热带牧草种质圃资源收集、保存及分发利用研究

简述了农业部儋州热带牧草种质圃概况,介绍了热带牧草种质资源收集、保存及分发利用状况。截止到2013年底,共收集国内外热带牧草种质7760份,先后从中选育出22个牧草及饲料作物新品种通过全国牧草品审会审定。圃内无性繁殖材料活体保存草种质1552份,隶属3科68属202种,其中禾本科牧草种质有60属186种,豆科牧草资源有6属42种,莎草科有4属5种,引进种质有378份。每年向国内外相关科研院所、大专院校及企业和个人提供实物草种质材料300余份,提供种质数据信息400余条,指出了今后热带牧草种质圃在热带牧草资源收集、保存、分发利用方面的研究重点和研究方向。     

国家种质多年生牧草圃

<正>国家种质多年生牧草圃,设立在中国农业科学院草原研究所农牧交错区试验示范基地,位于呼和浩特市西南约30 km的土默特左旗沙尔沁乡。1986年在国家"七五"科技攻关"牧草、饲料作物种质保存技术研究及中期库建立"课题的支持下建立,占地面积1.67 hm2。"十五"以后,多年生牧草圃被纳入到国家种质资源保存体系。2005年多年生牧草圃进行了改扩建项目,项目经费150万元,使资源保存基础设施条件得到了改进和提高。改扩建后牧草圃总面积2.67hm2,其中保存区面积2.00 hm2,繁殖更新区面积0.67 hm2。牧草保存区可保存1000余份种质资源,由禾本科     

国家种质多年生牧草圃

国家种质多年生牧草圃是国家唯一的无性繁殖和多年生牧草保存圃,承担着牧草种质资源的保存和繁殖更新任务,挂靠在中国农业科学院草原研究所。设在中国农科院草原研究所农牧交错试验示范基     

川、藏地区野生牧草种质资源考察与搜集

完成了四川西北部、西藏部分地区(海拔2 166 m~4 955 m范围内)的野生牧草种质资源考察和搜集。共收集到牧草种质资源849份,其中禾本科为32属,720份,豆科为13属,87份,其它科42份。丰富了国家牧草种质基因库,为川、藏地区野生牧草的驯化与育种提供了原始材料。     

西藏自治区雀麦属种质资源考察与收集

为了摸清西藏自治区雀麦属种质资源,初步开展了西藏自治区中南部雀麦属种质资源的考察和收集工作。共收集到无芒雀麦、雀麦、旱雀麦、华雀麦、细雀麦、大序雀麦、篦齿雀麦、总状雀麦、大麦状雀麦等9种73份资源。其中,发现《西藏植物志》未记载的新记录种4个,分别是雀麦、篦齿雀麦、总状雀麦和大麦状雀麦,并发现了西藏特有种华雀麦。相较原有国家牧草种质资源库保存的西藏地区雀麦属1种1份,极大地丰富了国家牧草种质资源库,为深入研究西藏自治区野生牧草资源奠定了数据和物质基础,为下一步青藏高原野生牧草的驯化与育种提供了原始材料。     

中国甘薯种质资源研究现状及发展战略

中国保存的甘薯种质资源约2000份,绝大部分进行了抗性鉴定评价及营养成分含量测定。甘薯种质资源的保存方式有田间种质圃和试管苗库。作为种质利用的资源材料有地方品种、引进品种、育成品种(系)、突变体和近缘野生种等。根据我国甘薯种质资源研究现状,本提出了未来研究重点,包括调整资源收集重点、建立完整的资源保存体系、深入开展鉴定评价、建立核心种质库、进行种质创新等。     

甘肃省干旱地区抗逆农作物种质资源调查与分析

调查、收集甘肃省干旱地区抗逆农作物种质资源,为甘肃抗逆农作物种质资源保护、研究、利用提供基础材料。2011～2013年采用查阅文献、访问和实地调查相结合的方法,对分布在甘肃干旱地区18个县(市、区)、48个乡(镇)、81个行政村的抗逆农作物种质资源的保存及利用现状进行了调查,并对种质进行了收集。共收集到粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜及野生资源材料845份,分属16科46属62种,其中抗旱种质27份,耐盐碱种质4份,高抗锈病种质14份。 本文对调查地区抗逆农作物种质资源现状、消长情况及原因和调查、收集到的资源种类及其利用价值进行了分析,并对甘肃省干旱地区抗逆农作物种质资源的保护、开发和利用进行了讨论。     

首部作物种质资源安全保存专著《作物种质资源安全保存原理与技术》正式出版

作物种质资源的安全保存是其有效利用的前提,安全保存需要确保维持种质高生活力和遗传完整性。国家农作物种质资源种质库圃已经收集保存超过51万份作物种质资源,此外各省、研究机构、育种单位也保存有大量作物种质资源。然而入库圃保存并不是一劳永逸的,种质库保存的资源会面临因活力下降而丧失的风险,种质圃保存的资源易遭受自然灾害和生境恶化等威胁,也存在丧失的风险。     

全国农作物种质资源保护与利用2019年工作会议召开

3月21-22日,中国农业科学院作物科学研究所牵头的全国农作物种质资源保护与利用专项2019年工作会议在河北石家庄召开。中国工程院刘旭院士、方智远院士,农业农村部种业管理司司长张延秋、副司长吴晓玲,作科所所长刘春明出席会议并做重要讲话,作物种质资源中心李立会主任主持了大会开幕式。刘春明代表专项牵头实施单位致辞,高度评价了在全国协作下,2018年我国农作物种质资源保护和利用工作取得的显著成绩:一是资源保存总量突破50万份。新收集各类资源9704份,入国家库圃资源10485份,长期保存资源总量达502307份(其中国家长期库435550份,43个种质圃66757份)。     

中国野生稻资源考察、鉴定和保存概况

本综述了我国野生稻种质资源的考察收集、农艺性状鉴定、编目、繁种、入库保存等情况。到目前为止,我国收集了野生稻种资源近万份,编目7324份,种子入国家种质库长期保存5599份,种茎进国家野生稻圃长期保存8933份,显示出我国野生稻资源丰富的遗传多样性,并得到较完善的保存。介绍了鉴定选出的一批具有优良性状的种质资源。作还提出加强野生稻资源保护和研究的6点建议。     

新选育饲草玉米品系饲用营养价值初步研究

对利用一年生大刍草和四倍体多年生大刍草分别与玉米杂交选育出的一年生饲草玉米(SC1)和多年生饲草玉米(SC3)生物产量和饲用营养成分进行分析,结果表明:SC1和SC3鲜草年产量分别达115 620kg/hm2、174 045kg/hm2,是普通玉米的4～6倍;SC3的粗蛋白质(CP)和无氮浸出物(NFE)含量最高,分别为17.57%、48.73%,粗纤维(CF)含量最低,为21.65%,其粗脂肪(EE)和灰分(CA)含量分别为4.30%和7.75%;SC1的营养成分含量分别为:(CP)14.73%、(CF)26.09%、(NFE)45.29%、(EE)4.78%和(CA)9.11%;化学营养类型分析表明SC1与SC3分别属NC型和N型,都是高产高饲用价值的新型饲草.     

Forage and Turf Grass Biotechnology

Referee: Dr. Ian Ray, Plant Breeding and Genetics, Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, New Mexico State University, MSC 3Q, P.O. Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8003 Forage and turf grasses are the backbone of sustainable agriculture and contribute extensively to the world economy. They play a major role in providing high quality and economical meat, milk, and fiber products and are important in soil conservation, environmental protection, and outdoor recreation. Conventional breeding contributed substantially to the genetic improvement of forage and turf grasses in the last century. The relatively new developments in genetic manipulation of these species open up opportunities for incorporating cellular and molecular techniques into grass improvement programs. For some commonly used forage and turf species, significant advances have been achieved in the following areas: (1) establishment of a tissue culture basis for the efficient regeneration of fertile and genetically stable plants, (2) generation of transgenic plants by biolistic transformation and direct gene transfer to protoplasts, (3) recovery of intergeneric somatic grass plants by protoplast fusion, (4) development of molecular markers for marker assisted selection, and (5) sequencing of expressed sequenced tags and the development of DNA array technologies for gene discovery. Although difficulties still exist in genetic manipulation of these recalcitrant monocot species, impressive progress has been made toward the generation of value-added novel grass germplasm incorporating traits such as improved forage quality. The joint efforts of molecular biologists and plant breeders make the available biotechnological methods a useful tool for accelerating forage and turf grass improvement.     

Rumen Fungi and Forage Fiber Degradation

The role of anaerobic rumen fungi in in vitro forage fiber degradation was determined in a two forage × two inoculum source × five treatment factorial design. Forages used as substrates for rumen microorganisms were Coastal bermuda grass and alfalfa; inoculum sources were rumen fluid samples from a steer fed Coastal bermuda grass hay or alfalfa hay; treatments were whole rumen fluid (WRF), WRF plus streptomycin (0.2 mg/ml of rumen fluid) and penicillin (1.25 mg/ml of fluid), WRF plus cycloheximide (0.5 mg/ml of fluid), WRF plus streptomycin, penicillin, and cycloheximide, and McDougall buffer. Populations of fungi as shown by sporangial development were greater on bermuda grass leaves than on alfalfa leaflets regardless of inoculum source. However, endogenous fungal populations were greater from the alfalfa hay inoculum. Cycloheximide inhibited the fungi, whereas streptomycin and penicillin, which inhibit bacterial populations, resulted in an increase in numbers of sporangia in the alfalfa inoculum, suggesting an interaction between bacteria and fungi. Bacteria (i.e., WRF plus cycloheximide) were equal to the total population in degrading dry matter, neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), acid-detergent fiber (ADF), and cellulose for both inocula and both forages. Degradation of dry matter, NDF, ADF, and cellulose by anaerobic fungi (i.e., WRF plus streptomycin and penicillin) was less than that due to the total population or bacteria alone. However, NDF, ADF, and cellulose digestion was 1.3, 2.4, and 7.9 percentage units higher, respectively, for bermuda grass substrate with the alfalfa versus bermuda grass inoculum, suggesting a slight benefit by rumen fungi. No substantial loss of lignin (72% H₂SO₄ method) occurred due to fungal degradation. The most active fiber-digesting population in the rumen was the bacteria, even when streptomycin and penicillin treatment resulted in an increase in rumen fungi over untreated WRF. The development of large numbers of sporangia on fiber may not indicate a substantial role as digesters of forage.     

Forage quality's influence on mule deer fawns

In many mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) populations, recruitment of fawns drives population dynamics. The quality of food available to females and their fawns in summer and autumn may play an important role in fawn recruitment. We examined direct links between digestible energy (DE) content of food and the DE intake of females on the nutrient concentration of milk and between the nursing behavior, DE intake, growth, and survival in captive mule deer fawns. We offered females and their fawns diets that simulated the natural decline in DE content of forage from mid-summer to late autumn in many western landscapes. Fawns fed a higher DE diet weighed 14% more at the onset of winter, had fewer unsuccessful nursing attempts, consumed milk with more protein and energy, and had higher survival than fawns fed a low DE diet. Differences between fawn performances among treatments were greatest when diet quality began decreasing earlier in the summer. Because our results indicate that summer and autumn nutrition is likely to influence fawn recruitment, wildlife biologists should include metrics for summer precipitation and late autumn fawn mass in population models, and land managers should focus on methods for improving the nutritional carrying capacity of summer and early autumn habitats. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.     

Infection Biology of Bacterial Wilt of Forage Grasses

Infection of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), Italian ryegrass (Loliummultiflorum L.), and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) by Xanthomonas campestris pv. graminis and Xanthomonas campestris pv. phlei occurred mainly via wounds rather than natural openings. Nevertheless, bacteria were detected by isolation and immunofluorescence in plants sprayed with the pathogen without prior wounding and in plants in which intact ears had been dipped in inocula. High concentrations of bacteria were observed around the stomata of perennial ryegrass and timothy by scanning electron microscopy 48 h after inoculation. Perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass and individual plants of ryegrass and timothy differedin susceptibility to the pathogens.