毛姜花原变种花寿命对两性适合度的影响

植物的花寿命被认为是由雌、雄适合度的增长和维持花开放的花费之间的平衡来决定的。姜花属(Hedychium)是姜科唯一一个从热带到高海拔地区分布的大属, 属内不同种类植物的花寿命差异很大。毛姜花原变种(H. villosum var. villosum)的花寿命为5 d, 显著长于其它同域分布的姜科植物。通过人工剪除毛姜花原变种的柱头来使花朵具雌性功能的时间缩短, 结果显示: 在不同的处理中, 结实率随花朵具雌性功能时间的延长而增加, 开花1 d后剪除柱头的结实率为1.85% ± 1.59%, 极显著低于对照的结实率20.96% ± 4.13%, 说明其较长的花寿命能显著地增加传粉的成功率和结实率, 长达5 d的花寿命有利于雌性适合度的提高。同时, 毛姜花原变种开花1 d后, 剩余的平均花粉数和总平均花粉数没有显著差异, 而开花后2、3和4 d后剩余的平均花粉数则极显著少于总平均花粉数, 说明随着花寿命的延长, 花粉输出量也显著增加, 其长达5 d的花寿命也有利于其雄性适合度的提高。较长的花寿命在毛姜花原变种拓展新的生境、向更高海拔地区的扩散中也许起着重要的作用。姜科植物有着极其多样性的传粉和繁育系统, 花寿命在姜科植物传粉和繁育系统的多样性形成及其进化中起着重要作用, 同时, 较长的花寿命有效地提高了雌性适合度和雄性适合度, 从而使姜科植物能脱离热带生境, 向更高海拔的地区扩散, 花寿命在姜科植物从热带地区到高海拔地区的分布过程中也起着重要作用。     

How does urbanization affect the reproductive characteristics and ecological affinities of street plant communities?

Anthropogenic activities in urban ecosystems induce a myriad of environmental changes compared with adjacent rural areas. These environmental changes can be seen as series of abiotic and biotic selection filters affecting the distribution of plant species. What are the attributes of plant species that compose urban communities, compared with rural communities, as related to their ecological affinities (e.g., to temperature, humidity), and reproductive traits (e.g., entomophily, autogamy, floral morphology)? Using a floristic dataset from a citizen science project recording plant species growing spontaneously in the streets, we analyzed the distribution of species according to their ecological requirements and reproductive traits along an urbanization gradient in the Parisian region. We developed an original floral and pollinator typology composed of five floral and four pollinator morphotypes. The proportion of impervious areas, used as a proxy of urbanization, was measured at different spatial scales, to reveal at which spatial scales urbanization is selecting plant traits. We found significant differences in plant communities along the urbanization gradient. As expected with the warmer and drier conditions of urban areas, species with higher affinities to higher temperature, light and nutrient soil content, and lower atmospheric moisture were over‐represented in urban plant communities. Interestingly, all of the significant changes in plant abiotical affinities were the most pronounced at the largest scale of analysis (1,000 m buffer radius), probably because the specific urban conditions are more pronounced when they occur on a large surface. The proportion of autogamous, self‐compatible, and nonentomophilous species was significantly higher in urban plant communities, strongly suggesting a lower abundance or efficiency of the pollinating fauna in urban environments. Last, among insect‐pollinated species, those with relatively long and narrow tubular corollas were disadvantaged in urban areas, possibly resulting from a reduction in pollinator abundance particularly affecting specialized plant–pollinator interactions.     

海拔对全缘叶绿绒蒿植株性状和花特征的表型选择分析

为了研究海拔差异对植株性状、花特征表型选择的影响,以青藏高原高寒草甸的全缘叶绿绒蒿（Meconopsis integrifolia）为研究材料,于盛花期内,测定不同海拔（4 452、4 081和3 681 m）种群中个体植株性状、花特征、单果结实数并进行统计分析,采用线性回归模型估计不同海拔种群间植株性状、花特征所受的表型选择（选择差与选择梯度）。结果表明：（1）随着海拔升高,全缘叶绿绒蒿植株性状、花特征及单果结实数显著降低,海拔越高的种群中株高越矮、叶面积越小、花数越少、花越小、单果结实数越低。（2）不同海拔种群中各性状的表型选择存在差异,较低海拔（3 681 m）种群中花数、花大小具有显著的选择差和选择梯度,表现为花越多、花越大的个体雌性适合度越高;海拔较高（4 081 m）的种群中株高、叶面积及花数更容易受到选择,表现为植株越高、叶面积越大、花越多的个体雌性适合度越高;海拔最高（4 452 m）的种群中叶面积与花数的选择梯度接近显著。（3）植物性状分化伴随着海拔的变化而呈现出差异,较低海拔种群中花特征容易受到选择,而较高海拔种群中可能由于传粉者稀少、资源限制等因素使得株高、叶面积更容易受到选择。     

THE EVOLUTION OF FLORAL LONGEVITY: RESOURCE ALLOCATION TO MAINTENANCE VERSUS CONSTRUCTION OF REPEATED PARTS IN MODULAR ORGANISMS

The component parts of modular organisms often show interspecific variation in their longevity. In plants, the flower is an example of such a structure. Models are developed in this paper to predict optimal floral longevity (the optimal length of time that flowers should remain open and functional) under a variety of conditions. A tradeoff involving allocation of resources to floral construction versus floral maintenance is assumed. The main model variables are the rate at which pollen and seed fitness accrue over time (fitness-accrual rates) and the daily cost of maintaining an existing flower relative to the cost of constructing a new one (floral maintenance cost). Long-lived flowers are selected when fitness-accrual rates and floral maintenance costs are low, whereas short-lived flowers are selected when fitness-accrual rates and floral maintenance costs are high. Dichogamy favors longer-lived flowers relative to homogamy, whereas nonindependence among flowers in their attractiveness to pollinators (attraction to flower clusters) selects for shorter-lived flowers. Reduction in floral maintenance costs later on in the flower's life favors longer-lived flowers. Observations on the dissemination and receipt of pollen in individual flowers over time, together with measurements of corolla respiration and nectar sugar production rate are required to test the model quantitatively. The parameters important to the evolution of optimal floral longevity (i.e., maintenance and construction costs, and fitness-accrual rates) may be general features of evolution of optimal longevities of other repeated structures.     

Three pollination guilds and variation in floral characteristics of Bornean gingers (Zingiberaceae and Costaceae)

The pollinators of 29 ginger species representing 11 genera in relation to certain floral morphological characteristics in a mixed-dipterocarp forest in Borneo were investigated. Among the 29 species studied, eight were pollinated by spiderhunters (Nectariniidae), 11 by medium-sized Amegilla bees (Anthophoridae), and ten by small halictid bees. These pollination guilds found in gingers in Sarawak are comparable to the pollination guilds of neotropical Zingiberales, i.e., hummingbird-, and euglossine-bee-pollinated guilds. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed that there were significant correlations between floral morphology and pollination guilds and suggests the importance of plant–pollinator interactions in the evolution of floral morphology. Most species in the three guilds were separated on the plot by the first and second canonical variables. Spiderhunter-pollinated flowers had longer floral tubes, while Amegilla-pollinated flowers had wider lips than the others, which function as a platform for the pollinators. Pistils and stamens of halictid-pollinated flowers were smaller than the others. The fact that gingers with diverse morphologies in a forest with high species diversity were grouped into only three pollination guilds and that the pollinators themselves showed low species diversity suggests that many species of rare understory plants have evolved without segregating pollinators in each pollination guild.     

THE EFFECT OF FLOWER PRODUCTION ON MALE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS IN WILD RADISH POPULATIONS

Flower production is the major determinant of pollen yield and an important component in pollinator attraction. Consequently differences among plants in flower production are expected to have a substantial impact on their relative success at fathering seed. We examined this prediction using one natural and three structured populations of wild radish. We found that a plant's relative success at fathering seed on another plant in the population (male fertility) increased with flower production. Nonetheless, the increase in fertility exhibited a diminishing marginal gain, with the relationship varying among populations. The relationship between the estimates of total number of seeds sired and flower production varied substantially among the populations examined, ranging from a weakly linear to strongly negative quadratic. Not surprisingly, the spatial structure of the population with respect to seed yield had a powerful effect on the total number of seeds sired because male fertility decreased exponentially with intermate distance. This exponential relationship occurred in all populations examined. Other covariates important to male fertility were flower color, time, the specific identity of the male parent, and male by female interaction. The identity of the male parent consistently accounted for a large portion of the variation in male fertility, indicating that other unmeasured features of the plant influenced its success.     

小峰熊蜂访花偏爱性

传粉昆虫在访花时,通常会表现出对某一类型花的偏爱性。本研究利用人工制作的大小、颜色、形态和气味不同的9种类型的花来研究小峰熊蜂Bombus hypocrita的访花偏爱性。结果表明：当增加花的大小、形态、气味等附加特征数时,小峰熊蜂的偏爱性程度与花朵附加特征数有显著相关性（P<0.01）。当花朵颜色由2种增加到4种,熊蜂对紫色花的偏爱性程度降低,但花朵颜色的种类与小峰熊蜂的访花偏爱性没有相关性（P>0.05）,花颜色的种类对熊蜂访紫色花的偏爱性影响不大。大小为5 cm的紫花被访次数（108±9次）明显高于大小为3 cm的紫花被访次数（40±4次）（P<0.01）,说明熊蜂明显喜欢访大花瓣的紫花。完全盛开的紫花被访次数（129±13次）显著高于刚绽放的花被访次数（26±3次）（P<0.01）,说明熊蜂喜欢访盛开的紫花。柠檬味的紫花被访次数（63±8次）明显低于草莓味的紫色花被访次数（88±2次）（P<0.05）,说明熊蜂喜欢访草莓味的花朵。     

Why do stigmas move in a flexistylous plant?

Flexistyly is a recently documented stylar polymorphism involving both spatial and temporal segregation of sex roles within hermaphroditic flowers. Using the experimental manipulation of stigma movement in self-compatible Alpinia mutica, we tested the hypothesis that selection for reducing interference between male and female function drives the evolution and/or maintenance of stigma movement. In experimental arrays, anaflexistylous (protogynous) flowers served as pollen donors competing for mating opportunities on cataflexistylous (protandrous) flowers. The pollen donors were either manipulated so their stigmas could not move or were left intact, and their success was determined using allozymes to assess the paternity of recipient seeds. We found that manipulated flowers sired a significantly smaller proportion of seeds, showing that stigma movement in unmanipulated plants increased male fitness. This result was strongest under conditions in which pollen competition was expected to be highest, specifically when pollinators visited multiple donor plants before visiting recipient flowers.     

华凤仙花部特征和传粉系统研究

研究了华凤仙（Impatiens chinensis L.）的花部特征和传粉系统,结果表明华凤仙单花期为2.3 d,雄性期是雌性期的6.8倍。花蜜量和花蜜可溶性糖含量分别为0.56 μL和28.2%。开花当天柱头即具有可授性,花粉活力在花朵刚开放时最高（95%）,至花朵凋谢之前仍保持较高的活力（55%）。花粉胚珠比（5 730.3±2 941.1）和套袋实验的结果表明华凤仙属于自交亲和但以异交为主的繁育系统,传粉过程需要传粉者。蜜蜂、熊蜂、蝶类和几种芦蜂是华凤仙的主要访花者,最有效的传粉者为三条熊蜂。考氏无垫蜂作为盗蜜者,可能是除正常访花者之外,对华凤仙的有性繁殖影响最大的生物因素。     

Reproductive ecology of dioecious Siparuna (Monimiaceae) in Ecuador–a case of gall midge pollination

The reproductive ecology of the dioecious genus Siparuna , belonging to the primitive family Monimiaceae, was investigated in Ecuador. Thirteen species were studied, and species growing at high altitudes (above 500 m) were compared with species growing at lower altitudes. The genus has specialized flowers pollinated by Cecidomyiidae (Asynapta sp. and other genera) that lay eggs chiefly in male flowers since these are more easily accessible than female flowers due to their morphology. Several traits ensure that pollen transfer is accomplished: 1. long flowering of individuals and single flowers; 2. specific floral morphology (unisexuality, landing platform, restricted pore) allowing the flowers to be visited by Cecidomyiidae seeking egg-laying sites, and 3. a low number of ovules that have to be pollinated in each flower. The low number of ovules per flower results in a high pollen-ovule (P/O) ratio even though pollen production in male flowers is only moderate.
High altitude species had larger flowers, higher pollen-ovule ratios, fewer ovules per female flower, and longer periods of anthesis. Gender differences were seen in the longer functionality of female flowers; the larger numbers of male flowers produced; and the average diameter at breast height (DBH) biased for one of the two sexes depending on the species investigated, with no clear trend in the size distributions of individuals of both sexes. Sex ratios departed significantly from unity both to male and female bias but usually were in favour of males. There were no general differences in the ratio of functional male to female flowers at the time of observation nor in the sizes of male and female flowers. The evolution of unisexual flowers in Siparuna can be explained as a result of the differential predation by larvae: unimportant in male flowers, destructive if occurring in female flowers.