糖蛋白的研究进展

糖蛋白是由糖链与多肽链以多种形式共价修饰而形成的一类重要生理活性物质.糖蛋白在生物体内种类繁多,分布广泛,具有重要的功能.糖蛋白的性质及功能和糖链的结构有关,因此糖蛋白中糖链的结构及作用机制研究成为生物学基础理论的课题之一.就近年来糖蛋白研究中糖蛋白样品的提取分离、糖链释放及结构分析的技术方法及研究领域作了简要介绍.     

基于超滤膜辅助的糖蛋白全N-连接糖链的富集和质谱解析

糖基化作为一种常见的蛋白质翻译后修饰,对蛋白质的空间结构、生物功能等具有重要的影响.解析糖蛋白糖链结构有助于更清楚地认识糖蛋白及其功能.本研究建立了一种基于超滤膜富集血清中糖蛋白全N-连接糖链,并利用质谱技术对糖链结构进行分析的方法.根据糖蛋白及其糖链结构之间的分子质量差异,利用Millipore公司的10 ku超滤膜富集血清糖蛋白上酶解(PNGase F)释放的全N-连接糖链,并使用MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS解析糖链结构.通过该技术可以从血清中富集并鉴定到23种独特的N-连接的糖链结构,并且利用二级质谱进行了结构确认.该方法可以被用于从大量生物样本中富集糖蛋白全N-连接糖链,可以达到快速、高通量地解析糖蛋白N-连接糖链的目的.     

鲫鱼籽唾液酸糖蛋白的N糖链结构及生物活性

鲫鱼是常规食用淡水鱼,其鱼籽含有大量唾液酸化糖蛋白.对鲫鱼籽糖蛋白进行纯化,研究其N糖链结构和生物活性.结果 发现:鲫鱼籽糖蛋白分子量主要分布在19.7×104、2.7×104和2.2×104左右.利用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI TOF MS)解析主要糖蛋白上N糖链,发现其N糖链结构主要为双天线型或三...     

佛波酯能改变细胞表面糖蛋白N—糖链的结构

利用标记Ｎ－糖链的凝集素亲和层析法研究了佛波醇肉桂酸乙酸酯对人肝癌细胞ＳＭＭＣ－７７２１表面糖蛋白上Ｎ－糖链结构的影响,发现１００ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＰＭＡ处理５天后,可使细胞表面Ｎ－糖链中高甘露糖型和杂合型以及四天线,Ｃ２Ｃ２,６三天线复杂型的比例增高,而二天线复杂型降低,此结果与我们曾报道的视黄酸和双丁酰环磷酸腺苷对该细胞表面Ｎ－糖链的影响相反。因ＲＡ和ｄｂ－ｃＡＭＰ是ＳＭＭＣ－７７２１细胞的分化诱     

小球藻糖蛋白的分离、纯化和结构分析

采用柱层析分离纯化小球藻糖蛋白,并对其进行结构分析。结果表明,小球藻糖蛋白为白色粉末,产率为鲜藻的0．28％,易溶于水,分子量约为65,000Da,属O-连接方式,蛋白质含量为12．01％,糖链部分含有岩藻糖、阿拉伯糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖。     

糖蛋白的糖形（续）

糖蛋白的糖形（续）王克夷（中国科学院上海生物化学研究所,上海２０００３１）３．糖形和糖蛋白功能研究［２、５］糖蛋白上糖链的功能是多方面的。粗略他说,糖链的功能可归结为４个方面：一是作为没有糖基个性的一种亲水的信号,进而影响到整个糖蛋白的亲水和疏水的平...     

佛波酯能改变细胞表面糖蛋白N－糖链的结构

利用标记Ｎ－糖链的凝集素亲和层析法研究了佛波醇肉桂酸乙酸酯（ＰＭＡ）对人肝癌细胞ＳＭＭＣ－７７２１表面糖蛋白上Ｎ－糖链结构的影响,发现１００ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＰＭＡ处理５天后,可使细胞表面Ｎ－糖链中高甘露糖型和杂合型以及四天线、Ｃ２Ｃ２,６三天线复杂型的比例增高,而二天线复杂型降低。此结果与我们曾报道的视黄酸（ＲＡ）和双丁配环磷酸腺苷（ｄｂ－ｃＡＭＰ）对该细胞表面Ｎ－糖链的影响相反。因ＲＡ和ｄｂ－ｃＡＭＰ是ＳＭＭＣ－７７２１细胞的分化诱导剂,可抑制细胞生长;而ＰＭＡ是该细胞的增殖促进剂,故细胞表面Ｎ－糖链的变化与细胞的分化和增殖密切相关。     

N—糖链在细胞粘附中的作用

参与细胞与细胞,细胞与基质相互作用的细胞粘附分子均为含Ｎ－糖链的蛋白,Ｎ－糖链在细胞的识别、粘附过程中起一定的作用。本文就纤维蛋白、层粘连蛋白、整合蛋白、选择蛋白和凝集素受体等分子中Ｎ－糖链与细胞识别和粘附关系加以讨论。     

猪传染性胃肠炎病毒S蛋白在乳酸菌中的表达

目的：构建猪传染性胃肠炎病毒S蛋白的细胞内表达重组乳酸乳球菌,确定其最佳表达条件,为重组乳酸菌作为口服疫苗防治猪传染性胃肠炎奠定基础。方法：根据猪传染性胃肠炎病毒纤突（S）蛋白的全基因序列及表达载体质粒的基因融合特点,设计一对引物,进行PCR,获得含有TGEV S基因4个主要抗原位点的约2000bp目的片段,将其与表达载体质粒pNZ8048进行连接,通过电转化进入宿主菌乳酸乳球菌NZ9000细胞内,在乳链菌肽（Nisin）的诱导下进行表达,确定最佳表达条件;并通过SDS-PAGE进行检测和Western-blot分析表达蛋白活性。结果：成功获得了TGEV S蛋白在乳酸乳球菌细胞内的表达并且表达的蛋白具有TGE全病毒的抗原性。确定了乳酸乳球菌表达TGEV S蛋白的最佳表达条件为在以1ng/ml的乳链杆菌肽nisin诱导下,诱导后3h,重组蛋白表达效率达最高,重组蛋白约占菌体总蛋白含量的8．7％。结论：在乳酸乳球菌细胞内表达的重组TGEV S蛋白获得了理想表达,为进一步研制开发防治TGE口服疫苗提供物质基础。     

北京地区人偏肺病毒膜表面糖蛋白G编码基因和特征的分析

为了解北京地区人偏肺病毒(hMPV)膜表面糖蛋白G编码基因的特征,提取2003年和2004年各6份hMPV阳性的临床呼吸道标本中的RNA,经用随机引物合成cDNA后,用特异性引物扩增G蛋白全基因,克隆至pBS-T载体中并进行测序。用生物软件与GenBank中hMPV的基因序列进行比较和种系进化分析。12株hMPV可以分为两个主要的进化簇1和2。每个进化簇还可以再分为不同的亚进化簇。3株(2003年)hMPV属于进化簇1;9株(3株2003年和6株2004年)hMPV属于进化簇2。这12株hMPV G蛋白基因的核苷酸长度在624~711nt,使用了两种不同的终止密码,编码的氨基酸长度为208~236 aa,蛋白质分子量为22.9~25.8kD。与进化簇2相比,进化簇1的3株hMPV都出现了3个核苷酸的缺失,但未改变读码框架。同一进化簇内的hMPV G蛋白基因核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为95.7%~100%和91.8%~100%,不同进化簇间的核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为56.3%~57.4%和34.3%~38.2%。疏水性分析表明这12株hMPV G蛋白是典型的Ⅱ型跨膜锚定蛋白,分别与两个进化簇代表株的疏水图一致。这些hMPV的G蛋白氨基酸的替换集中在胞外区。它们都含有高百分比的脯氨酸(P)、丝氨酸(S)和苏氨酸(T),含有相当数量的位于胞外区的O-连接糖基化位点。这些hMPV的G蛋白的N-连接糖基化位点数目和位置不尽相同。通过对G蛋白基因的分析显示,2003年和2004年北京地区流行的hMPV分属于两种不同的进化簇。基因分析显示hMPV的G蛋白是高糖基化的膜表面蛋白,具有与同属于副粘病毒科、肺病毒亚科的人呼吸道合胞病毒(hRSV)的G蛋白相似的基因特征,推测其功能和在感染免疫中的作用相当于hRSV的G蛋白,但有待进一步深入研究予以证实。     

光、糖与激素影响植物花色素苷合成与积累的研究进展(综述)

次生代谢物质花色素苷存在于植物的叶片、花、果实和种子的表皮细胞的液泡中,是一类使这些器官呈现从红色到黑色等系列颜色的水溶性色素。其合成过程不仅受到基因的调控,还受多种因素影响。首先是光通过信号转导途径直接或间接地调节相关酶基因表达的过程;其次是糖,常与光相互作用协调控制花着色;激素也是影响花色素苷合成的一个重要因素,往往通过影响植物体内的代谢过程和植物基因的表达来影响花色素苷的合成和积累。本文综述近20年来该领域的研究进展。     

Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein Shares an Antigenic Determinant with a Glycoprotein of Human Melanoma Cells

A sulfated 100K-dalton glycoprotein has been shown to be released into the culture medium of melanoma cells. Monoclonal antibodies 10C5 and 11B5, which were raised to human melanoma cells, as well as HNK-1 bind to this glycoprotein. It is shown here that mouse anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) carbohydrate antibodies raised to human MAG and a human IgM paraprotein associated with neuropathy also bind to the same 100K molecule. However, anti-MAG antibodies recognizing peptide epitopes do not appear to react with this glycoprotein of melanoma cells, a result suggesting that its similarity to MAG is restricted to shared carbohydrate moieties. The anti-melanoma antibodies (10C5 and 11B5) resemble HNK-1 in binding to MAG and to some 19-28K-dalton glycoproteins and sulfated, glucuronic acid-containing sphingoglycolipids of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). In addition, the anti-melanoma antibodies cross-react with neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM), an observation emphasizing the shared antigenicity between MAG and other adhesion molecules. The results demonstrate that the anti-melanoma antibodies fall into a class of monoclonal antibodies (including HNK-1, human IgM paraproteins associated with neuropathy, anti-human MAG antibodies, and L2 antibodies) that are characterized by reactivity against related carbohydrate determinants shared by human MAG, N-CAM, and several protein and lipid glycoconjugates of the PNS.     

Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein: Electron Microscopic Immunocytochemical Localization in Compact Developing and Adult Central Nervous System Myelin

Light microscopic immunocytochemical studies have shown that myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is localized in myelin of the developing CNS; but in the adult, MAG appears to be restricted to periaxonal regions of myelinated fibers. To extend these observations, we embedded optic nerves of 15-day-old rats, adult rats, and an adult human in epon after aldehyde and osmium tetroxide fixation. After 5% H2O2 pretreatment, thin sections were immunostained with 1:250-1:5,000 rabbit antiserum to rat CNS MAG according to the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method. Dense deposits of reaction product covered compact myelin in both developing and adult optic nerves. When we used 1:500, 1:1,000, and 1:2,000 anti-MAG, less intense immunostaining of myelin was found. We also obtained the same localization in compact myelin with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method. With 1:250 anti-MAG, dense deposits of reaction product were not observed on axolemmal membranes or on oligodendroglial membranes located periaxonally and paranodally. In thin sections of adult human optic nerve, anti-MAG also stained compact myelin intensely. When thin sections of rat and human optic nerves were treated with preimmune or absorbed serum, no immunostaining was observed. Immunoblot tests showed that our MAG antisera did not react with any non-MAG myelin proteins. In contrast with earlier light microscopic data, this study shows that MAG localization does not change during CNS development; both developing and adult compact myelin sheaths contain MAG. As many biochemical studies also show that MAG is present in compact myelin, we suggest that this 100,000 dalton glycoprotein now be called myelin glycoprotein (MGP) instead of MAG.     

IgE-reactive 60 kDa Glycoprotein Occurring in Wheat Flour

A new IgE-reactive glycoprotein with a molecular size of 60 kDa was isolated from wheat flour. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the protein was LDPDESEXVTRYFRIR. The 8th amino acid residue would have been Asn to which the peroxidase-type giycochain was attached. The IgE-binding activity of the glycoprotein was rendered negligible by the enzymatic treatment applied for hypoallergenic flour production.     

羊输卵管液中发情相关糖蛋白的性质研究

哺乳动物输卵管液为受精和早期受精卵的发育提供了一个理想的生理生化环境。人们对输卵管液的成分已进行了初步研究,其中发情相关糖蛋白（ＥＧＰ）是被研究的成分之一。ＥＧＰ仅存在在排卵核受精前后的输卵管液中。当受精卵进入子宫区,输卵管液中的ＥＧＰ就消失了。显然,ＥＧＰ是与哺乳动物的早期发育过程密切相关的。尽管人们对ＥＧＰ的确切生理功能尚不清楚,但作为第一步,首先弄清ＥＧＰ的理化性质是十分重要的。本文目的在于研究羊输卵管液中ＥＧＰ的理化性质。本文采用单向（１Ｄ）、双向（２Ｄ）ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯胺凝胶电泳（ＰＡＧＥ）和等电聚胶电泳（ＩＥＦ）,结合Ｗｃｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ技术对ＥＧＰ的性质进行了研究。由于单克隆抗体及花生凝集素（ＰｅａｎｕｔＡｇｇｌｕｔｉｎｉｎ）和ＥＧＰ相结合的专一性很高,所以不必事先对ＥＧＰ进行纯化就可直接进行分析,我们的结果证明羊ＥＧＰ包括两种蛋白质,一种是酸性蛋白,它的等电点为数４．５;另一种是碱性蛋白,其等电点是８．０;这两种蛋白亚基的分子量相同,都是１０ＫＤ。从不同物种间ＥＧＰ这些理化数据上比较,羊和狒狒的非常接近,但和其他动物的有很多不同。我们认为来自不同动物的ＥＧＰ可能是一类性质相同的蛋白质,具有相     

Metabolism of Functional Groups Modifying the CNS Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein

We have examined the metabolic turnover of the peptide backbone of the CNS myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and of the fucose and sulfate groups modifying this protein. Rats (20 or 90 days old) were injected intracranially with mixtures of [3H]fucose and [14C]glycine, [3H]glycine and [35S]sulfuric acid, or [3H]fucose and [35S]sulfuric acid. At times ranging from 30 min to 4 weeks later, myelin was isolated, and radioactivity in MAG was determined following electrophoretic separation. Following the peak of incorporation, glycine-derived radioactivity in the MAG peptide backbone declined several-fold during the first week and was then metabolically stable (half-life much greater than 1 month). Declines with time in [3H]fucose- and [35S]sulfate-derived radioactivity in MAG were similar to that of [3H]glycine, an observation indicating that the fucose and sulfate groups modifying MAG are metabolized together with the peptide backbone as a single metabolic entity. These results were confirmed by experiments involving selective immunoprecipitation of MAG. The rates of incorporation of labeled glycine, fucose, and sulfate into MAG all decreased approximately 12-fold between 20 days of age and adulthood, a finding providing further evidence for concerted turnover of the entire molecule. Because of this concerted turnover, we suggest that functional groups modifying MAG serve some permanent structural role in protein configuration.     

Differential Phosphorylation of Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein Isoforms in Cell Culture

The alternative splicing of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) mRNA generates two isoforms that harbor distinct potential phosphorylation sites in their cytoplasmic tails. Here we characterize the in vivo phosphorylation of MAG isoforms in NIH 3T3 cells transfected with the cDNAs encoding the two isoforms of MAG. Our results demonstrate that the longer isoform, L-MAG, is phosphorylated constitutively mainly on serine, but also on threonine and tyrosine residues. This phosphorylation is subject to change by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and ammonium vanadate, but not by dibutyryl-cyclic AMP. The shorter isoform, S-MAG, is constitutively phosphorylated only on serine residues. While TPA and dibutyryl-cyclic AMP have no detectable effect, ammonium vanadate induces tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation in S-MAG. 32P labeling of v-src-transformed NIH 3T3 cells that express L-MAG also show that L-MAG is likely to be an in vivo substrate for pp60v-src tyrosine kinase activity. These results demonstrate that both MAG isoforms are phosphorylated in a heterologous cell system and that this phosphorylation is subject to pharmacological manipulation.