁻¹ H₂O₂ pretreatment conferred protection against a lethal concentration (45 mmol l⁻¹) of this agent. The relatively high concentrations of H₂O₂ used for adaptation and challenge treatments in Ent. faecalis emphasised the strong resistance towards oxidative stress in this species. Various stresses (NaCl, heat, ethanol, acidity and alkalinity) induced weak or strong H₂O₂ cross-protection. This paper describes the involvement of protein synthesis in the active response to lethal dose of H₂O₂, in addition to the impressive enhancement of synthesis of five H₂O₂ stress proteins. Combined results suggest that these proteins might play an important role in the H₂O₂ tolerance response.     

Kinetic studies on the reactions of HCl with trans-[MoL(CNPh)(Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2)2] (L=N2, H2 or CO)

The kinetics of the reactions between anhydrous HCl and trans-[MoL(CNPh)(Ph₂PCH₂CH₂PPh₂)₂] (L=CO, N₂ or H₂) have been studied in thf at 25.0 °C. When L=CO, the product is [MoH(CO)(CNPh)(Ph₂PCH₂CH₂PPh₂)₂]⁺, and when L=H₂ or N₂ the product is trans-[MoCl(CNHPh)(Ph₂PCH₂CH₂PPh₂)₂]. Using stopped-flow spectrophotometry reveals that the protonation chemistry of trans-[MoL(CNPh)(Ph₂PCH₂CH₂PPh₂)₂] is complicated. It is proposed that in all cases protonation occurs initially at the nitrogen atom of the isonitrile ligand to form trans-[MoL(CNHPh)(Ph₂PCH₂CH₂PPh₂)₂]⁺. Only when L=N₂ is this single protonation sufficient to labilise L to dissociation, and subsequent binding of Cl⁻ gives trans-[MoCl(CNHPh)(Ph₂PCH₂CH₂PPh₂)₂]. At high concentrations of HCl a second protonation occurs which inhibits the substitution. It is proposed that this second proton binds to the dinitrogen ligand. When L=CO or H₂, a second protonation is also observed but in these cases the second protonation is proposed to occur at the carbon atom of the aminocarbyne ligand, generating trans-[MoL(CHNHPh)(Ph₂PCH₂CH₂PPh₂)₂]²⁺. Addition of the second proton labilises the trans-H₂ to dissociation, and subsequent rapid binding of Cl⁻ and dissociation of a proton yields the product trans-[MoCl(CNHPh)(Ph₂PCH₂CH₂PPh₂)₂]. Dissociation of L=CO does not occur from trans-[Mo(CO)(CHNHPh)(Ph₂PCH₂CH₂PPh₂)₂]²⁺, but rather migration of the proton from carbon to molybdenum, and dissociation of the other proton produces [MoH(CO)(CNPh)(Ph₂PCH₂CH₂PPh₂)₂]⁺.