纤维素降解的菌株筛选及其运用

目的:筛选降解稻草纤维素菌株,为纤维素的高效降解提供理论依据.方法:采用羧甲基纤维素钠刚果红培养基与滤纸条培养基从采集的腐木、腐土和腐叶等样品中筛选出纤维素降解菌.然后经液态发酵后测定其羧甲基纤维素酶活力与降解稻草的天然纤维素酶活力,综合考虑这两种酶活力,对其进行单独与混合发酵培养.筛选分解稻草能力较强的菌株组合.结果:初筛到5株真菌和5株细菌纤维素降解力较优的菌株.经酶活力测定后,得到分解纤维素能力较强的两株真菌F3和F5与两株细菌B1和B5,其中F3和B1的羧甲基纤维素酶活分别为705.6U、214.6U;F5和B5天然纤维素酶活分别为466.5U、204.8 U.混合培养在一定程度上能提高纤维素酶活,F3/F5具有稳定而较高的酶活力,某时间段酶活高达646.8U,且后续酶活力也保持在较高水平.而F3/B5在某时间段的酶活高达788.6U.结论:菌株的混合培养可以提高纤维素酶活.     

三菌混合固态发酵产纤维素酶

以稻草粉和麸皮为主要原料,对白腐菌(White-rot fungi) NS75、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)NS83和絮凝酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)SP5混合菌固态发酵产纤维素酶进行研究.实验结果显示,在白腐菌和黑曲霉双菌混合培养2d后接入絮凝酵母,培养到第7d产酶达到峰值;三菌混合发酵产纤维素酶酶活明显高于白腐菌和黑曲霉双菌混合培养,其β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-G)和羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)酶活比白腐菌(White-rot fungi) NS75和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)NS83双菌发酵产酶分别提高了143.3％和68.2％.单因素实验和正交实验结果表明,当稻草粉麸皮质量比为8∶2,料水比为1∶2,白腐菌NS75、黑曲霉NS83和絮凝酵母SP5的接种比例为1:2∶1.5 (v/v/v)时,于30℃培养7d,固态发酵基中β-G和CMCase酶活分别达到62305 U/g和30241 U/g.     

球毛壳菌降解天然木质纤维素能力差异及酶系基因分析简

目的：以不同植物中分离到的4株内生球毛壳菌NK102、NK103、NK104和NK105为对象,研究不同生态来源球毛壳菌降解木质素和纤维素的能力。方法：首先采用羧甲基纤维素和纤维素刚果红平板检测各菌株的纤维素降解能力,并利用Bavendamm平板反应检测各菌株的木质素降解能力;将4株菌分别培养在以微晶纤维素、杨树叶和木屑为惟一碳源的液体培养基中,通过检测培养液中纤维素酶和漆酶的酶活力,比较各菌株分解利用天然木质纤维素材料的能力,连续培养12d后检测培养液中次级代谢产物的合成情况;利用已测序的球毛壳菌CBS148．51的基因组信息,寻找编码木质纤维素降解酶类的基因,为球毛壳菌分解利用木质纤维素提供分子生物学依据。结果：NK102、NK103、NK104和NK105在羧甲基纤维素培养基和纤维素刚果红培养基上都能够生长并形成水解圈;Bavendamm平板反应显示4株菌降解木质素的能力由强到弱依次是NK103、NK102、NK105和NK104。4株菌都能分解利用微晶纤维素、杨树叶和木屑,分泌纤维素酶和漆酶,其中NK102在以木屑为碳源的培养基上纤维素酶活力最强,达到0．76U/mL发酵液,NK103在以杨树叶为碳源的培养基上漆酶活力最强。与此同时,4株菌在发酵培养过程中都能够稳定地合成球毛壳甲素（ChA）,ChA产量受到碳源影响,在以杨树叶为碳源的培养基上,NK104的ChA产量最高,可达到14．88mg/L发酵液。利用已测序的球毛壳菌CBS148．51的基因组信息,寻找到119个编码纤维素半纤维素酶的基因、8个编码漆酶的基因和2个编码锰过氧化物酶的基因,球毛壳菌具有完整的降解纤维素半纤维素的酶体系,在木质纤维素降解真菌的开发过程中具有重要的研究价值。结论：本研究为球毛壳菌木质纤维素降解过程的研究及该菌种的开发利用奠定了基础。     

侧耳菌与粗毛栓菌在麦草培养基中产生木质纤维素降解酶的研究

草本植物,包括农作物秸杆的木质素主要是由松柏醇、芥子醇和对香豆醇的脱氢聚合物和对香豆酸组成[1,2],是结构复杂、稳定、多样的生物大分子物质.虽难于被一般微生物降解,但自然界中仍存在一些可降解木质素的微生物种类,白腐真菌是最重要的一类,它们通过分泌漆酶(Laccases,Lac)、木质素过氧化物酶(Lignin peroxidases,LiP)、锰过氧化物酶(Manganese-dependent peroxidases,MnP)、纤维素酶(Cellulas-es,Cel)和半纤维素酶(Hemicellulases,Hcel)等降解植物生物质.由于白腐菌在造纸工业中的生物制浆和纸浆生物漂白、环境保护等方面[4]有着很好的应用前景,因此倍受关注. 本研究选用在液体培养基中产酶能力强且产酶较快的白腐真菌侧耳sp2和粗毛栓菌[5]进行固体培养,研究它们产生木质纤维素降解酶类和降解植物生物质的能力.研究结果报道如下.     

白腐菌胞外提取液与纤维素酶对玉米秸秆的协同酶解研究

通过评价几株白腐菌固体发酵不同时间的胞外提取液与纤维素酶同时加入对玉米秸秆酶解产糖的影响,得到一个较高糖化效果的胞外降解体系,并对其相关影响因素进行研究,进而初探其协同酶解的机制.结果表明,Echinodontium taxodii 2538固体培养5 d的胞外提取液与纤维素酶形成的胞外降解体系的协同酶解效果较好,酸处...     

云斑白条天牛幼虫肠道纤维素降解菌的分离鉴定及产酶条件的优化

为筛选云斑白条天牛[Batocera lineaolata(Chaevroat)]幼虫肠道中高效纤维素降解菌,实现纤维素的高效利用,以羧甲基纤维素钠为唯一碳源,并利用刚果红平板染色法初筛、纤维素酶活测定复筛,从云斑白条天牛幼虫肠道中分离产纤维素酶菌株;采用形态学观察和16S rDNA基因序列同源性分析方法对该菌株进行鉴定,单因素试验法对菌株的产酶条件进行优化。结果表明:从45株纤维素降解菌中通过刚果红染色获得2株高效产纤维素酶菌株A04、A07,鉴定分别为苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum)A04、拉乌尔菌属(Raoultella)A07。初步确定苍白杆菌属A04在温度32℃、初始pH=6、以酵母膏为氮源条件下滤纸酶(FPase)活力最大;拉乌尔菌属A07产纤维素酶在温度32℃、初始pH=7、以酒石酸铵为氮源条件下FPase活力最大。     

三种白腐菌生物学特性与木质纤维素酶基因遗传多样性

以采自东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场的3种白腐真菌——木蹄层孔菌(Fomes fomentarius)、鲍姆鲍姆木层孔菌(Phellinus baumiibaumii)和火木层孔菌(Phellinus igniarius)为材料,用菌落直径测量法比较3种白腐菌在马铃署葡萄糖固体培养基上的生长速度,采用菌丝体干重法比较其在马铃署葡萄糖液体培养基中的生物量变化。结果显示:马铃薯葡萄糖固体培养基上3种白腐菌均为快速生长类型,其生长速度木蹄层孔菌火木层孔菌鲍姆鲍姆木层孔菌;马铃署葡萄糖液体培养基中生物量增长速度木蹄层孔菌鲍姆鲍姆木层孔菌火木层孔菌。用比色法测量其木质纤维素酶活性,结果显示:木蹄层孔菌产锰过氧化物酶和漆酶量较高,鲍姆鲍姆木层孔菌和火木层孔菌产木质素过氧化物酶量较高;木蹄层孔菌、鲍姆鲍姆木层孔菌和火木层孔菌3种白腐菌的3种主要木质素酶(锰过氧化物酶、漆酶和木质素过氧化物酶)的表达量,种间差异显著(F=3.75*、5.20**、3.01*),白桦木屑诱导处理与对照间差异显著(F=3.84*、4.19*、5.28*);两种主要纤维素酶(葡聚糖内切酶、葡聚糖外切酶)的表达量,种间差异不显著,受碳源影响作用显著(F=3.99*、4.04*)。筛选29对引物组合,对3种白腐菌几种主要木质纤维素酶基因进行TRAP-PCR分子标记检测,比较3菌种间遗传差异,扩增总条带数为357条,多态性条带数为255条,多态性条带的比例为71.43%,其中木质素降解酶基因总多态位点比率为73.77%,纤维素降解酶基因总多态位点比率为68.97%。3种白腐菌的木质纤维素降解酶基因在种间均存在较高的遗传差异。因此,特定基因的TRAP分子标记可以用于木腐菌的遗传变异分析。     

球毛壳菌降解天然木质纤维素能力差异及酶系基因分析

目的:以不同植物中分离到的4株内生球毛壳菌NK102、NK103、NK104和NK105为对象,研究不同生态来源球毛壳菌降解木质素和纤维素的能力。方法:首先采用羧甲基纤维素和纤维素刚果红平板检测各菌株的纤维素降解能力,并利用Bavendamm平板反应检测各菌株的木质素降解能力;将4株菌分别培养在以微晶纤维素、杨树叶和木屑为惟一碳源的液体培养基中,通过检测培养液中纤维素酶和漆酶的酶活力,比较各菌株分解利用天然木质纤维素材料的能力,连续培养12 d后检测培养液中次级代谢产物的合成情况;利用已测序的球毛壳菌CBS148.51的基因组信息,寻找编码木质纤维素降解酶类的基因,为球毛壳菌分解利用木质纤维素提供分子生物学依据。结果:NK102、NK103、NK104和NK105在羧甲基纤维素培养基和纤维素刚果红培养基上都能够生长并形成水解圈;Bavendamm平板反应显示4株菌降解木质素的能力由强到弱依次是NK103、NK102、NK105和NK104。4株菌都能分解利用微晶纤维素、杨树叶和木屑,分泌纤维素酶和漆酶,其中NK102在以木屑为碳源的培养基上纤维素酶活力最强,达到0.76 U/mL发酵液,NK103在以杨树叶为碳源的培养基上漆酶活力最强。与此同时,4株菌在发酵培养过程中都能够稳定地合成球毛壳甲素(ChA),ChA产量受到碳源影响,在以杨树叶为碳源的培养基上,NK104的ChA产量最高,可达到14.88 mg/L发酵液。利用已测序的球毛壳菌CBS148.51的基因组信息,寻找到119个编码纤维素半纤维素酶的基因、8个编码漆酶的基因和2个编码锰过氧化物酶的基因,球毛壳菌具有完整的降解纤维素半纤维素的酶体系,在木质纤维素降解真菌的开发过程中具有重要的研究价值。结论:本研究为球毛壳菌木质纤维素降解过程的研究及该菌种的开发利用奠定了基础。     

构菌栽培过程中对木质纤维素的降解和几种多糖分解酶活性的变化

本文分析了构菌在木屑-麦麸基物上生长发育期间,基物主要组分的降解和几种多糖分解酶活性的变化。结果表明,菌丝体迅速生长期间呼吸强度最大,在菌丝长满基物到子实体发生期间的呼吸强度很小,子实体发育期呼吸强度再次升高。在以新鲜木屑为主要基物时,构菌对基物中的纤维素和半纤维紊的分解作用较弱,并且构菌仅有很徽弱的木紊分解能力。胞外羧甲基纤维素酶、滤纸纤维素酶,木聚糖酶、果胶酶和淀粉酶的活性存在于构菌整个栽培过程,在菌丝体迅速生长期淀粉酶活力较高,在菌丝长满基物后活力明显下降,其它四种酶的活性变化规律与淀粉酶活性变化规     

碳源对虫草菌产生几种胞外酶活性的影响

本实验研究分别以淀粉、果胶和纤维素为液体培养基中唯一碳源时,虫草菌所产相应诱导酶活性变化。通过分别以淀粉、果胶和CMC为唯一碳源的液体培养基培养虫草菌,检测培养过程中酶活性变化、残糖及总核苷量。结果表明:分别利用淀粉、果胶和CMC为唯一碳源,虫草菌均能生长并产生诱导酶。淀粉酶活力最高可达40 U/m L,CMC酶活力仅达到1.6 U/m L,果胶酶酶活力达到6.86 U/m L,淀粉酶活力比果胶酶酶活和纤维素酶中的CMC酶活力高很多,淀粉是较容易利用的碳源。淀粉、果胶和CMC培养虫草菌都会产生碱性物质。含淀粉较多的农业加工副产品、废弃物对虫草菌培养的贡献价值较高。     

培菌白蚁菌圃微生物降解木质纤维素的研究进展

白蚁及其共生微生物协同降解植物细胞壁的机理一直被世界各国科学家所关注。培菌白蚁作为高等白蚁,相比低等食木白蚁具有更多样化的食性,其利用外共生系统“菌圃”,对多种植物材料进行处理。本文综述了菌圃微生物降解木质纤维素的研究进展,以期为深入研究菌圃中木质纤维素降解过程及其机制,并挖掘利用菌圃降解木质纤维素的能力及仿生模拟菌圃开发新的生物质利用系统提供参考。培 菌白蚁在其巢内利用由植物材料修建的多孔海绵状结构——“菌圃”来培养共生真菌鸡枞菌Termitomyces spp.,形成了独特的木质纤维素食物降解和消化策略,使木质纤维素在培菌白蚁及其共生微生物协同作用下被逐步降解。幼年工蚁取食菌圃上的共生真菌菌丝组成的小白球和老年工蚁觅得食物并排出粪便堆积到菌圃上成为上层菌圃。这一过程中,被幼年工蚁取食的共生真菌释放木质素降解酶对包裹在植物多糖外部的木质素屏障进行解聚。菌圃微生物(包括共生真菌)对解聚的木质素基团进一步降解,将多糖长链或主链剪切成短链,使菌圃基质自下而上被逐步降解。最后下层的老熟菌圃被老年工蚁取食,其中肠的内源酶系及后肠微生物将这些短链进一步剪切和利用。因此,蚁巢菌圃及其微生物是培菌白蚁高效转化利用木质纤维素的基础。化学层面的研究表明,菌圃能够实现对植物次生物质解毒和植 物纤维化学结构解构。对共生真菌相关酶系的研究显示可能其在菌圃的植物纤维化学结构和植物次生物质的降解中发挥了作用,但不同属共生真菌间其效率和具体功能不尽相同。而菌圃中的细菌是否发挥了作用和哪些细菌类群发挥了作用等仍有待进一步的研究。相比于低等食木白蚁利用其后肠共生微生物降解木质纤维素,培菌白蚁利用菌圃降解木质纤维素具有非厌氧和能处理多种类型食物两大优势,仿生模拟菌圃降解木质纤维素的机制对林地表面枯枝落叶的资源化利用具有重要意义。     

Effect of culture conditions on mycelial growth, antibacterial activity, and metabolite profiles of the marine-derived fungus Arthrinium c.f. saccharicola

The effects of culture conditions and competitive cultivation with bacteria on mycelial growth, metabolite profile, and antibacterial activity of the marine-derived fungus Arthrinium c.f. saccharicola were investigated. The fungus grew faster at 30°C, at pH 6.5 and in freshwater medium, while exhibited higher antibacterial activity at 25°C, at pH 4.5, 5.5, and 7.5, and in 34 ppt seawater medium. The fungus grew faster in a high-nitrogen medium that contained 0.5% peptone and/or 0.5% yeast extract, while exhibiting higher bioactivity in a high-carbon medium that contained 2% glucose. The fungal growth was inhibited when it was co-cultured with six bacterial species, particularly the bacterium Pseudoalteromonas piscida. The addition of a cell free culture broth of this bacterium significantly increased the bioactivity of the fungus. Metabolite profiles of the fungus revealed by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry showed clear difference among different treatments, and the change of relative area of three peaks in GC profile followed a similar trend with the bioactivity variation of fungal extracts. Our results showed clear differences in the optimal conditions for achieving maximal mycelial growth and bioactivity of the fungus, which is important for the further study on the mass cultivation and bioactive compounds isolation from this fungus.     

Degradation of extractive-free lignocelluloses by Coriolus versicolor and Poria placenta

Summary The wood-decay fungi Coriolus versicolor, a white-rot fungus, and Poria placenta, a brown-rot fungus, were grown on an extractive-free lignocellulose prepared from quackgrass (Agropyron repens). Their abilities to decompose this lignocellulose were compared to their abilities to decompose softwood (Picea pungens) and hardwood (Acer rubrum) lignocelluloses. The two fungi were grown on malt-extract dampened lignocelluloses at 28°C for up to 12 weeks. Replicate cultures were periodically harvested and lignocellulose decomposition was followed by monitoring substrate weight loss, lignin loss, and carbohydrate loss. Coriolus versicolor decomposed the lignin and carbohydrate components of the grass lignocellulose as efficiently as the softwood and hardwood lignocelluloses. Poria placenta, however, was not an efficient degrader of either lignin or carbohydrate in the grass lignocellulose. Poria placenta readily decomposed carbohydrate components of the softwood lignocellulose but not the hardwood lignocellulose.Paper number 81520 of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station     

Efficient cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei in continuous cultivation on lactose medium with a computer-controlled feeding strategy

A low-foaming hydrophobin II deletant of the Trichoderma reesei strain Rut-C30 was used for production of cellulases by continuous cultivation on lactose medium in a laboratory fermenter. The control paradigm of the addition of new medium to the continuous process was based on the growth dynamics of the fungus. A decrease in the rate of base addition to the cultivation for pH-minimum control was used as an indicator of imminent exhaustion of carbon source for growth and enzyme induction. When the amount of base added per 5 min computation cycle decreased below a given value, new medium was added to the fermenter. When base addition for pH control thereafter increased above the criterion value, due to increased growth, the medium feed was discontinued or decreased. The medium feeding protocol employed was successful in locking the fungus in the stage of imminent, but not actual, exhaustion of carbon source. According to the results of a batch cultivation of the same strain on the same medium, this is the phase of maximal enzyme productivity. The medium addition protocol used in this work resulted in a very stable continuous process, in which cellulase productivity was maintained for several hundred hours at the maximum level observed in a batch cultivation for only about 10 h. Despite a major technical disturbance after about 420 h, the process was restored to stability. When the cultivation was terminated after 650 h, the level of enzyme production was still maximal, with no signs of instability of the process.     

Ethanol production from hexoses, pentoses, and dilute-acid hydrolyzate by Mucor indicus

Consumption of hexoses and pentoses and production of ethanol by Mucor indicus were investigated in both synthetic media and dilute-acid hydrolyzates. The fungus was able to grow in a poor medium containing only carbon, nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, and magnesium sources. However, the cultivation took more than a week and the ethanol yield was only 0.2 gg(-1). Enrichment of the medium by addition of trace metals, particularly zinc and yeast extract, improved the growth rate and yield, such that the cultivation was completed in less than 24 h and the ethanol and biomass yields were increased to 0.40 and 0.20 gg(-1), respectively. The fungus was able to assimilate glucose, galactose, mannose, and xylose, and produced ethanol with yields of 0.40, 0.34, 0.39, and 0.18 gg(-1), respectively. However, arabinose was poorly consumed and no formation of ethanol was detected. Glycerol was the major by-product in the cultivation on the hexoses, while formation of glycerol and xylitol were detected in the cultivation of the fungus on xylose. The fungus was able to take up the sugars present in dilute-acid hydrolyzate as well as the inhibitors, acetic acid, furfural, and hydroxymethyl furfural. M. indicus was able to grow under anaerobic conditions when glucose was the sole carbon source, but not on xylose or the hydrolyzate. The yield of ethanol in anaerobic cultivation on glucose was 0.46 g g(-1).     

Enzymatic utilization of cotton soap stock

Enzymatic hydrolysis of neutral fat of cotton oil soap stock with a nonspecific lipase produced by Oospora lactis F-500 was designed. The culture liquid and a preparation of enzyme obtained by precipitation with isopropanol from a filtrate of the culture liquid were used. Utilization of cotton oil soap stock as the only source of carbon during cultivation of the fungus was studied. The rate of hydrolysis of soap stock fat strongly depended on the way of biological conversion of cotton oil soap stock. The most effective utilization was observed during cultivation of the fungus in the medium containing soap stock.     

Conditions for cultivation of the fungus Penicillium melinii UzLM-4 and its biosynthesis of lipases

Cultivation of the fungus Penicillium melinii UzLM-4 on a Raistrick's medium of our own modification made it possible to increase the biosynthesis of lipases three to four times. The following conditions ensured a high rate of synthesis of the extracellular lipase: age of the inoculum, 15 days; concentration of the inoculum, 15 x 10(6) conidia per 100 ml medium; initial pH of the nutrient medium, 8.0; and cultivation in a shaker at 150 rpm (25 degrees C).     

Fimbria-mediated bacterial adhesion to human oral epithelium

The white-rot fungus Marasmius quercophilus C30 is able to produce several laccases. The proportion of the enzymes produced depends on culture conditions. On malt medium, LAC1 was produced continuously over the 14 days of the cultivation period and was the only activity detectable. Copper increased total laccase activity by a factor 10 and induced the transient expression of one or more extra laccases in the culture medium. A combination of copper and p-hydroxybenzoic acid made it possible to extend the expression of induced laccase activities over the cultivation period and to reach a maximum activity 30 times higher than in non-induced culture. Extracellular laccases produced in this last condition were eluted as four peaks on an anion exchange column and were partially characterized.     

Microbial degradation of lignocellulose: the lignin component

A new procedure was developed for the study of lignin biodegradation by pure or mixed cultures of microorganisms. Natural lignocelluloses were prepared containing C in primarily their lignin components by feeding plants l-[U-C]phenylalanine through their cut stems. Lignin degradation was observed in numerous soils by monitoring evolution of CO(2) from [C]lignin-labeled oak (Quercus albus), maple (Acer rubrum), and cattail (Typha latifola). An organism (Thermonospora fusca ATCC 27730) that is known to degrade cellulose but not lignin was shown to grow on lignocellulose in the presence of [C]lignocelluloses without evolution of CO(2). A known lignin degrader (a white-rot fungus, Polyporus versicolor) was shown to readily evolve CO(2) from damp C-labeled cattail and C-labeled maple.     

Enzymatic utilization of cotton oil soap stock

Enzymatic hydrolysis of neutral fat of cotton oil soap stock with a nonspecific lipase produced byOospora lactis F-500 was designed. The culture liquid and a preparation of enzyme obtained by precipitation with isopropanol from a filtrate of the culture liquid were used. Utilization of cotton oil soap stock as the only source of carbon during cultivation of the fungus was studied. The rate of hydrolysis of soap stock fat strongly depended on the way of biological conversion of cotton oil soap stock. The most effective utilization was observed during cultivation of the fungus in the medium containing soap stock.