光周期对国槐尺蠖生长发育状况的影响

在温度(25±1)℃,RH65%～75%条件下,对国槐尺蠖Semiothisa cinerearia Bremer et Grey各龄幼虫分别采用0:24、10:14、12:12、14:10、1:85种光周期处理。结果表明,以14:10处理的国槐尺蠖1～5龄幼虫历期最短;以16:8处理的幼虫发育历期最短,且随着光照时间的增加,幼虫发育历期逐渐缩短;不同光周期对于6～7龄幼虫存在显著的影响,但是对于1～5龄影响不大。成虫53%～56%在夜间羽化,越冬蛹在8～14h光照范围内,随光照长度增加发育历期延长,在14～16h光照范围内,历期随光照延长而缩短。以0:24处理的蛹羽化率最高,发育历期最短。     

喙尾琵甲（鞘翅目：拟步甲科）形态记述及生物学特性观察

记述了喙尾琵甲Blaps rhynchopetera Fairmaire各虫态特征,观察了其生物学特性.实验种群1月下旬至12月上旬产卵,卵期为8～15 d;幼虫期141～213 d,共9～13龄,第9龄以后,龄期较长;蛹前期8～14 d;蛹期12～24 d.成虫羽化24～92 d后性成熟,开始交配产卵活动,成虫期超过18个月.自然种群在昆明和曲靖1年发生1～1.5代,世代重叠严重;以不同龄期幼虫和成虫越冬,越冬幼虫于次年4月上旬开始化蛹,新羽化成虫于4月下旬至12月上旬交配产卵,成虫全年都能活动、产卵.该虫为夜出型、暂栖性土壤昆虫,喜潮湿阴暗的环境.成虫具有夜出习性、防御性和群聚性.     

棉铃虫老熟幼虫有效越冬虫量的分析

通过从棉田和玉米田采回的第 4代老熟幼虫的化蛹率和羽化率观察 ,发现棉田和玉米田的老熟幼虫化蛹率分别为 65%～ 83 0 5%和 55%～ 80 % ,其化蛹后的羽化率分别为 1 0 %～ 87%和 1 3 %～77% ,而且 2种寄主作物间无显著差异。由此进一步分析了棉田和玉米田老熟幼虫的有效越冬虫率和有效越冬虫量 ,作者认为 8月 3 1日至 9月 1 0日是棉铃虫老熟幼虫有效越冬虫量的主要来源期 ,且棉田显著高于玉米田 ,构成了第 2年棉铃虫种群发生基础。     

第三代二化螟(兼性滞育)成虫发生期的预测探讨

<正> 三化螟Tryporyza incertulis(Walker)是水稻主要害虫之一。在我县一年发生3～4代,第三代部分幼虫滞育越冬,形成局部的下一世代。目前对三化螟成虫发生期的中短期预测多采用分龄分级推算法,即根据田间调查幼虫、蛹发育进度(分龄、分级),统计各龄、级虫数占调查总虫数的百分率,然后从最高发育期(蛹壳)向下依次逐级(龄)累加百分率,以调查日期加上累加百分率达16％、50％、84％的蛹级(或虫龄)的相应历期(不足部分从下级蛹或虫龄取出补足),推算出成虫羽化始盛、高峰和盛末期。这种预测方法,是以当代幼虫全部能转化为蛹并羽化为依据的。在本地,用此法预测越冬代及     

中阈尺蠖的生物学及其防治

中阈尺蠖Ｐｈａｎｅｒｏｔｈｙｒｉｓ ｓｉｎｅａｒｉａ （Ｇｕｅｎｅｅ）是近年来在闽北出现的一种为害青钱柳的重要害虫。１年发生５代，以蛹在林冠下浅土层越冬。幼虫共６龄，末２龄（５￣６龄）为暴食期。此虫发生气温、海拔及坡向关系密切。在虫害较生的林地，可结合秋冬垦复清除越冬蛹，８０％敌敌畏乳油１０００￣１２００倍或２０％氰戊菊酯乳油５０００￣６０００倍喷射３￣４龄幼虫；于越冬代和第１代老熟幼虫初下地时，     

杜鹃三节叶蜂生物学特性及其发生规律研究

杜鹃三节叶蜂Arge similis(Vollenhoven)是深圳市梧桐山风景区的一种重要害虫,为害杜鹃花科Ericaceae的多个栽培种类,严重影响植株的长势及观赏价值。本试验通过野外调查和室内观察,对杜鹃三节叶蜂的形态特征、生物学特性及发生规律进行了研究。结果表明:杜鹃三节叶蜂在深圳市梧桐山风景区一年发生7代,以蛹越冬,翌年2月下旬越冬蛹陆续开始羽化为成虫,3月上中旬即开始产卵,4-9月份有明显的世代重叠,11月下旬老熟幼虫入土化蛹越冬,完成一个世代需要32-46 d。卵集中产在杜鹃嫩叶叶背与叶缘表皮之间。幼虫共5龄,具有暴发性、暴食性的特点,1-2龄幼虫群集取食,食量较小,3龄以后幼虫开始分散为害,食量大增。老熟幼虫在植株基部周围的土壤中或枯枝落叶层间吐丝结茧化蛹,化蛹深度在距地表2-5 cm左右。     

国槐尺蠖发育起点温度与有效积温

在恒温20,23,25,27,30℃下,对沈阳市国槐尺蠖Semiothisa cinerearia Bremeret Grey各虫态的发育历期,发育起点温度和有效积温进行了研究。结果表明,随着温度的升高,发育历期逐渐缩短;国槐尺蠖卵,幼虫,蛹,成虫期和世代发育起点温度C分别为(4.20±0.95),(5.80±0.95),(8.28±0.30),(16.92±0.50)和(9.06±0.21)℃。相应的有效积温K分别为(71.3±2.3),(300.5±14.3),(354.2±8.3),(52.4±2.59)和(752.76±10.5)日.度。根据发育起点温度和有效积温,预测出国槐尺蠖在沈阳的年发生代数为3.4～3.6代,其结果符合实际发生情况。     

茶园黑刺粉虱越冬虫态及空间分布型研究

黑刺粉虱Aleurocanthus spiuiferus是茶园重要害虫之一,为明确黑刺粉虱在北方茶园的越冬分布型及越冬虫态,通过对茶园黑刺粉虱越冬代虫源进行调查,分冠层统计不同越冬时期各虫态的发生量,利用聚集度指标分析、m*-m回归方程分析和Taylor幂法则回归方程分析其空间分布型。结果显示黑刺粉虱越冬代田间分布型为聚集分布,种群聚集均数λ>2,聚集原因为种群自身产卵习性与环境因素共同作用结果;各虫态在茶树冠层间的分布存在差异,卵和1龄若虫主要分布于树冠中、上部,3龄、4龄若虫和伪蛹主要分布于树冠中、下部;随着越冬时间推移,卵和低龄若虫占比逐渐减少,至越冬结束黑刺粉虱4龄若虫和伪蛹占种群总量的80%。本研究明确了黑刺粉虱在北方茶园以各龄若虫和伪蛹越冬,越冬期间可缓慢发育至4龄若虫和伪蛹,越冬代田间分布型为聚集分布,研究结果可为黑刺粉虱精准预测预报和合理制定综合防治措施提供技术支持。     

大菜粉蝶颗粒体病毒对菜粉蝶幼虫取食、生长、发育的影响

菜粉蝶幼虫在一、二、三、四龄初期饲以大菜粉蝶颗粒体病毒(PbGV),食量减少99.3—38.4%;四龄末或五龄初饲毒,食量反而比健虫高出36.3%和87.2%。幼虫感病后取食期的缩短或延长是食量变化的主要原因。幼虫病死前脱皮过程先被抑制,其结果往往使得死亡时所处的龄期明显延长。幼虫在四龄末饲毒后,由于五龄期延长,食量增加,其死亡前达到的最高体重平均为357.9毫克,远高于健虫化蛹前的最高体重。PbGV对菜粉蝶化蛹也有明显影响。幼虫在五龄前饲毒,一般不能化蛹。五龄第1—3天饲毒,化蛹率26.4—87.9%,第4天饲毒对化蛹无影响。本文结果对应用PbGv防治菜粉蝶幼虫危害以及对该病毒的大量增殖均具指导意义。     

茶尺蠖幼虫期的寄生天敌

茶尺蠖Ectropis obliqua hypulina Wehrli是我国茶树的主要害虫之一。本文系1973—75年对其幼虫期寄生天敌(寄生蜂、寄蝇及线虫)的研究结果。 从田间采集的各龄茶尺蠖幼虫中共养出五种原寄生天敌,即:二种绒茧蜂(茶尺蠖绒茧蜂和单白绵绒茧蜂Apanteles spp.),一种悬茧姬蜂(尺蠖悬茧姬蜂Charops sp.),一种寄蝇(平庸赘寄蝇Drino inconspicua Meigen)以及一种线虫(索虫),均单寄生、内寄生。1973—74年在浙江余杭寄生蜂占天敌总数的99.06%,而茶尺蠖绒茧蜂又占寄生蜂总数的95.93%。2—3龄茶尺蠖幼虫的平均总寄生率显著高于4—5龄幼虫:4—6月间通常显著高于8—9月。在4—6月间,2—3龄幼虫的最高总寄生率可超过96%,平均也达66.52%。 茶尺蠖绒茧蜂一年发生11—12代,主要以预蛹在茶树上的茧内越冬。在平均24.1—26.0℃的室温下,接蜂至于蜂开始羽化平均需要13.5—14.9天。性比一般为53—67%。成虫寿命通常1—3天。每头雌蜂平均寄生茶几蠖幼虫11.53头。喂以蜂蜜水,雌蜂寿命增长4.65—6.93倍,雄蜂增长3.72—5.17倍;寄生能力平均可以提高一倍以上。能行孤雌生殖,其后代均为雄性。一般寄生于1—3龄的茶尺蠖幼虫体内,老熟幼虫啮出时,奇主即告死亡。 由于茶尺蠖绒茧蜂是优势种,自然寄生率高,基本上消灭茶尺蠖幼虫于三龄,最有应用前途。本文对其优缺点,以及在生物防治中的应用方法进行了讨论。     

Infectivity and reproductive potential of the Oswego strain of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora associated with life stages of the clover root curculio,Sitona hispidulus

The infectivity and reproductive potential of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Oswego strain), at different concentrations, was studied. Seventy to 80.0% mortality to late instar larvae of the clover root curculio, Sitona hispidulus, and 40.0-76.0% mortality to pupae, was observed at concentrations of 15-100 infective juveniles. There were no significant differences in mortality among nematode concentrations. LC(50) levels of 4.0 and 21.4 nematodes were determined for clover root curculio larvae and pupae, respectively. Nematodes did not cause significant mortality to adult or first instar clover root curculio. H. bacteriophora was able to complete its development and reproduce in 74.0-95.0% of clover root curculio late instar larvae and pupae. Reproductive potential in curculio larvae and pupae ranged from 0 to 7040 infective juveniles per host. Larvae exposed to 100 nematodes had a reproductive potential significantly higher than in those larvae exposed to 15 and 50 nematodes. Reproductive potential in pupae decreased with an increased nematode dose, indicating potential crowding effects. Host larval and pupal mass were positively correlated with nematode progeny production.     

Effects of a juvenoid, DPE-28, on biology and behaviour of Culex quinquefasciatus, the human filariasis vector

Studies on the effect of a juvenoid, DPE-28 (2,4-dinitrophenyl-2',6'-di-tertiarybutyl phenyl ether) on biology and behaviour of Cx. quinquefasciatus showed that the developmental duration, sex ratio, mating success and blood feeding were considerably affected by the exposure of larvae and pupae to the compound. Exposure of fourth instar larvae to 0.007 (EI90) and 0.0019 (EI50) ppm of DPE-28 prolonged the duration of pupation by 58.6 and 52.4 hr and delayed the adult emergence by 35.4 and 17.7 hr in males and 36.8 and 21.1 hr in females respectively. Exposure of freshly ecdysed pupae to 10 and 5 ppm delayed the adult emergence with respect to the control by 54.3 and 32.4 hr in males and 55.2 and 33.2 hr in females respectively. The sex ratio of the adults emerged from treated larvae and pupae was also affected. The female mosquitoes that survived from the exposed fourth instar larvae and pupae exhibited a low blood engorgement ratio. This depression in blood feeding was more pronounced in adults emerged from treated pupae than that of treated fourth instar larvae. A significant proportion of adults emerged from treated larvae and pupae were able to feed only partially. Mating success of the treated populations declined considerably when crosses were made between the males and females emerged from treated fourth instar larvae and pupae. The adults emerged from treated larvae and pupae showed a significant reduction in the oviposition.     

Does a polyphagous caterpillar have the same gut microbiota when feeding on different species of food plants?

We used classical culture techniques to explore gut bacteria and changes associated with dietary change in the highly polyphagous, tropical caterpillar Automeris zugana (Saturniidae). Fifty-five third instar wild-caught sibs feeding on Annona purpurea (Annonaceae) in the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica were divided into eight groups. Each of seven groups was reared to the ultimate instar on another species of food plant normally used by A. zugana. Some pupae were also analyzed for the presence of bacteria. Aerobic bacterial cultures were obtained from all 33 caterpillar guts and the eight pupae inventoried. There was no clear pattern in species composition of cultivated bacteria among the eight diets, and each caterpillar on a given food plant carried only a small fraction of the total set of species isolated from the set of caterpillars feeding on that food plant. Taken as a whole, the larvae and pupae contained 22 species of cultivable bacteria in 12 genera. Enterobacter, present in 81.8% of the samples, was the genus most frequently isolated from the caterpillars, followed by Micrococcus and Bacillus. Bacillus thuringiensis was isolated from 30.3% of the dissected caterpillars, but found in caterpillars feeding on only half of the species of food plants.     

Diapause and development in the tobacco budworm,Heliothis virescens: A comparison of haemolymph ecdysteroid titres

The signal to induce diapause in H. virescens comes early in development (prior to the third instar in most insects), but the signal to break diapause can come shortly after entrance into diapause at pupation. Haemolymph ecdysteroid titres in both diapause-bound and non-diapause-bound Heliothis virescens larvae were similar in the first two thirds of the last-larval instar, when similar changes in morphology and behaviour occurred. However, the number of stepwise increases in titre and the timing of the steps was different in the two groups of larvae. Haemolymph ecdysteroid titres in the last third of the instar were approx, five times higher in non-diapause than in diapause-bound larvae. In diapausing pupae, haemolymph ecdysteroid titres dropped to levels found in larvae which had completed two thirds of the last instar. When diapausing pupae were warmed to break diapause, haemolymph ecdysteroid titres rose again. However, 2 of the 4 high ecdysteroid levels detected in pupae developing after diapause break were considerably lower than those detected for non-diapause pupae.     

Life cycle of a giant carnivorous caddisfly, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Himalopsyche japonica</Emphasis> (Morton) (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae), in the mountain streams of Nagano,Central Japan

 The life cycle of a giant carnivorous caddisfly, Himalopsyche japonica (Morton), was studied in two mountain streams in Nagano Prefecture, Central Japan. Field surveys and rearing experiments in the laboratory were conducted from October 1997 to September 2001. The life cycle of H. japonica was estimated to be a complex univoltine cycle that partly includes bivoltine populations. The adults had a long flight period, from April to September, with three distinct peaks of emergence. First to third instar larvae were collected from June to February, and the last (fifth) instar larvae and pupae appeared throughout the year. In autumn, the larvae belonging to all instars were found, and younger ones overwintered in the fourth instar stage and others in the fifth instar stage. On the other hand, fifth instar larvae and pupae ceased developing in autumn even though the water temperature was higher than the developmental zero temperature. The overwintered pupae emerged as adults in April, and the overwintered fifth instar larvae pupated in May and emerged in June. The larvae which overwintered in the fourth instar stage probably emerged after June. Received: March 19, 2002 / Accepted: January 10, 2003 Present address: United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan Tel. +81-265-77-1401; Fax +81-265-74-7496 e-mail: himalo@f8.dion.ne.jp Acknowledgments The author thanks Prof. T. Yoshida, Prof. H. Nakamura, and Associate professor K. Soma, Shinshu University; Mr. T. Nozaki, Kanagawa Environmental Research Center; and Mr. N. Kubota, Environmental Assessment Center in Matsumoto laboratory for their advice and help in accomplishing this research. The author is also grateful to Prof. K. Tanida, Osaka Prefecture University; Dr. T. Ito, Hokkaido Fish Hatchery; Mr. K. Okazaki, Kutchan City Museum; and Mrs. Y. Isobe, Nara Women's University, for suggesting references. Miss. T. Ishiyama, Mr. H. Kojima, Mr. M. Yagyu, and the students of the Forest Animals Laboratory in Shinshu University kindly provided field samples. Correspondence to:T. Tsuruishi     

Survival curves of the population ofdendrolimus spectabilis Bulter (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

Summary Six survival curves were drawn (Fig. 1) from a survey over two generations of the population ofDendro'imus spectabi'is Butler at three different places in the Tokyo University Forest in Aichi during the years from 1957 to 1959. The counting of insect number was done at one month interval except during the winter season. Any apparent mortality expressed as percentage decrease was not related in this survey with the density of insect population at the beginning of each interval. Considering of the magnitude and the variability of each apparent mortality, there were three critical periods of heavy decrease in the generation decline, they were; 1) September to October when newly born larvae were dispersing, 2) December to March when the third instar larvae were overwintering, and 3) August to September for the period of fully grown larvae and pupae.     

Ni~(2+)对不同发育阶段斜纹夜蛾虫体血淋巴能量物质的影响

研究了饲料中不同浓度的Ni2+(140mg/kg)对连续3个世代斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius6龄末幼虫、蛹和成虫血淋巴中能量物质总糖、蛋白质和脂肪含量及血淋巴中热量值的影响。结果表明,Ni2+胁迫1个世代,6龄末幼虫、蛹和成虫血淋巴中的总糖含量均低于对照,而血淋巴中的蛋白质含量则在低浓度Ni2+胁迫下增高,在高浓度Ni2+胁迫下降低;只有受120mg/kg Ni2+胁迫的6龄末幼虫血淋巴的脂肪含量高于对照,而蛹和成虫血淋巴中的脂肪含量及热量值均低于对照。在Ni2+胁迫的第2、3代,6龄末幼虫、蛹和成虫血淋巴中的总糖、蛋白含量和热量值与饲料中Ni2+浓度的反应关系均表现为低浓度Ni2+胁迫增加而高浓度Ni2+胁迫降低的趋势;然而,血淋巴中的脂肪含量随饲料中Ni2+浓度的增加而降低。因此,重金属Ni2+对S.litura能量物质的影响与虫体内能量物质的种类和虫体的发育阶段有一定的关联。     

草地贪夜蛾高致病力绿僵菌菌株的筛选与鉴定

为获取对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda具有高致病力的生防真菌,从福建省不同地区分离得到8株寄主为鳞翅目和半翅目幼虫僵虫的绿僵菌Metarhizium,采用浸渍法测定了其对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫和蛹的致病力,并根据形态学和分子生物学方法对高致病力菌株进行种类鉴定。结果表明,8株绿僵菌菌株对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫和蛹均表现出不同程度的致病力,其中菌株FJMR2和FJXY7表现出较强的致病力。在5×107个/mL孢子浓度下,FJMR2和FJXY7对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的致死率分别为88.76%和82.13%,对蛹的致死率分别为86.57%和84.00%;对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的LT50分别为4.81 d和4.93 d,对蛹的LT50分别为4.94 d和4.83 d。经鉴定菌株FJMR2和FJXY7均为莱氏绿僵菌Metarhizium rileyi。本研究获得2株对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫和蛹具有高致病力的莱氏绿僵菌菌株,在草地贪夜蛾的生物防治中具有较大应用潜力。     

Haemolymph juvenile hormone esterase during the life cycle of the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta (L.)

Juvenile hormone (JH) esterase activity was found in the plasma of larvae, pupae and adults of wild-type tobacco hornworms, Manduca sexta. There was a single peak of plasma JH esterase activity approx. 28 h prior to ecdysis in each instar from the second through the fourth instar and a peak of activity prior to both wandering and pupation in the fifth (last) instar. JH esterase activity was high in newly formed male and female pupae but declined to minimal levels by day 1 of the pupal stage. For the remainder of the pupal period, activity was at background levels. JH esterase activity increased again in newly emerged, virgin male and female adults but declined and remained at a low level 1 day after emergence through death. Gel filtration analysis of larval, pupal and adult plasma resolved a single peak of JH esterase activity with an apparent molecular weight of 66,000. However, isoelectric focusing revealed three forms with isoelectric points of 5.5, 5.8 and 6.1. These isoelectric forms were also found in black and white mutants of last instar M. sexta and in purified JH esterase from wild-type larvae. The plasma JH esterase activity metabolized JH I 2–3 times faster than JH III and was sensitive to inhibition by octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone and insensitive to O,O-diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate. Gel filtration, isoelectric focusing, substrate specificity and developmental studies suggest that the same JH esterases are found in the plasma of larvae, pupae and adults and appear to be different from general (α-NA) esterase.