以Zeocin Candida抗性基因为选择标glycerinogenes记的遗传转化

为从分子水平上阐释产甘油假丝酵母（Candida glverinogenes）高产甘油机理,建立一种方便可行的遗传转化系统是十分必要的。与G418和潮霉素等抗生素相比,Zeoein抗生素对C．glycerinogenes具有较低的致死浓度。以pGAPZb作为构建整合载体的骨架,以Zeocin抗性基因作为选择标记,以URA3基因作为整合位点,构建了C．glycerinogenes整合载体pGA-CU。整合载体经过限制酶线性化后用作转化载体,基于电击转化的方法成功获得了抗Zeocin的转化子并经过PCR分析进一步确证。通过优化电击转化的参数,获得了较为稳定的转化效率,基于这一技术的转化效率每微克DNA可获得120个转化子。为进一步研究该菌株的遗传背景和代谢机理奠定了基础。     

REMI介导电转化产甘油假丝酵母

为了分离耐高渗和甘油代谢相关基因,以Zeocin为选择标记,利用REMI技术电转化产甘油假丝酵母Candida glycerinogenes。考察了7种限制性内切酶对转化的影响,选择HindIII进一步优化了转化的几个条件。结果表明,在OD600≈1.3时收集细胞,在1.5kV电压下,感受态细胞浓度为2.0×109个细胞/mL,100U Hind III时,能获得129个转化子/μgDNA的较高转化率,58%的转化子稳定,表明REMI技术适合于产甘油假丝酵母的转化。     

鲁氏酵母3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶基因（ZrGPD1）在粉状毕赤酵母中的表达

为探索在野生型粉状毕赤酵母（Pichia farinosa）中整合表达来源于耐高渗鲁氏酵母（Zygosacharomyces rouxii）的3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶基因（ZrGPD1）以提高产甘油能力的可行性,应用PCR方法从P. farinosa的染色体中扩增出乳清苷酸脱羧酶基因（URA3）片段,以此作为同源整合的靶序列,构建了整合型表达载体pUR-ZG。电击转化粉状毕赤酵母,以抗生素Zeocin为筛选标记,获得转化子pfa-gu,摇瓶发酵结果表明：以P. farinosa作为对照菌株,发酵72h后,转化子pfa-gu的生物量和甘油含量均高于对照菌株,其中甘油含量达到37g/L,比对照提高了30%。结论：在P. farinosa中异源表达ZrGPD1能够提高细胞的产甘油能力和对渗透压的调节能力。     

红曲霉不同转化方法比较

为了研究红曲霉聚酮体途径,考察和比较了4种不同的转化方法以建立有效的红曲霉遗传转化系统。以潮霉素作为抗性筛选标记,pBC-Hygro作为转化载体,用基于原生质体的传统转化和电击转化、基于萌发孢子的电击转化以及REMI技术转化红曲霉。发现基于萌发孢子的电击转化由于转化率极低而不适于红曲霉转化。基于原生质体的传统转化和电击转化尽管每微克DNA分别能获得135个转化子和125个转化子,但因转化子稳定性差也适合红曲霉转化的转化。应用REMI技术,转化率提高约20倍,每微克DNA 2500个转化子,70%～75%的转化子的稳定,非常适合于红曲霉的转化。      

新一代高产甘油重组菌的构建及其初步发酵

产甘油假丝酵母(Candida glycerinogenes WL2002-5)是一株发酵生产甘油的工业化菌株。为进一步提高其产甘油能力,本研究利用前期研究中成功克隆的产甘油假丝酵母中甘油合成关键酶3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶基因CgGPD1,构建根癌农杆菌双元载体pCAM3300-zeocin-CgGPD1后,电击转化根癌农杆菌LBA4404,通过根癌农杆菌介导法(ATMT)转化产甘油假丝酵母,构建了产甘油假丝酵母重组菌。并从中筛选出一株酶活力和产甘油性能较好的产甘油假丝酵母重组菌株C.g-G8。以葡萄糖为底物摇瓶发酵96h后,重组菌C.g-G8的甘油产量比野生型菌株Candida glycerinogene提高18.06%,平均耗糖速率提高12.97%,平均酶活力提高27.55%。本研究成功利用ATMT法转化产甘油假丝酵母构建新一代高产甘油菌株。     

小球藻细胞壁缺陷型突变体的筛选及转化系统的建立

由于高效、稳定遗传转化系统的缺乏,小球藻遗传改良以及油脂代谢机理的研究等工作难以进行。研究旨在通过筛选获得小球藻Chlorella vulgaris细胞壁缺陷型突变体,在此基础上建立其转化系统。首先通过紫外诱变获得小球藻Chlorella vulgaris的突变体库,基于细胞壁缺陷型突变体在1% Triton X-100处理后叶绿素会释放到上清中的原理,利用酶标仪高通量地从约4000个突变体中筛选获得10株细胞壁缺陷的小球藻。同时以小球藻内源性-tubulin的启动子和终止子作为启动子和终止子,以AphⅧ (Aminoglycoside 3'-Phosphotransferase type Ⅷ)作为报告基因构建了转化载体pHK203。通过优化电转缓冲液组分和电击参数,确定了细胞壁缺陷型突变体CWD-3的最佳转化条件,即2 g pHK203,ddH2O作为电转缓冲液,1500 V,525 ,50 F的电击条件下,转化效率可达到40个转化子/g DNA。研究为小球藻Chlorella vulgaris的油脂代谢通路和遗传改良提供了技术基础,同时由于可降低破壁成本,筛选获得的细胞壁缺陷型突变体适于工业化生产小球藻藻粉。     

利用可重复使用的URA3标记基因建立热带假丝酵母基因敲除系统

热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)在发酵工业中具有重要的应用潜力,但二倍体遗传结构和较低的遗传转化效率限制了其代谢工程育种技术的应用。建立可靠的遗传转化技术并高效的删除目的基因是代谢工程改造热带假丝酵母的重要前提。文章以C. tropicalis ATCC 20336为出发菌株,通过化学诱变筛选获得了尿嘧啶缺陷型突变株C. tropicalis XZX(ura3/ura3)。以丙酮酸脱羧酶(Pyruvate decarboxylase,PDC)基因作为靶基因构建了两端包含同源臂并在选择性标记C. tropicalis URA3(Orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase,乳清酸核苷-5-磷酸脱羧酶)基因两侧同向插入源于沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)的hisG序列的基因敲除盒PDC1-hisG-URA3-hisG- PDC1(PHUHP),并转化宿主菌株C. tropicalis XZX,筛选获得PHUHP片段正确整合到染色体的PDC基因位点的转化子XZX02。在此基础上,将转化子XZX02涂布于5-FOA(5-氟乳清酸)选择培养基上,筛选得到URA3基因从PHUHP片段中丢失的营养缺陷型菌株XZX03。进一步构建了第2个PDC等位基因的删除表达盒PDCm- URA3-PDCm,并转化C. tropicalis XZX03菌株,获得转化子C. tropicalis XZX04。经PCR和DNA测序确认转化子C. tropicalis XZX04细胞染色体上的两个PDC等位基因被成功敲除。文章建立了一种营养缺陷型标记可重复使用的热带假丝酵母遗传转化技术,利用该技术成功敲除了细胞的PDC基因,为进一步利用代谢工程改造热带假丝酵母奠定了基础。     

农杆菌介导的小孢拟盘多毛孢遗传转化及突变体筛选

本研究通过农杆菌EHA105介导的方法,以含潮霉素抗性基因和GFP基因的双元载体pCAMBgfp为转化载体,对小孢拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis microspora KFRD-2菌株进行遗传转化。基于潮霉素及GFP荧光抗性进行转化子的初步筛选,随后,进一步对转化子的菌落特征、菌丝生长速率、产孢量、荧光稳定性及致病力进行验证。结果获得阳性转化子100余株,转化效率达200个转化子/10⁶个孢子。大部分转化子与野生型菌株无明显形态及致病力差异。同时,获得了14株菌丝形态、产孢量或致病力与野生型存在明显差异的突变株,可用于小孢拟盘多毛孢关键致病基因的挖掘验证及致病机理等研究。     

根癌农杆菌介导的黑曲霉遗传转化体系的建立及优化

基于根癌农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法的独特优点,研究黑曲霉转化过程中各主要影响因素,建立高效的黑曲霉遗传转化方法。构建双元载体pBI-hph,通过电转导入农杆菌LBA4404中,以黑曲霉TCCC41056为受体菌株,利用潮霉素B基因作为筛选标记,对影响转化效率的孢子悬液的新鲜程度及浓度、农杆菌菌液浓度、共培养时间、共培养温度这五个条件进行分析,建立根癌农杆菌介导的黑曲霉遗传转化体系。实验结果表明,上述条件对黑曲霉的转化效率有较大的影响,通过优化,黑曲霉转化效率可达83个转化子/10⁷分生孢子;整合到黑曲霉基因组的外源基因可以稳定遗传,在转接10代后遗传性能仍保持稳定,并在众多转化子中筛选得到了糖化酶活力提高18%的黑曲霉突变株。根癌农杆菌介导的黑曲霉转化体系的建立,为进一步研究黑曲霉的功能基因以及开发黑曲霉表达系统提供了有力的手段。     

产朊假丝酵母整合表达载体的构建

[目的]构建一个产朊假丝酵母(Candida utilis,C.utilis)整合表达载体.[方法]该载体以质粒pBR322为骨架,包括3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAP)启动子和终止子、放线菌酮(CYH)抗性基因和18S rDNA介导的同源整合区.再以木聚糖酶基因为目标基因,插入pGLR9K载体上,构建重组表达载体,电击转化C.utilis.对阳性转化子进行酶活测定,检测其表达情况.[结果]转化子的胞内外都可检测到木聚糖酶酶活,酶活可达60 U/mL.[结论]本实验构建了一个C.utilis载体,并用此载体表达了木聚糖酶基因,本研究将为产朊假丝酵母工程菌在饲料添加剂及食品行业中的应用提供又一个新的实验平台.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细