2‐(Undecyloxy)‐ethanol is a major component of the male‐produced aggregation pheromone of Monochamus sutor

The small white‐marmorated longicorn beetle, Monochamus sutor (L.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is widely distributed throughout Europe and Asia. It is a potential vector of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle, the causal agent of the devastating pine wilt disease. Volatiles were collected from both male and female beetles after maturation feeding. In analyses of these collections using gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry, a single male‐specific compound was detected and identified as 2‐(undecyloxy)‐ethanol. In analyses by GC coupled to electroantennography the only consistent responses from both female and male antennae were to this compound. Trapping tests were carried out in Spain, Sweden, and China. 2‐(Undecyloxy)‐ethanol was attractive to both male and female M. sutor beetles. A blend of the bark beetle pheromones ipsenol, ipsdienol, and 2‐methyl‐3‐buten‐2‐ol was also attractive to both sexes in Spain and Sweden, and further increased the attractiveness of the 2‐(undecyloxy)‐ethanol. The host plant volatiles α‐pinene, 3‐carene, and ethanol were weakly attractive, if at all, in all three countries and did not significantly increase the attractiveness of the blend of 2‐(undecyloxy)‐ethanol and bark beetle pheromones. 2‐(Undecyloxy)‐ethanol is thus proposed to be the major, if not only, component of the male‐produced aggregation pheromone of M. sutor, and its role is discussed. This compound has been reported as a pheromone of several other Monochamus species and is another example of the parsimony that seems to exist among the pheromones of many of the Cerambycidae. Traps baited with 2‐(undecyloxy)‐ethanol and bark beetle pheromones should be useful for monitoring and control of pine wilt disease, should M. sutor be proven to be a vector of the nematode.     

Combining pheromone and kairomones for effective trapping of the pine sawyer beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis

Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a secondary wood borer that acquired primordial importance since it was identified as the European vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD). An effective trapping method is needed as a tool for managing this insect vector and allowing early detection of nematode transportation. Among effective attractants identified in recent years are the specific M. galloprovincialis aggregation pheromone, host pine kairomones such as α‐pinene and bark beetle kairomones like ipsenol and methyl‐butenol. The main objective of this study was to optimize the combination of these volatiles to improve lure attractiveness and specificity. Based on ten complementary field experiments, we found a pheromone dose‐response of trap catches. The best combination of attractants was the aggregation pheromone plus two bark beetle kairomones, ipsenol and methyl‐butenol. Addition of pine terpenes, such as α‐pinene, did not significantly improve M. galloprovincialis trap capture, but did increase catch of non target species, including natural enemies. The use of pine terpenes would be advisable only if priorizing to maximize removal of vectors. While this research has lead to the development a new, highly attractive commercial lure for mature pine sawyers, none of the tested blends were successful in attracting immature pine sawyer adults. Further investigation is needed to develop attractants for these beetles.     

Effect of different semiochemicals blends on spruce bark beetle,Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

The spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, is a recent new introduction to the Qilian Mountains of China. An outbreak of these beetles has infested over 0.03 million hectares of spruce forests in this area. Although primary attraction to volatiles has been clearly demonstrated for I. typographus, the existence and role of attraction to insect‐produced pheromones have been widely debated. Currently, commercial lures for I. typographus include only the volatiles ipsdienol, cis‐verbenol, trans‐verbenol, 2‐methyl‐3‐buten‐2‐ol and 2‐phenylethanol in Europe. Several potential pheromone candidates have been identified for I. typographus. Our GC–MS and GC–FID analyses volatiles from hindgut extracts of I. typographus in different attack phases demonstrated that the 2‐methyl‐3‐buten‐2‐ol, ipsdienol, cis‐verbenol and trans‐verbenol as major hindgut components, and ipsenol, 2‐phenylethanol, trans‐ myrtenol and verbenone as minor components. We tested various combinations of semiochemical candidates, to determine an optimal blend. Our results suggest that addition of 2‐methyl‐3‐buten‐2‐ol to either ipsenol alone, or to blends of ipsenol and other semiochemical candidates, significantly enhanced attraction of I. typographus. Therefore, a simple lure consisting of ipsenol and 2‐methyl‐3‐buten‐2‐ol would be an optimal blend of I. typographus in the Qilian Mountains, China. We conclude that this optimal semiochemical blend may provide an effective biological pest control method for use in forest ecosystem against I. typographus.     

Field responses of the Asian larch bark beetle,Ips subelongatus,to potential aggregation pheromone components: disparity between two populations in northeastern China

Abstract Behavioral responses of the Asian larch bark beetle, Ips subelongatus Motsch. to three potential aggregation pheromone components, ipsenol (racemic or [?]‐enantiomer), ipsdienol (racemic or [+]‐enantiomer) and 3‐methyl‐3‐buten‐1‐ol, were tested using partial or full factorial experimental designs in two provinces (Inner Mongolia and Jilin) of northeastern China. Our field bioassays in Inner Mongolia (Larix principis‐rupprechtii Mayr. plantation) clearly showed that ipsenol, either racemic or 97%‐(?)‐enantiomer, was the only compound that significantly attracted both sexes of I. subelongatus, while all other compounds (singly or in combinations) were unattractive. There were no two‐ or three‐way synergistic interactions. However, in Jilin Province (L. gmelini[Rupr.] Rupr. Plantation), all the individual compounds tested were inactive, except a very weak activity by 97%‐(?)‐ipsenol in 2004 when the beetle population was very high. While a combination of ipsenol and ipsdienol (racemates or enantiomerically pure natural enantiomers) showed a significant attraction for both sexes of I. subelongatus, indicating a two‐way synergistic interaction between these two major components, addition of 3‐methyl‐3‐buten‐1‐ol to these active binary blend(s) did not have any effects on trap catches, suggesting that ipsenol and ipsdienol are the synergistic aggregation pheromone components of I. subelongatus in Jilin Province. It seems that 97%‐(?)‐ipsenol in Inner Mongolia or the binary blend of 97%‐(?)‐ipsenol and 97%‐(+)‐ipsdienol in Jilin Province are superior to their corresponding racemates, which might be due either to weak inhibitory effects of the antipode enantiomers or to reduced release rates of the active natural enantiomer(s) in the racemate(s). Our current bioassay results suggest that there is a strong geographical variation in aggregation pheromone response of I. subelongatus in northeastern China. Future research on the pheromone production and response of I. subelongatus from different regions in Northeast Asia will surely improve our understanding of the dynamic aggregation pheromone system of this economically important forest pest insect.     

Field evaluation on the synergistic attractiveness of 2‐(1‐undecyloxy)‐1‐ethanol and ipsenol to Monochamus saltuarius

To develop an optimal attractant for Monochamus saltuarius (Gebler) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), the synergistic effects of a few potential attractants (ethanol and α‐pinene as host‐plant volatiles, and ipsenol and ipsdienol as bark beetle pheromones) were tested in a pine forest combined with 2‐(1‐undecyloxy)‐1‐ethanol (monochamol), the aggregation pheromone of Monochamus species, for two consecutive years, 2014 and 2015. Total number of catches was 65 and 33 in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Ethanol or ethanol + monochamol (a base blend) were not attractive to M. saltuarius with no difference from the control. Addition of α‐pinene and ipsdienol to the base blend did not significantly increase catches. However, ipsenol was significantly synergistic to the base blend in attracting M. saltuarius in 2014, and the blend (ipsenol + base blend) attracted meaningfully higher numbers of M. saltuarius in 2015. Our study illustrates the potential for monochamol and ipsenol baits for monitoring and trapping of M. saltuarius in the field.     

Effects of bark beetle pheromones on the attraction of Monochamus alternatus to pine volatiles

Abstract We evaluated the attraction of Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), Dryocoetes luteus Blandford and Orthotomicus erosus Wollaston (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) to multiple-funnel traps baited with the pine volatiles, ethanol and (+)-α-pinene and the bark beetle pheromones, ipsenol and ipsdienol. M. alternatus were attracted to traps baited with ethanol and (+)-α-pinene but not those baited with ipsdienol and ipsenol. Ipsdienol and ipsenol decreased catches of M. alternatus in traps baited with ethanol and (+)-α-pinene. Traps baited with either binary combinations of ethanol and (+)-α-pinene or ipsdienol and ipsenol were attractive to D. luteus and O. erosus. The addition of ipsenol and ipsdienol to traps baited with ethanol and (+)-α-pinene synergized attraction of O. erosus but not D. luteus.     

Response of the whitespotted sawyer beetle, Monochamus s. scutellatus, and associated woodborers to pheromones of some Ips and Dendroctonus bark beetles

The response of whitespotted sawyer beetle, Monochamus s. scutellatus, to pheromones of the bark beetles, Dendroctonus rufipennis, Ips pini, Ips perturbatus and Ips latidens, and α‐pinene was investigated with field‐trapping experiments. Traps baited with ipsenol caught significantly more M. s. scutellatus than unbaited traps, whereas the other compounds (ipsdienol, ipsdienol plus lanierone, ipsdienol plus cis‐verbenol or frontalin) did not. Combining α‐pinene with ipsdienol, ipsdienol plus lanierone, ipsdienol plus cis‐verbenol or with frontalin did not increase captures of M. s. scutellatus above those of α‐pinene alone, whereas the combination of α‐pinene with ipsenol did. When α‐pinene was combined with ipsdienol or frontalin, trap captures of Monochamus mutator were significantly higher than unbaited traps or traps baited with frontalin but were not higher than traps baited with α‐pinene. The combination of ipsenol and α‐pinene was significantly more attractive to Monochamus notatus than unbaited traps; however, traps containing either ipsenol or α‐pinene were as attractive as the combination. None of the species of Buprestidae (Buprestis maculativentris and Chalcophora virginiensis) responded significantly to any of the treatments.     

Population divergence of aggregation pheromone responses in Ips subelongatus in northeastern China

The Asian larch bark beetle, Ips subelongatus, is considered to be the major pest of larch within its natural range. We investigated the electrophysiological and behavioral characteristics as well as mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequences of I. subelongatus from 13 geographic populations throughout northeastern China in order to explore population divergence of aggregation pheromone responses and the extent of potential genetic divergence. Electrophysiological analyses showed that antennae of I. subelongatus from all the six tested populations responded strongly to (S)‐(?)‐ipsenol (100% detection; 0.35–0.73 mV) in gas chromatography (GC)–electroantennographic detection (EAD) analyses, while its antipode, (R)‐(+)‐ipsenol was antennally inactive. I. subelongatus populations varied in their responses to (R)‐(?)‐ and (S)‐(+)‐ipsdienol in GC‐EAD analyses. Behavioral bioassays demonstrated that (S)‐(?)‐ipsenol alone was significantly attractive at all the tested sites, supporting its status as a key pheromone component of I. subelongatus, whereas (S)‐(+)‐ipsdienol was inactive alone. Adding (S)‐(+)‐ipsdienol to (S)‐(?)‐ipsenol did not have any effect on the trap catches from some populations in Inner Mongolia. However, (S)‐(+)‐ipsdienol showed a strong synergistic effect on (S)‐(?)‐ipsenol from several populations in Jilin and Liaoning Provinces, and a weak synergistic effect from some transition populations in Heilongjiang Province. Furthermore, 27 mitochondrial haplotypes were found among the 13 populations (intraspecific nucleotide divergence, 0.1%–1.1%). Analyses of molecular variance and haplotype networks indicated that different geographic populations have developed some genetic variation but did not form completely independent groups. From an applied point of view, a universal synthetic binary blend of racemic ipsenol and (S)‐(+)‐ipsdienol might have a potential for monitoring or even mass‐trapping of I. subelongatus across northeastern China, even though some populations only use (S)‐(?)‐ipsenol alone as their active pheromone component.     

An operative kairomonal lure for managing pine sawyer beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera: Cerymbycidae)

Abstract:  Monochamus galloprovincialis Olivier (Col., Cerambycidae) is a vector of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , causing the destructive pine wilt disease. An effective lure for monitoring and/or mass-trapping would be of great interest in the management of this pine sawyer. Males and females of this species show an attractive kairomonal response to blends composed of four pheromone compounds used by Ips spp. bark beetles and two host volatiles from pines. This six-component lure is highly attractive but may to be too complex and costly for practical use as each component is released from a separate lure. The role of each component, ipsdienol, ipsenol, cis -verbenol, methyl butenol, α -pinene and ethanol as attractants for M. galloprovincialis was field tested in Spain to obtain a simpler but equally effective bait. Ipsenol was confirmed as the strongest kairomonal signal to M. galloprovincialis synergizing response to α -pinene by 95 times. The addition of methyl butenol to this blend doubled the number of males and females trapped. On the other hand, neither ipsdienol, cis -verbenol nor ethanol improved the results when incorporated into the above three-component blend. A lure consisting of ipsenol, methyl butenol and α -pinene may be very cost-efficient in operational monitoring or mass trapping of M. galloprovincialis . Three potentially repellent candidates, (−)verbenone, methyl cyclohexenone and trans -conophthorin, were also tested against the attractive three-component bait. trans -Conophthorin significantly reduced male catches of M. galloprovincialis ; methyl cyclohexenone had no effect. Verbenone significantly enhanced the response of females to the attractive combination of α -pinene, ipsenol and methyl butenol.     

Aggregation response of European engraver beetles of the genus Ips mediated by terpenoid pheromones

Upon exposure to vapours of the host tree's monoterpene (–)--pinene, Ips acuminatus produces the terpene alcohol cis-verbenol which, besides ipsdienol and ipsenol, is a component of its aggregation pheromone. I. cembrae transforms the same monoterpene predominantly into myrtenol and trans-verbenol but little into cis-verbenol, which interrupts pheromone response under field conditions.On the other hand, I. cembrae releases, upon feeding in the bark, the terpene alcohol amitinol in major amounts. Amitinol significantly enhances field response to the aggregation pheromone that also includes ipsdienol, ipsenol, and 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol. However, amitinol reduces pheromone response in I. acuminatus and I. erosus. Also, males of I. sexdentatus release amitinol which appears to increase response to its attractive principle pheromone component, racemic ipsdienol. There is some evidence that present knowledge of the chemical communication systems among European Ips spp. still lacks satisfactory explanation of the naturally occuring aggregation en masse, perhaps with the exception of I. erosus and I. typographus.     

Monitoring codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with a four‐component volatile blend compared to a sex pheromone‐based blend

Monitoring adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is a crucial component in implementing effective integrated management programmes in apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen. Use of sex pheromone lures to track male populations has been the traditional approach, but their use in orchards treated with sex pheromone for mating disruption (MD) has been problematic. Development of kairomone and kairomone–pheromone combination lures has allowed the catch of female moths and has benefited several aspects of codling moth management through improved spray timings and action thresholds. Recently, a new four‐component volatile blend (4‐K) comprised of pear ester, (E,Z)‐2,4‐ethyl decadienoate (PE), (E)‐11 4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐nonatriene, all isomers of pyranoid linalool oxide and acetic acid (AA) has been characterized that has increased female moth catch threefold versus any previous blend. Field trapping studies were conducted to compare moth catches in traps baited with 4‐K versus the use of sex pheromone, (E,E)‐8,10‐dodecadien‐1‐ol (PH) in combination with PE and AA. Trials were conducted in orchards left either untreated, or treated with PH or PH + PE. Traps baited with 4‐K and 4‐K + PH lures caught significantly more females than traps baited with PH + PE + AA lures. Traps baited with 4‐K + PH lures caught significantly more total moths than traps baited with PH + PE + AA lures in all three orchards. Adding a PH lure to traps with the 4‐K lure did not affect female catch, but significantly increased male and total moth catches. These studies demonstrate that codling moth can be trapped effectively in apple under MD without the use of sex pheromone lures. The significant increase in female codling moth catch with the 4‐K lure suggests that efforts to improve spray timings and action threshold determinations as well as mass trapping might be enhanced with this new lure.     

Role of ipsdienol, ipsenol, and cis-verbenol in chemical ecology of Ips avulsus, Ips calligraphus, and Ips grandicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Stressed or damaged pine (Pinus sp.) trees in the southeastern United States are often colonized simultaneously by three southern Ips species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): small southern pine engraver, Ips avulsus (Eichhoff); sixspined ips, Ips calligraphus (Germar); and eastern fivespined ips, Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff). All three species mediate colonization of host material with volatile pheromones. All of the southern Ips produce cis-verbenol, and either ipsdienol or ipsenol, and electrophysiological studies have demonstrated that all three southern Ips are able to detect all three compounds. This study examined the role of ipsdienol, ipsenol, and cis-verbenol in the chemical ecology of the southern Ips in Georgia and Louisiana. The most attractive blends of pheromones, with the fewest number of components, were ipsdienol plus ipsenol for I. avulsus, cis-verbenol plus ipsdienol for I. calligraphus, and either cis-verbenol plus ipsenol or ipsdienol plus ipsenol for I. grandicollis. Cross-attraction of I. grandicollis to the pheromone blend most attractive to I. avulsus was observed. Although the presence of heterospecific pheromone reduced the catches of all three species (i.e., the tertiary blend captured fewer beetles than the most attractive binary blends) in both states (significantly in two cases), high numbers of all three species were still captured in traps baited with all three compounds. These results suggest that the pheromones cis-verbenol, ipsdienol, and ipsenol can be combined for monitoring all three species of the southern Ips simultaneously.     

Trapping strategy for Monochamus sutor and Monochamus galloprovincialis: potential vectors of the pine wood nematode in Scandinavia

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Pheromone production in bark beetles

The first aggregation pheromone components from bark beetles were identified in 1966 as a mixture of ipsdienol, ipsenol and verbenol. Since then, a number of additional components have been identified as both aggregation and anti-aggregation pheromones, with many of them being monoterpenoids or derived from monoterpenoids. The structural similarity between the major pheromone components of bark beetles and the monoterpenes found in the host trees, along with the association of monoterpenoid production with plant tissue, led to the paradigm that most if not all bark beetle pheromone components were derived from host tree precursors, often with a simple hydroxylation producing the pheromone. In the 1990s there was a paradigm shift as evidence for de novo biosynthesis of pheromone components began to accumulate, and it is now recognized that most bark beetle monoterpenoid aggregation pheromone components are biosynthesized de novo. The bark beetle aggregation pheromones are released from the frass, which is consistent with the isoprenoid aggregation pheromones, including ipsdienol, ipsenol and frontalin, being produced in midgut tissue. It appears that exo-brevocomin is produced de novo in fat body tissue, and that verbenol, verbenone and verbenene are produced from dietary α-pinene in fat body tissue. Combined biochemical, molecular and functional genomics studies in Ips pini yielded the discovery and characterization of the enzymes that convert mevalonate pathway intermediates to pheromone components, including a novel bifunctional geranyl diphosphate synthase/myrcene synthase, a cytochrome P450 that hydroxylates myrcene to ipsdienol, and an oxidoreductase that interconverts ipsdienol and ipsdienone to achieve the appropriate stereochemistry of ipsdienol for pheromonal activity. Furthermore, the regulation of these genes and their corresponding enzymes proved complex and diverse in different species. Mevalonate pathway genes in pheromone producing male I. pini have much higher basal levels than in females, and feeding induces their expression. In I. duplicatus and I. pini, juvenile hormone III (JH III) induces pheromone production in the absence of feeding, whereas in I. paraconfusus and I. confusus, topically applied JH III does not induce pheromone production. In all four species, feeding induces pheromone production. While many of the details of pheromone production, including the site of synthesis, pathways and knowledge of the enzymes involved are known for Ips, less is known about pheromone production in Dendroctonus. Functional genomics studies are under way in D. ponderosae, which should rapidly increase our understanding of pheromone production in this genus. This chapter presents a historical development of what is known about pheromone production in bark beetles, emphasizes the genomic and post-genomic work in I. pini and points out areas where research is needed to obtain a more complete understanding of pheromone production.     

Responses of single receptor cells in the pine engraver beetle,Ips pini (SAY) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to its aggregation pheromone,ipsdienol, and the aggregation inhibitor,ipsenol

Summary Responses of single olfactory cells on the antennal club ofIps pini have been recorded electrophysiologically. The majority of cells were strongly activated by either/or of the two behavior-modifying chemicals, the aggregation pheromone ipsdienol and the aggregation inhibitor ipsenol. Simultaneous stimulation with these terpence alcohols showed that ipsenol had no inhibitory effect on the receptor responses to ipsdienol. It appears that the behavioral inhibition by ipsenol on the attraction of ipsdienol results from central integration of the information from separate receptor cells rather than blockage at the peripheral receptors.This work was carried out at the College of Environmental Sciences and Forestry, SUNY, Syracuse. We are grateful to Professor R.M. Silverstein and his staff for provision of purified compounds and laboratory facilities. We also acknowledge with thanks the provision of equipment and laboratory facilities by Professor D. Tapper, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University.     

Attraction to monoterpenes and beetle‐produced compounds by syntopic Ips and Dendroctonus bark beetles and their predators

• 1 Bark beetles are significant mortality agents of conifers. Four beetle species, the pine engraver Ips pini, the six‐spined pine engraver Ips calligraphus sub. ponderosae, the southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis, and the western pine beetle Dendroctonus brevicomis, cohabitate pines in Arizona.
• 2 A pheromone trapping study in ponderosa forests of Arizona determined the attraction of beetles to conspecific and heterospecific pheromone components in the presence and absence of host volatiles, and tested whether predators differ in their attraction to combinations of pheromone components and tree monoterpenes.
• 3 All four bark beetle species differed in their responses to heterospecific lures and monoterpenes. Ips calligraphus was the only species that increased in trap catches when heterospecific lures were added. Heterospecific lures did not inhibit the attraction of either Dendroctonus or Ips species. The replacement of myrcene with α‐pinene increased the attraction of Dendroctonus, whereas the addition of α‐pinene had mixed results for Ips. The prominent predators Temnochila chlorodia and Enoclerus lecontei were more attracted to the I. pini lure than the D. brevicomis lure, and the combination of the two lures with α‐pinene was most attractive to both predator species.
• 4 Cross attraction and limited inhibition of bark beetles to heterospecific pheromones suggest that some of these species might use heterospecific compounds to increase successful location and colonization of trees. Predator responses to treatments suggest that tree volatiles are used to locate potential prey and predators are more responsive to Ips than to Dendroctonus pheromone components in Arizona.

     

Control of pheromone production in the bark beetle, Ips cembrae

ABSTRACT. Exposure of newly emerged Ips cembrae adults to myrcene vapour resulted in the production of ipsenol and ipsdienol by males, in quantities comparable to those found during natural attack of larch trees. Treatment of male beetles with juvenile hormone analogue (JHA) triggered production of 3-mefhyl-3-buten-l-ol, the third component of the aggregation pheromone complex. The beetles are therefore capable of producing ipsenol and ipsdienol immediately upon contact with host resin, whereas methylbutenol production appears to be hormonally controlled upon the initiation of feeding. Beetles exposed to the enantiomers of ipsdienol apparently utilized only (R)-(—) ipsdienol to synthesize ipsenol, suggesting a high degree of chiral selectivity.     

The importance of olfactory and visual cues in developing better monitoring tools for Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)

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Monitoring oriental fruit moth and codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with combinations of pheromones and kairomones

Experiments were conducted in North and South America during 2012–2013 to evaluate the use of lure combinations of sex pheromones (PH), host plant volatiles (HPVs) and food baits in traps to capture the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), and codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), in pome and stone fruit orchards treated with sex pheromones. The combination of the sex pheromone of both species (PH combo lure) significantly increased G. molesta and marginally decreased C. pomonella captures as compared with captures of each species with either of their sex pheromones alone. The addition of a HPV combination lure [(E,Z)‐2,4‐ethyl decadienoate plus (E)‐β‐ocimene] or acetic acid used alone or together did not significantly increase the catch of either species in traps with the PH combo lure. The Ajar trap baited with terpinyl acetate and brown sugar (TAS bait) caught significantly more G. molesta than the delta trap baited with PH combo plus acetic acid in California during 2012. The addition of a PH combo lure to an Ajar trap significantly increased catches of G. molesta compared to the use of the TAS bait or PH combo lure alone in 2013. Female G. molesta were caught in TAS‐baited Ajar traps at similar levels with or without the use of additional lures. Ajar traps baited with the TAS bait alone or with (E)‐β‐ocimene and/or PH combo lures caught significantly fewer C. pomonella than delta traps with sex pheromone alone. Ajar traps with 6.4‐mm screened flaps caught similar numbers of total and female G. molesta as similarly baited open Ajar traps, and with a significant reduction in the catch of non‐targets. Broader testing of HPV and PH combo lures for G. molesta in either delta or screened or open Ajar traps is warranted.