Microsatellite allele ladders in two species of Pacific salmon: preparation and field‐test results

To support microsatellite data communication, we have developed a convenient method for creating locus‐specific microsatellite allele ladders used to align data from different laboratories. The ladders were constructed by pooling polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products to create a template for amplification. Four ladders were field‐tested in six different laboratories using different genotyping platforms. Despite substantial differences in absolute size estimates of DNA fragments, each laboratory correctly scored unknown sample genotypes according to the ladder designations. The results indicate that our simple preparation method provides reliable allele ladders in a time‐efficient manner for verifying microsatellite genotypes across platforms.     

A proteomic approach to obesity and type 2 diabetes

The incidence of obesity and type diabetes 2 has increased dramatically resulting in an increased interest in its biomedical relevance. However, the mechanisms that trigger the development of diabetes type 2 in obese patients remain largely unknown. Scientific, clinical and pharmaceutical communities are dedicating vast resources to unravel this issue by applying different omics tools. During the last decade, the advances in proteomic approaches and the Human Proteome Organization have opened and are opening a new door that may be helpful in the identification of patients at risk and to improve current therapies. Here, we briefly review some of the advances in our understanding of type 2 diabetes that have occurred through the application of proteomics. We also review, in detail, the current improvements in proteomic methodologies and new strategies that could be employed to further advance our understanding of this pathology. By applying these new proteomic advances, novel therapeutic and/or diagnostic protein targets will be discovered in the obesity/Type 2 diabetes area.     

Modest Lifestyle Intervention and Glucose Tolerance in Obese African Americans

Objective: Previous studies have demonstrated the benefit of short‐term diets on glucose tolerance in obese individuals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of modest lifestyle changes in maintaining improvements in glucose tolerance induced by short‐term energy restriction in obese African Americans with impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Research Methods and Procedures: An intervention group (n = 45; 47 ± 1 year [mean ± SE]), 105 ± 4 kg; body mass index: 39 ± 1 kg/m²) received an energy‐restricted diet (943 ± 26 kcal/d) for 1 week, followed by a lifestyle program of reduced dietary fat (?125 kcal/d) and increased physical activity (+125 kcal/d) for 1 year. Body weight and plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and C‐peptide during an oral glucose tolerance test were measured at baseline, 1‐week, and 4‐month intervals. A control group (n = 24; 48 ± 1 year; 110 ± 5 kg; body mass index: 41 ± 2 kg/m²) underwent these measurements at 4‐month intervals. Results: No changes in weight or glucose tolerance were observed in the control group. The intervention group had significant (p < 0.05) improvements in body weight and glucose tolerance in response to the 1‐week diet, which persisted for 4 months (p < 0.001 vs. control for change in weight). A total of 19 subjects (42%) continued the intervention program for 1 year, with sustained improvements (weight: ?4.6 ± 1.0 kg; p < 0.001 vs. control; oral glucose tolerance test glucose area: ?103 ± 44 mM · min; p < 0.05 vs. control). Discussion: A modest lifestyle program facilitates weight loss and enables improvements in glucose tolerance to be maintained in obese individuals with abnormal glucose tolerance. However, attrition was high, despite the mild nature of the program.     

孔雀微卫星引物筛选及其遗传多样性分析

利用29对鸡微卫星标记对孔雀基因组DNA进行种间扩增, 发现14对引物能扩增出特异性条带, 每对引物扩增的平均等位基因数为1.71, 有7对引物具有较丰富的多态性, 其中MCW0080和MCW0098最为理想。蓝孔雀和绿孔雀群体间和群体内的遗传分析结果表明, 绿孔雀和蓝孔雀两个群体的期望杂合度分别为0.7422和0.6943, 群体间的遗传分化系数为0.078, Reynolds’遗传距离和基因流分别为0.0603和3.896, 结果显示这两个孔雀群体的杂合度和遗传多样性水平都很低, 且有相互混杂的趋势。     

From lab to lifestyle: translating genomics into healthcare practices

Contemporary genomic sciences are uncovering genetic factors implicated in common complex diseases such as type 2 diabetes. It is suggested that such knowledge could be developed into tests for susceptibility to the disease that would allow preventive action through lifestyle modification. This paper presents research on responses to this suggestion by genetic specialists, diabetologists, and general practitioners – three groups of health professionals whose practices are likely to be affected by such testing services. It shows how the responses of the different groups are related to the professional culture of practice. I suggest that the perspective a profession has of its potential role in relation to the emerging technology can illuminate the early stages of co-constitution by which the technology that is used and the community of practice that use it are mutually reshaped.     

益生菌在血糖调控中的作用

随着经济及生活水平的提高，营养过剩导致营养代谢疾病中2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus，T2DM）发生率骤增。患者血糖升高及并发症严重降低生活质量，增加经济负担。现行降糖药存在局限性和副作用，而益生菌具有安全、经济和有效等特点，并且能够降血糖和减轻并发症等。益生菌在糖尿病预防、治疗和重塑肠道微生态健康方面具有良好的应用前景，逐渐成为糖尿病防治的研究热点。虽然益生菌有望攻克糖尿病，但是调控血糖的机制需要更加深入的研究。本文综述了益生菌调控血糖的应用及机制研究、发展趋势与前景及挑战，为调控血糖微生态制剂的开发提供理论基础。     

鲫鱼微卫星DNA的分离及多态性分析

目的：用近缘物种鲤微卫星引物来分离鲫鱼微卫星标记并对其多态性进行分析。方法：以鲫鱼基因组DNA为模板,采用6对鲤微卫星引物进行PCR扩增,PCR产物经8%的非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和银染色检测。结果：筛选出2个以AC和TA为重复单元的鲫鱼新的微卫星标记。多态性分析表明,这2个微卫星标记的遗传杂合度分别为0.611和0.644,多态信息含量为0.536和0.572,属于高度多态性标记。结论：该研究筛选的2个微卫星标记可应用于鲫鱼遗传多样性、遗传连锁图谱构建及分子标记辅助育种等方面的研究。     

Diphenyl Ether Derivatives as Novel GPR120 Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious disease affecting human health. Numerous attempts have been made to develop safe and effective new antidiabetic drugs. Recently, a series of G protein-coupled receptors for free fatty acids (FFAs) have been described and characterized, and small molecule agonists and antagonists of these receptors show considerable promise for managing diabetes and related complications. FFA-activated GPR120 could stimulate the release of glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1), which can enhance the glucose-dependent secretion of insulin from pancreatic β cells. GPR120 is a promising target for treating type 2 DM (T2DM). Herein we designed and synthesized a series of novel GPR120 agonists based on the structure of TUG-891, which was the first potent and selective GPR120 agonist. Among the designed compounds, 18 f showed excellent GPR120 activation activity and high selectivity for GPR40 in vitro. Compound 18 f dose-dependently improved glucose tolerance in normal mice, and no hypoglycemic side effects were observed at high dose. In addition, compound 18 f increased insulin release and displayed good antidiabetic effect in diet-induced obese mice. Molecular simulations illustrated that compound 18 f could enter the active site of GPR120 and interact with Arg99. Based on these observations, compound 18 f may be a promising lead compound for the design of novel GPR120 agonists to treat T2DM.     

2型糖尿病相关基因在人和食蟹猴外周血白细胞中的表达模式

2型糖尿病(T2DM)是一种多因素相关的复杂的代谢性疾病。采用实时PCR技术了解51个T2DM相关基因mRNA在健康和糖尿病人/食蟹猴外周血白细胞中的表达模式。结果表明,与健康组相比,糖尿病猴中有34个基因表达量差异显著(P<0.05),约为66.7%,其中24个基因表达上调(P<0.05);而糖尿病人中有26个基因表达量差异显著(P<0.05),约为50.1%,其中16个基因表达上调(P<0.05),这些基因表达受到糖代谢、脂肪代谢、炎症等方面的影响。糖尿病人与食蟹猴样本中有18个基因都存在差异性表达(P<0.05),表达模式基本一致。因此,食蟹猴可以作为研究糖尿病的较理想的模式动物,外周血白细胞基因的表达模式可以为糖尿病早期诊断和预后评价提供重要指标。     

大黄鱼人工诱导雌核发育后代的微卫星标记分析

通过冷休克法诱导2组大黄鱼雌核发育,并采用6对微卫星标记引物 （C7、C13、C27、C44、D19、F27）对雌核发育家系G1、G2中24尾鱼苗及双亲进行PCR扩增,并进行微卫星标记比较分析。结果表明：冷休克诱导雌核发育二倍体获得了35.3%的孵化率和45日龄9.9%的成活率;有4对引物可扩增出清晰的亲本差异条带,其中引物C44、C27扩增结果显示G1子代中均未出现雄鱼基因,全部为雌核发育产物,C27扩增结果显示G2子代中也未出现雄鱼基因,但D19扩增结果显示G2子代中有3尾出现雄鱼基因,属正常受精个体,两家系后代的基因纯合率分别达93.8%和72.9%,平均为83.3%。研究表明雌核发育是促进基因纯合的一个有效途径,微卫星标记技术是是鱼类雌核发育鉴定和遗传分析的有效方法。     

人IA-2基因的部分区段克隆表达及其在1型糖尿病诊断中的应用价值评估

目的:构建人IA-2基因不同区段原核表达载体,诱导表达获得重组蛋白,并初步验证其在1型糖尿病蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶自身抗体检测中的价值。方法:用RT-PCR方法调取目的基因,构建相应的原核表达质粒,转化大肠杆菌HB101,诱导表达获得纯化重组蛋白;以重组蛋白为包被抗原,初步建立检测蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶自身抗体的ELISA方法,评价各片段在1型糖尿病诊断中的价值。结果:获得了2种可被1型糖尿病患者血清识别的重组人蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶抗原区段IA-2(601～979)和IA-2(683～979),检测敏感性和特异性相当,但IA-2(683～979)检测的阳性D450nm值明显高于IA-2(601～979),成为首选的抗原区段。结论:所选重组人IA-2(683～979)抗原区段具有良好的抗原性,可作为1型糖尿病患者辅助诊断试剂的候选抗原。     

锌转运蛋白8与1型和2型糖尿病的研究进展

ZnT8(zinc transporter,member8)是锌离子转运蛋白,主要定位于胰岛β细胞,能将胞浆锌离子转运至胰岛素储存/分泌性囊泡内,其转运功能降低会影响胰岛素合成、储存和分泌,能增加2型糖尿病(T2DM)的发病风险。ZnT8蛋白也可作为抗原引起β细胞自身免疫损伤,诱发1型糖尿病(T1DM)。ZnT8基因多态性是引起其锌离子转运功能和免疫原性变化的重要因素,与糖尿病的发生、发展密切相关。该文综述了ZnT8与T1DM和T2DM的研究进展,提示ZnT8可作为糖尿病防治的新药物靶点。     

Calpain10基因多态性与2 型糖尿病的相关性研究

目的：探讨钙蛋白酶10（Calpain10）基因第3内含子SNP19多态性在湖北汉族人群2型糖尿痛发生发展中的作用。方法：采用同胞对（家系内对照）和随机病例-对照两种实验设计,结合聚合酶链反应-限制性片断长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）．技术分析共403个样本的Calpain10基因第3内合子SNP19多态性,并测定身高、体重、腰围、臀围、血压和空腹血糖等生理指标。结果：两种实验设计中对照组与病例组的基因型和基因频率均无显著差异（PO．05）。结论：Calpain10基因SNP19多态性在湖北汉族人群2型糖尿病的发生发展中可能不起主要作用。     

2型糖尿病模型大鼠肝脏脂代谢相关基因的筛选及生物信息学分析

肝的脂肪代谢异常和胰岛素抵抗（insulin resistance,IR）对促进2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM）的发生与发展具有显著影响。但此过程复杂,参与调控基因目前尚未完全清楚。有研究表明,脂肪酸分解、氨基酸代谢、肝糖原合成等生物过程对糖尿病的形成具有促进作用。为了阐明这一调控机制,本文通过基因芯片技术研究GK（Goto-Kakizaki）大鼠和WKY（Wistar-Kyoto）大鼠肝差异基因对肝的脂肪代谢和胰岛素抵抗的影响,探讨可引起2型糖尿病发病的分子机制。从基因表达数据库（GEO）获取GSE13271基因表达谱,并对原始数据进行标准化处理。通过GO（Gene Ontology）、KEGG（Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment）、String和Cytoscape软件对差异表达基因进行功能分析。结果从GK和WKY大鼠中分别获得179和278个差异基因,同时从排名前10的路径中筛选出21个差异基因(Aldh1a1, Cyp2c22, bp2,Fabp7,Cyp4a3, Acot1, Acot2,Hsd17b2, Ech1, Hmgcl,Bdh1, Crot, Pex11a, Cpt1a, Hadhb, Gda, Elovl2, Prodh, Agpat3, Sardh, Pigu),将这些基因与前10个的GO term取交集。最终得到10个显著差异基因(Aldh1a1, Fabp2, Acot1, Acot2, Ech1, Hmgcl, Bdh1, Crot, Cpt1a, Hadhb),功能分析结果显示,肝组织相关基因通过一系列生物过程对肝的脂肪代谢和胰岛素抵抗产生调节作用,从而也为临床糖尿病的治疗以及新作用靶点的发现提供更多参考依据。     

高糖高脂饮食联合注射STZ制备2型糖尿病大鼠缺血性心脏病模型

目的：制备2型糖尿病缺血性心脏病大鼠模型。方法：雄性Wistar大鼠20只,随机分为正常组和糖尿病模型组（n=10）。糖尿病模型组给予高糖高脂饮食饲喂4周后,一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素40mg/kg,制备糖尿病大鼠模型。每周常规监测血糖、血清胰岛素、体重的变化。糖尿病模型组与正常组大鼠,使用BL-41O生物机能试验系统,每周测定肢体2导联心电图。最后检测血清中的肌酸激酶和乳酸脱氢酶的含量。结果：高糖高脂饲料饲喂4周后胰岛素升高至4．05ng/ml,糖尿病模型组注射SIZ后空腹血糖迅速升高,达到17．9mmol/L。在第14周,糖尿病模型组出现S-T段抬高,并且与正常组比较,血清肌酸激酶（creatine kinase,CK）和乳酸脱氢酶（lactate dehydrogenase,LDH）均升高。结论：本实验成功建立的2型糖尿病缺血性心脏病大鼠模型,为研究糖尿病缺血性心脏病提供理想的动物模型。     

胰高血糖素样肽-1在胰腺中作用机制的研究进展

胰高血糖素样肽-1（GLP-1）是胰高血糖素原基因编码的一种激素,主要由肠道L细胞产生并分泌进入血液。GLP-1能激活胰腺、肾脏、肺、胃、心脏和脑等组织中存在的特异性G蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）。通过GLP-1受体（GLP-1R）的激活,活化腺苷酸环化酶,产生3＇,5＇-环腺苷酸,随后通过cAMP依赖性第二信使途径激活蛋白激酶A和鸟苷酸交换因子。大量围绕胰岛素产生细胞——β细胞开展的研究证明,GLP-1短期作用能够加强葡萄糖依赖性的胰岛素分泌作用,持续的GLP-1R激活也能增加胰岛素的合成,促进β细胞的增殖和新生,抑制β细胞凋亡。GLP-1在胰岛素和胰高血糖素分泌方面的独特作用引发了大量针对GLP-1受体激动剂的研究。我们对胰腺中GLP-1R激活所产生作用的机制进行简要综述。