樟子松人工林树冠表面积及体积预估模型的研究

基于樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica)人工林6块固定标准地30株枝解析数据,在分析树冠表面积和树冠体积与林分变量和林木变量的基础上,利用幂函数建立了树冠表面积（CSA）和树冠体积(CV)的预估模型,同时还对林木材积生长量与CSA和CV进行了相关分析。研究结果表明：樟子松人工林树冠表面积和树冠体积随着林木胸径、树高和冠长的增大而增大,林木材积生长量与树冠表面积和树冠体积均明显呈线性关系。不同林分条件的樟子松人工林CSA和CV随林分年龄和胸径的增大而增大,CSA随林分密度的增大而减小,而CV与林分密度相关不紧密。林分树冠表面积和树冠体积预估模型的检验结果表明,两个模型的平均相对误差都在±8%之内,预估精度均大于91%,说明所建模型可以很好地预估樟子松人工林不同林分条件下的林木树冠表面积和树冠体积。     

樟子松人工林一级枝条基径和枝长模型的研究

以东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场樟子松人工林为研究对象,采用枝解析的方法,于2002年、2003年测定了53株林木（年龄17~38 a,直径8.61~21.5 cm,树高7.48~18.24 m）的树冠变量,建立了基于总着枝深度（DINC）和树冠内一级枝条基径（BD）、枝长（BL）的预估模型。对于大小相同树木的一级枝条, 这些树冠变量随着DINC的增加而增大,而林木的胸径（DBH）、树高（HT）变量又很好地反映了不同大小树木的基径和枝长的变化。采用独立检验样本对构建的树冠内一级枝条基径和枝长模型进行了拟合统计量和精度检验,结果表明：模型预测效果良好,精度均达到95%以上。构建的一级枝条基径和枝长模型为进一步合理地描述樟子松人工林树冠的形状及其变化以及三维可视化经营提供依据。     

樟子松人工林一级枝条基径和枝长模型的研究

以东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场樟子松人工林为研究对象,采用枝解析的方法,于2002年、2003年测定了53株林木（年龄17～38a,直径8．61～21．5cm,树高7．48～18．24m）的树冠变量,建立了基于总着枝深度（DINC）和树冠内一级枝条基径（BD）、枝长（BL）的预估模型。对于大小相同树木的一级枝条,这些树冠变量随着DINC的增加而增大,而林木的胸径（DBH）、树高（HT）变量又很好地反映了不同大小树木的基径和枝长的变化。采用独立检验样本对构建的树冠内一级枝条基径和枝长模型进行了拟合统计量和精度检验,结果表明：模型预测效果良好,精度均达到95％以上。构建的一级枝条基径和枝长模型为进一步合理地描述樟子松人工林树冠的形状及其变化以及三维可视化经营提供依据。     

The Effect of Forest Type on Benthic Macroinvertebrate Structure and Ecological Function in a Pine Plantation in the North Carolina Piedmont

We examined the impact of small-scale commercial forestry on the structure and function of 6 headwater streams in the North Carolina Piedmont. During 2001–2003 terrestrial organic matter inputs, temperature, macroinvertebrate community composition and tolerance, leaf breakdown rate, and food web structure were quantified for 2 streams draining mature stands of managed loblolly pine, 2 streams draining mature hardwood forests, and 2 streams draining 3-year-old clear cuts, which had been replanted with loblolly pine. Streams in the clear-cuts and pine plantations were bordered by a 15 m hardwood buffer. Despite differences in watershed land-use, there were no significant differences in the organic matter supply or temperature between streams draining different forest types. However, algal biomass was significantly higher in clear-cut sites than forested sites, and was also higher in hardwood sites than pine sites. Streams draining the clear-cut sites contained lower macroinvertebrate richness and diversity, and fewer intolerant species, than streams draining pine and hardwood stands. Despite the differences in macroinvertebrates community composition, there was no difference among forest types in leaf-pack breakdown rates. Analysis of δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C natural abundance of functional feeding group indicated that the shredders and predators collected from streams draining clear-cuts had a δ¹⁵N value that was enriched relative to the macroinvertebrates of streams draining pine and hardwood forests. This difference in δ¹⁵N signature appears to be the result of the incorporation of riparian grass species in the clear-cuts, which have a higher δ¹⁵N, into the diet of shredders. Pine sites had similar food webs to natural hardwood sites. Our results suggest that clear-cutting changes both the trophic dynamics and macroinvertebrate composition of low-order Piedmont streams in North Carolina despite the presence of hardwood buffers. However, large differences were not found between older pine and hardwood stands, indicating rapid recovery following re-growth of forest vegetation, when hardwood buffer strips were present.     

Presence of Nitrosospira cluster 2 bacteria corresponds to N transformation rates in nine acid Scots pine forest soils

The relation between environmental factors and the presence of ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB), and its consequences for the N transformation rates were investigated in nine Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest soils. In general, the diversity in AOB appears to be strikingly low compared to other ecosystems. Nitrosospira cluster 2, as determined by temporal temperature gradient electrophoresis and sequencing, was the only sequence cluster detected in the five soils with high nitrification rates. In the four soils with low nitrification rates, AOB-like sequences could not be detected. Differences in nitrification rates between the forest soils correlated to soil C/N ratio (or total N) and atmospheric N deposition.     

沙地樟子松人工林土壤磷素转化的根际效应

对大青沟自然保护区内不同年龄樟子松人工林根际和非根际土壤中不同形态磷素含量和酸性磷酸单酯酶（AP）活性进行了比较.结果表明,樟子松根系活动显著地提高了根际土壤有机碳含量及有机质的C/P比,增强了土壤微生物活动和AP活性,促进了有机磷的可利用性与矿化;显著地降低了土壤pH值,促进了Ca-P的溶解;从而提高了土壤磷素的有效性,促进了有机磷和Ca-P向Fe-P、Al-P的转化.与AP活性的根际效应相反,随林龄增加,樟子松对各形态磷素的根际效应逐渐增强,根际和非根际土壤中各形态磷素的变化趋势基本一致,土壤全磷和有机磷含量逐渐下降,而活性磷含量升高.为了保持土壤有机磷库和磷素的持续供应,必须对地被物予以保护.     

An estimation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) ecosystem productivity on reclaimed post-mining sites in Poland (central Europe) using of allometric equations

The work presents determination of the productivity of post-mining ecosystems (PME) derived from the aboveground biomass and annual biomass increment of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands. Single tree biomass assessment data from 42 cut trees were used in developing local allometric equations which may be used as an index during post-mining reforestation projects. The total biomass of pine ecosystems was determined from dendrometric measurements of sample plots with the use of elaborated equations. Forest floor vegetation was determined using the harvest method. Control plots were set up in the vicinity of the mining-sites at a managed forest on natural pine sites (NPS). Results confirm wide ecological amplitude of pine and indicate a high PME productivity on all substrates (2.79-4.34 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹).     

基于立地、土壤养分及其交互作用的湖南杉木人工林立地指数模型

研究林分立地因子、土壤养分因子及其交互作用对平均优势木生长的影响,分别构建含立地、土壤养分及其交互作用的立地指数模型,为杉木人工林立地质量评价提供一种新思路。基于40块湖南杉木人工林样地中平均优势木的解析木数据,采用数量化方法Ⅰ、随机森林算法、K-means聚类和非线性混合效应回归分析,确定显著影响优势高生长的立地与土壤养分因子;筛选最优基础模型并构建含立地、土壤养分及其交互效应的非线性混合立地指数模型,运用AIC、BIC和R²等3个评价指标评价模型拟合效果,导出最优立地指数模型。结果表明:对优势木平均高影响显著的因子为:海拔、坡度、土壤类型、有机质、全氮、全钾,立地因子显著性顺序为海拔 > 坡度 > 土壤类型,土壤养分因子重要性顺序为有机质 > 全氮 > 全钾;7个候选模型中最优基础模型为坎派兹式(Gompertz)(R²=0.6876,MAE=6.6922,RMSE=2.7448);构建含立地、土壤养分及其交互类型效应的混合模型精度分别提升至0.7827、0.7765、0.8400;以精度 ≥ 95%的标准聚类,构建含立地类型组、土壤养分类型组和立地-土壤养分交互类型组的混合模型精度相比基础模型分别提升了13.05%、12.52%和21.42%,相比各类型效应的混合模型AIC、BIC均有所降低。表明立地、土壤养分及其交互作用均对平均优势木生长有显著影响,含交互效应的混合模型拟合效果优于单独立地、土壤养分效应,基于立地-土壤养分交互类型组的多形立地指数曲线模拟平均优势木的生长规律更为准确,最终构建以立地-土壤养分交互类型组为随机效应的最优立地指数模型为:H_jSSNMTG=a_jSSNMTG×exp(-b×exp(-c×T_jSSNMTG))+ε_jSSNMTG,可以用于湖南复杂立地条件下杉木人工林立地质量评价。     

樟子松人工林原产地与不同自然降水梯度引种地土壤和植物叶片生态化学计量特征

降水格局是影响陆地生态系统结构和过程的重要环境要素,尤其对于干旱/半干旱地区,降水变化是植物生长驱动的关键生态因子。目前,针对降水变化对陆地生态系统C、N、P等元素生物地球化学循环过程影响开展了大量研究。然而,关于沙地樟子松重要引种地科尔沁沙地自然降水梯度下沙地樟子松人工林土壤、植物生态化学计量特征的研究未见报道。因此,本研究以樟子松原产地红花尔基和引种地科尔沁沙地自然降水梯度下4个典型沙地樟子松人工林为对象,研究樟子松引种地降水变化对土壤(0—10,10—20 cm和20—40 cm)和植物(1年和2年生叶)生态化学计量特征的影响。研究结果发现:(1)与红花尔基原产地樟子松人工林相比,科尔沁沙地引种的樟子松人工林土壤C、N、P元素含量显著降低;(2)科尔沁沙地自西向东,随降水量增加,沙地樟子松人工林土壤C、N、P含量以及C∶P和N∶P表现为逐渐增加趋势,而土壤C∶N呈减少趋势;(3)随着降水量增加,樟子松叶C含量呈下降趋势,叶N含量和N∶P比值呈增加趋势,植物叶P含量无一致性规律;(4)樟子松叶片P含量与土壤C、N、P含量呈极显著正相关关系,而叶片C和N含量与土壤C、N、P含量无显著相关性。研究表明,沙地樟子松引种地科尔沁沙地土壤C、N、P养分比较缺乏,且随着降水增加土壤N养分限制降低,而土壤P养分限制增加。本研究从生态化学计量特征角度,为今后开展科尔沁沙地不同降水梯度条件下引种樟子松人工林提供理论依据。     

降水变化对科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林土壤氮矿化和淋溶的影响

为研究降水量减少对沙地森林土壤氮循环过程的影响,以科尔沁沙地15年生樟子松人工林为研究对象,野外模拟不同降水量(自然降水、减少30%和50%)对沙地樟子松人工林土壤无机氮(SIN)含量、氮矿化速率和淋溶动态的影响。研究结果发现,沙地樟子松人工林SIN主要以硝态氮形态存在,模拟降水减少降低土壤硝态氮含量(P<0.05)和硝态氮/SIN值(P<0.001),而增加土壤铵态氮含量(P<0.05)。与自然降水相比,降水减少降低土壤净硝化速率和净矿化速率(P=0.002),但不同降雨处理的土壤净氨化速率差异不显著(P=0.86)。科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林土壤以硝态氮淋溶为主,不同降雨处理土壤硝态氮淋溶量差异不显著(P=0.09),但模拟降水减少降低土壤铵态氮淋溶(P=0.04)。此外,沙地樟子松人工林SIN含量、净氮矿化速率和淋溶量具有明显月动态特征,与降雨月动态规律基本一致。降水处理和采样时间对SIN含量和净氮矿化速率具有显著交互作用,但土壤氮淋溶量的交互作用不显著。可见,降水变化能够显著影响科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林土壤氮有效性、氮矿化速率和淋溶等过程,未来干旱加剧可能降低科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林土壤氮的可利用性。     

科尔沁沙地南缘樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)人工林天然更新障碍

针对科尔沁沙地南缘樟子松人工林不能天然更新的特征,从森林天然更新的必要条件出发,通过种子萌发、幼苗存活与生长所需条件的系列试验,探讨了科尔沁沙地南缘樟子松人工林不能天然更新的障碍特征。结果表明,沙地樟子松人工林不能天然更新的主要原因有:(1)由于土壤的干旱胁迫使沙地樟子松人工林中天然下种的种子很少有萌发的机会,尤其是在春季;(2)在水分条件相对充足的季节(秋季),樟子松种子能够萌发,但萌发产生的更新幼苗数量极少,即便这些更新幼苗得以存活,但由于沙地表层(0~5cm)与樟子松共生的外生菌根菌几乎不能存活而导致幼苗根系无法形成菌根,从而致使存活的樟子松幼苗抗旱、抗病能力非常弱,不能越冬,即不能更新。