依据大规模捕捞统计资料分析东黄渤海白姑鱼种群划分和洄游路线

根据我国10多个主要渔业公司1971-1982年间白姑鱼(Argyrosomus argentatus)捕捞统计资料,从产量分布,鱼群移动等方面,研究了东黄渤海白姑鱼的种群划分和洄游路线。结果显示,我国沿海白姑鱼可分为2个种群。其中,黄渤海种群越冬场主要在黄海中部34°00'N以北水域。每年3-4月份,鱼群陆续进入山东半岛的乳山沿海、渤海各海湾、黄海北部沿岸和海州湾产卵。栖息在渤海的白姑鱼9-11月份在渤海中部索饵,形成越冬群体,11月后绕过成山头向越冬场洄游,12月至1月份到达越冬场;东黄海种群越冬场主要是在东海外海和中南部近海。每年3-4月份东海外海白姑鱼向西进入舟山渔场。在舟山渔场,这部分鱼群与从东海中南部近海北上的产卵群体汇合,向西进入舟山群岛沿海水域产卵。到了5月份,在浙江北部近海形成索饵群体。6-8月份,索饵群体经过长江口北上黄海南部近海索饵,9月份,索饵群体前锋到达34°00'N禁渔线外侧。此后,索饵场的白姑鱼向南做越冬洄游,并在10月份回到长江口。从这里,一部分群体游向外海越冬场,一部分群体继续南下回到东海中南部近海的越冬场。另外,在东海中南部近海越冬群体,部分就近游向沿岸的海湾,河口产卵,产卵后在产卵场外侧索饵,冬季回到就近的越冬场。     

福建平潭一头误捕灰鲸的部分形态学记录

2011 年11 月5 日,福建省平潭县白青乡青峰村渔民出海作业时发现一头误撞定置刺网死亡的灰鲸,为福建省的首次灰鲸误捕案例,也是本世纪以来我国海域的首次灰鲸误捕记录。本文描述了该灰鲸的外形特征和骨骼系统,并报道外形和骨骼的测量数据。该灰鲸系雌性,体长1 309 cm,体重约21 t,为目前本种在我国海域搁浅/ 误捕记录中的最大个体。头骨长281 cm,宽128 cm,重250 kg;脊椎式为C7 + T13 + L13 +Ca23 = 56;指式为Ⅰ1,Ⅱ3,Ⅲ7,Ⅳ5,Ⅴ3;肋骨14 对,V 形骨10 枚。脊椎式、指式、肋骨和V 形骨较之以前的报道存在差异,说明灰鲸的脊椎式、指式、肋骨和V 形骨可能存在个体差异。此外,本文还综述了西北太平洋灰鲸目前所面临的主要致危因素。     

长江流域中华鲟保育进展、存在问题及对策分析

中华鲟具有重要的保育及学术研究价值。长江流域环境恶化及一些建设阻断了其洄游路线,破坏了其繁殖生境。同时因其具有较高的营养和药用价值而被大肆捕捞,导致其资源遭到严重破坏。系统阐述了当前中华鲟保育的紧迫性和必要性,回顾了中华鲟保育的历史过程,分析了当前中华鲟保护面临的一些问题和危机,并提出了相应的保育策略。对保护和拯救这一濒危的“活化石”,恢复其资源及维护长江和近海生态平衡具有重要意义。     

象山港日本对虾增殖放流的效果评价

日本对虾是中国近海重要的增殖品种,2010年象山港分两批次放流日本对虾苗种约1.67亿尾。通过对放流苗种存活状况、洄游分布、生长特性及回捕情况的跟踪调查,对象山港日本对虾的增殖效果做出初步评价。结果表明:(1)日本对虾放流苗种在8月中旬成为补充群体,集中于港区底部进行索饵育肥;9月中旬,第1、2批放流苗种的平均体长分别达到95.4 mm和71.4 mm,成活率分别约为0.79%和1.06%;10月上旬,随着港区水温降低,增殖苗种资源量锐减。(2)协方差分析表明:日本对虾增殖群体和自然群体的体长-体重关系存在显著性差异,增殖群体的体征状况明显优于自然群体。(3)日本对虾放流苗种在港区主要为桁杆拖虾和地笼网渔业所利用,在港区滞留期间,回捕率约为0.25%。总结发现:栖息地破坏及放流苗种的过早利用是制约象山港日本对虾增殖效果的重要因素,优化增殖策略、保护港区生态环境应是今后港区增殖工作的重点。     

青岛近海路氏双髻鲨群体遗传学分析

研究采集了青岛近海23尾路氏双髻鲨(Sphyrna lewini), 通过线粒体DNA控制区片段对其遗传多样性进行分析。研究结果显示: 在23个个体的控制区序列上存在13个变异位点, 未检测到插入/缺失位点; 检测到7个单倍型, 其中3个为个体共享单倍型(Hap1、Hap3和Hap5), 4个为个体独有单倍型; 青岛近海路氏双髻鲨呈现中等水平的单倍型多样度和较低的核苷酸多样度; 与已报道的日照、霞浦群体间的遗传分化指数F_st值分别为–0.0571和–0.0328, 表明青岛群体与其他两个群体间不存在显著差异。以Sphyrna zygaena为外群构建NJ系统树显示本研究中7个单倍型共分成两支, 分别与来自太平洋、印度洋的单倍型类群聚类。中国近海的路氏双髻鲨作为一个具有较低遗传多样性的濒危物种, 其资源保护更应该引起足够的重视。     

中国近海银鲳线粒体COⅠ基因序列变异分析

对采自黄海、东海和南海的7个银鲳群体的线粒体COⅠ基因序列变异进行分析,研究银鲳的遗传多样性、遗传结构和群体历史动态。在所分析的111个个体中检测到16个单倍型。7个群体呈现出高的单倍型多样性（h=0.564～0.688） 和低的核苷酸多样性（π=0.001～0.003）。单倍型遗传学关系、两两群体间的F_ST值和分子方差分析均表明中国近海7个银鲳群体间的遗传分化不显著。中性检验和核苷酸不配对分析均表明中国近海银鲳经历了晚更新世的群体扩张事件,扩张时间约为6.0×10⁴～1.04×10⁵ 年前。研究结果表明,银鲳的卵和幼体具有较强的扩散能力、中国近海的海洋环流以及近期的群体扩张可能是造成中国近海银鲳群体在线粒体COⅠ基因序列上存在较高的遗传同质性的原因。     

微卫星标记对黑龙江流域大麻哈鱼遗传多样性的研究

采用 12个微卫星标记 ,对中国 3个大麻哈鱼洄游群体 (乌苏里江、黑龙江和绥芬河 )的遗传多样性进行了检测。计算出各个种群的基因杂合度、遗传多样性和各个座位的多态信息含量。结果表明 ,3个大麻哈鱼洄游种群的平均基因杂合度分别为 :0 .6 732、0 5 995、0 .6 917,种群遗传多样性分别为 0 .70 82、0 .6 5 11、0 .76 16。这些结果表明大麻哈鱼遗传多样性还比较丰富 ,其资源的恢复具有良好的前景 ,说明当前中国大麻哈鱼资源数量下降并非由遗传因素引起 ,主要原因可能是由于过度捕捞和水域环境污染等人为因素造成。人工增殖放流为恢复中国大麻哈鱼资源起到了重要作用 ,但目前大麻哈鱼的小种群极易产生遗传瓶颈的现状也应引起人们高度重视     

惠东幼年绿海龟的洄游规律及觅食地选择

绿海龟(Chelonia mydas)为全球性濒危物种、我国Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物。栖息地保护是野生绿海龟保护的一种极为重要和有效的保护策略,但我国幼年绿海龟的生活习性及其栖息地分布尚不明确,故开展相关洄游行为及栖息地分布研究意义重大。2011至2015年间,将6只来自广东惠东海龟国家级自然保护区人工培育2～14 a的幼年绿海龟,分为夏季组(n=3)及冬季组(n=3),在其背甲上安装追踪器。其中,2只个体分别安装了美国Wildlife Computers公司生产的追踪器SPOT5-AM-S181C和SPOT5-AM-S244A,另外4只个体安装美国Telonics公司生产的TAM-2639追踪器,然后在出生地放归。利用全球ARGOS系统实施全天候的追踪监测,地理坐标数据的筛选及分析在卫星追踪分析工具软件(STAT)上完成。6只个体4年共获得有效位点397个,其中,包括前期研究获得的有效位点62个。相关有效位点输入免费软件Maptool,通过GIS图层叠加、汇总生成洄游路线图。研究结果用以揭示我国幼年绿海龟的洄游规律。使用SPSS软件t-检验统计冬夏两组海龟间的个体大小及洄游速度是否存在统计学差异。冬季组、夏季组绿海龟的背甲曲线长(CCL)分别为(48.9±8.65)cm和(59.07±7.64)cm,组间无显著性差异(t=1.527,df=4,P=0.202)。追踪期平均(66±47)d,追踪路程(1 653±1 585)km(n=6)。平均最小洄游速度,夏季组为(1.63±0.22)km/h(n=3),冬季组为(0.67±0.12)km/h(n=3),夏季组明显较冬季组高(t=6.726,df=4,P=0.003);夏季及冬季分别游往台湾和海南两个方向,主要沿大陆架140 m等深线以内海域洄游,所有个体的洄游路线及方向均与同期海流大致相同,活动范围与近海渔场及开发区域高度重叠,与早期野外调查结果一致。仅冬季组观察到定居及归巢行为,越冬场分布在越南昏果岛及我国海南岛东部;越夏场则分布在福建至浙江一带,主要分布在近岸或近岛20 m等深线以内浅海,为底栖大型海藻、海草床或珊瑚礁的集中分布区。研究结果揭示,惠东人工培育幼年绿海龟放归后可正常洄游、觅食和适应野外环境,在东海、南海之间作季节性定向洄游的趋势十分明显,觅食地沿我国大陆架沿岸及附属海岛分布,进一步印证了我国近海绿海龟洄游廊道的存在。建议把北部湾、琼州海峡、海南东部、广东、福建、浙江及台湾沿岸及附属岛屿的海洋保护地整合优化,制订国家海龟栖息地名录,组建海洋类型国家公园保护网络,同时深入开展国际及地区间的保护合作,加强绿海龟及其觅食地和洄游廊道这些重要栖息地保护,使海龟整个生命周期得到有效和完整的保护。     

几种海洋哺乳动物

对须鲸类中的灰鲸,齿鲸类中的中华白海豚,鳍足类中的海狗、海象和食肉目中的海獭等海洋哺乳动物的形态特征,生物学特性、生态,分布及保护等方面作了介绍。     

太平洋牡蛎养殖与野生群体遗传变异的微卫星研究

应用微卫星标记技术研究5个中国太平洋牡蛎养殖群体和2个日本太平洋牡蛎野生群体的遗传变异。研究中所使用的7个微卫星位点在养殖和野生群体中都显示出了高多态性,平均等位基因数为19.1～29.9,平均期待杂合度为0.916～0.958。养殖群体和野生群体的平均等位基因丰度及观察杂合度没有显著性差异。遗传分化系数及等位基因杂合度分析显示所有的群体间都有显著性差异。构建的NJ树中,7个群体聚为3支,养殖群体和野生群体可以清楚地分开,在养殖群体中又分为南北两支。分配检验中,97%～100%的正确率证明了微卫星标记在群体识别分析中的可行性。本研究结果对太平洋牡蛎管理模式的设计和选择育种具有重要意义。     

儒艮在中国近海的分布

儒艮Dugong dugon(Muller,1776)隶属海牛目Sirenia,儒艮科Dugongidae,俗称海牛,又称人鱼,海南岛渔民称海马。以往中国沿海产儒艮的研究甚少,只Hirasaka(1932)和寿振黄(1958)有过头骨及骨骼的描述报道,对其生态及分布方面的调查研究还没有深入的开展。1962年、1981年和1984年我们对儒艮在中国沿岸的分布进行了调查访问,并对近年所得儒艮的外形作了一些测量。现将所得资料整理报道。     

广东沿岸海域鱼类群落排序

根据广东沿岸海域春秋两季底拖网鱼类采样数据,运用多维尺度转换分别对两季的鱼类样品进行排序。排序揭示出的鱼类群落格局及其季度差异与环境变异性密切相关。同处混合水区域的站位鱼类组成较为相似;分布在珠江冲淡水和外海高盐水区域的站位,鱼类组成则与多数沿岸站位有明显差异。春季沿岸海域鱼类组成有一东北－西南向的变化趋势,这一群落格局是由于该海域东北部受低温东海沿岸流影响所致;秋季珠江河口区受冲淡水的影响,而调     

SEGREGATIVE MIGRATION OF DALL'S PORPOISE (PHOCOENOIDES DALLI) IN THE SEA OF JAPAN AND SEA OF OKHOTSK

Dall's porpoises from the Sea of Japan population taken by a dolphin fishery vessel were examined. Estimated body lengths at sexual maturity were similar to those for the truei -type population off the Pacific coast of Japan but larger than those for the offshore dalli -type in the North Pacific. The Sea of Japan population is known to migrate to the Pacific coast of Japan through Tsugaru Strait and to the Sea of Okhotsk through Soya Strait in summer. From the difference of catch composition, individuals of different reproductive status in this population are considered to have different patterns of summer migration. Most of the individuals which migrate into the Pacific Ocean through Tsugaru Strait are sexually immature, while those migrating into the Sea of Okhotsk are mature. The Sea of Okhotsk is thought to be a breeding area for this population. The calving season is estimated to be May through June, which is earlier than that of the truei -type off the Pacific coast of northern Japan. This may be an adaptation to lower water temperatures in the Sea of Japan during winter.     

中国海洋浮游端足类的物种多样性

中国海域已发现浮游端足类122种,呈现从北部往南部海区、从近海往外海区种数逐渐增加,且暖水性也逐渐增强的分布特征。渤海、黄海北部和西南部的浮游端足类同属暖温带分布,黄海东南部和东海西北部为暖温带分布和热带分布的过渡带,东海东部和东海西南部以及台湾海峡、南海均属热带分布,其中东海东部和南海中、南部热带大洋分布的特征显著。     

中国沿岸漫游的环海豹及其他鳍脚类

鳍脚类主要分布在寒冷水域。我国海域的水温相对较高,已发现的鳍脚类种类和数量都很少,除黄海和渤海的斑海豹外,其他都是离开了正常分布区的漫游个体。对斑海豹Phoca largha已有过几篇报道(汪克贤,1955;李秀朋,1965;李荣光,1980;王者茂,1984)。对另3种鳍脚类只有零星记录(王者茂,1973;诸葛阳,1982;黄圮,1984)。本文首次报道漫游到中国近海的环海豹 Phoca hispida ochotensis Pallas,同时对中国沿岸斑海豹及另3种鳍脚类的漫游个体作简要介绍。     

PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF BRYDE'S WHALES IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC AND ADJACENT WATERS INFERRED FROM MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCES1

To clarify phylogenetic relationships of Bryde's whales, we examined the nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial control region and cytochrome b gene in 33 animals: 12 from offshore waters of the western North Pacific, five from off the Solomon Islands, and 16 from the East China Sea and coastal waters of Kochi in southwestern Japan. For reference purposes, homologous sequences from four Balaenoptera species including four Bryde's whales collected in the eastern Indian Ocean were added. We found whales from the three sampling areas to be genetically distinct. The control region sequences suggested that the whales from the three areas separate at higher than the populational level from one another. The cytochrome b data indicated that genetic differences between whales off the Solomon Islands and animals in the other two areas are equivalent to values found among recognized Balaenoptera species, although such a relationship was not observed between the other two areas. We conclude that whales in the East China Sea and coastal waters of Kochi separate from Bryde's whales in offshore waters of the western North Pacific at higher than the populational level but lower than the specific level (i. e., at the subspecific level) and that whales off the Solomon Islands do not belong genetically to the Bryde's whale as previously recognized.     

Population status of Greenland halibut <Emphasis Type="Italic">Reinhardtius hippoglossoides</Emphasis> (Walbaum, 1793) of the Laptev Sea

This is the first study to perform a comparative genetic analysis of Greenland halibut in the samples from the Atlantic (waters of west and east of Greenland), Arctic (Laptev Sea), and Pacific (the western part of the Bering Sea) ocean basins using seven microsatellite loci. The obtained data clearly demonstrate that the Greenland halibut population in the Laptev Sea belongs to the groups of the Atlantic Ocean basin. Apparently, the Greenland halibut of the Laptev Sea is represented by a dependent population, which is replenished due to the drift of immatures from the spawning grounds in the Barents Sea with the transformed Atlantic water flow along the continental slope. In addition, the Arctic population can be partially replenished due to the breeding of the halibut in local spawning grounds.     

YOLDIELLA SEGUENZAE, A NEW SPECIES OF NUCULANIDAE (BIVALVIA; NUCULOIDA) FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA

A new species, Yoldiella seguenzae (Bivalvia, Nucu-loida), froma deep sea community off the north east coast of Sardinia (MediterraneanSea), is described. Morphometrical and statistical comparisonwith the very similar Yoldiella philippiana (Nyst, 1845), andgeneral morphological comparison with other Mediterranean andAtlantic species support the distinc-tivness of Y. seguenzaewhich is distributed in deep waters of the Central MediterraneanSea, Alboran Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. (Received 21 October 1993; accepted 1 July 1994)     

Distribution and movements of fin whales in the North Pacific Ocean

• 1 We summarize fin whale Balaenoptera physalus catch statistics, sighting data, mark recoveries and acoustics data. The annual cycle of most populations of fin whales had been thought to entail regular migrations between high‐latitude summer feeding grounds and lower‐latitude winter grounds. Here we present evidence of more complex and varied movement patterns.
• 2 During summer, fin whales range from the Chukchi Sea south to 35 °N on the Sanriku coast of Honshu, to the Subarctic Boundary (ca. 42 °N) in the western and central Pacific, and to 32 °N off the coast of California. Catches show concentrations in seven areas which we refer to as ‘grounds’, representing productive feeding areas.
• 3 During winter months, whales have been documented over a wide area from 60 °N south to 23 °N. Coastal whalers took them regularly in all winter months around Korea and Japan and they have been seen regularly in winter off southern California and northern Baja California. There are also numerous fin whale sightings and acoustic detections north of 40 °N during winter months. Calves are born during the winter, but there is little evidence for distinct calving areas.
• 4 Whales implanted with Discovery‐type marks were killed in whaling operations, and location data from 198 marked whales demonstrate local site fidelity, consistent movements within and between the main summer grounds and long migrations from low‐latitude winter grounds to high‐latitude summer grounds.
• 5 The distributional data agree with immunogenetic and marking findings which suggest that the migratory population segregates into at least two demes with separate winter mating grounds: a western ground off the coast of Asia and an eastern one off the American coast. Members of the two demes probably mingle in the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands area.
• 6 Prior research had suggested that there were at least two non‐migratory stocks of fin whale: one in the East China Sea and another in the Gulf of California. There is equivocal evidence for the existence of additional non‐migratory groups in the Sanriku‐Hokkaido area off Japan and possibly the northern Sea of Japan, but this is based on small sample sizes.

     

广东省主要水系罗非鱼的建群状况

【背景】罗非鱼是华南地区自然水域的常见种,是我国主要的外来鱼类之一,但对其在自然水域的分布和数量缺乏详细的描述。【方法】对广东省的主要河流珠江(西江、北江、东江)、韩江、鉴江和潭江等的多个样点进行了调查,主要对各样点渔获物中罗非鱼的比例进行了统计,并对各种群的年龄结构、性比、性腺发育和食性等进行了研究。【结果】广东省各主要水系均有罗非鱼野生个体的存在,其中,鉴江袂花江段数量最多,约占渔获物总质量的60%,西江、北江数量相对较少,不到渔获物总质量的1%;在各种群中均发现了2龄以上个体和性成熟个体,并在调查中采集到大量仔、幼鱼。【结论与意义】以上结果表明罗非鱼在广东各主要河流已能完成越冬和繁殖,并建立自然种群。