我国豆科树种结瘤调查(续)

据国内资料报道,我国豆科树种约94属763种,已调查过结瘤状况的有含羞草亚科的123种(包括近几年来从国外引种的54种)、蝶形花亚科的211种和苏木亚科的70种,其中可以结瘤的有含羞草亚科的116种、蝶形花亚科的207种和苏木亚科的18种。含羞草亚科中的2种、蝶形花亚科中的3种均有结瘤和不结瘤的报道。     

豆目的花和果实

按传统分类（恩格勒分类系统）,豆目（Lesuminosales或Fabales）仅1科,即广义的豆科（Leguminosae）。根据花的形态、花瓣的排列方式及雄蕊群的特征,又划分了3个亚科：含羞草亚科（Mimosoideae）、苏木（云实）亚科（Caesalpiniodeae）和蝶形花亚科（Papil－ionoideae）。现在不少分类系统（如：哈钦松系统、克朗奎斯特系统和塔赫他间系统等则将这3个亚科作为3个独立的科处理,即：含羞草科（Mimosaceae）、苏木（＿实）科（Caesalplnlaceae）和蝶形花科（Papilionaceae或Fabacehe）。虽然这3个科（亚科）的共同特征为：雌蕊1心皮,…     

桂西北喀斯特常见豆科植物根瘤菌的遗传多样性

调查了桂西北喀斯特24种常见豆科植物的结瘤情况及特征,并从15种宿主植物上获得39份根瘤样品,提取根瘤基因组DNA,扩增16S rDNA和nifH基因,构建系统发育树,对根瘤菌遗传多样性进行了研究.结果表明: 有15种豆科植物是结瘤的,其中14种为蝶形花亚科,1种为含羞草亚科,而云实亚科未发现结瘤.一些本应结瘤的植物未发现根瘤,可能与喀斯特土壤的保水性差有关.BLAST和系统发育分析结果均显示,来源于多种豆科植物的根瘤菌均归属于慢生根瘤菌属,仅有2个亮叶崖豆藤样品的根瘤菌归属于中慢生根瘤菌属.在系统发育树上,来源于同一地点或同一宿主植物的根瘤序列均表现出一定的聚集性,说明共生根瘤菌的种类可能受宿主植物及所处生态环境的共同影响.     

广东两种决明属（Cassia）植物根瘤菌的生物学特性

调查了广东地区１０种Ｃａｓｓｉａ植物结瘤状况,仅山扁豆（Ｃ．ｍｉｍｏｓｏｉｄｅｓ）和圆叶决明（Ｃ．ｒｏｔｕｎｄｉｆｏｌｉａ）结瘤,从山扁豆和圆叶决明各分离到１株根瘤菌并鉴定为慢生型．在所试的１０种Ｃａｓｓｉａ植物中,２株Ｃａｓｓｉａ植物根瘤菌除了与山扁豆和圆叶决明结瘤外,均不与其余８种Ｃａｓｓｉａ植物结瘤;同样,３株蝶形花科植物根瘤菌和３株含羞草科植物根瘤菌除了与山扁豆和圆叶决明结瘤外,也均不与其余８种Ｃａｓｓｉａ植物结瘤．此外,２株Ｃａｓｓｉａ植物根瘤菌均能与所试５种蝶形花科和４种含羞草科植物结瘤．２株Ｃａｓｓｉａ植物根瘤菌在碳源利用、耐盐性、耐酸碱度及５种酶的活性等特性方面,与３株蝶形花科植物根瘤菌和３株含羞草科植物根瘤菌极为相似．     

陕西及甘,宁部分地区豆科植物根瘤菌资源调查

通过对陕西全省及甘、宁部分地区豆科植物瘤菌资源进行调查,共采集到４４属１０９种豆科植物根瘤３８７份,其中蝶形花亚科中有９４．６％的植株能结瘤固氮,槐属和香槐属中的一些种及云实亚科中的云实和紫荆未见结瘤。对部分菌株的固氮酶活性进行了测定,自然瘤的固氮酶活性比回接瘤的固氮酶活性低。     

豆科作物的生态作用

豆科的分类在恩格勒的分类系统中下设三个亚科,即含羞草亚科、云实亚科和蝶形花亚科;按照哈钦松的分类系统,这三个亚科分别提升为独立的科,合为豆目.农业生产上习惯所说的豆科是采用恩格勒的观点,它们的共同特点是具有荚果,特征明显,容易掌握.     

中国豆科植物分类系统概览

豆科是被子植物中继兰科和菊科之后的第三大科,其中包括三个亚科:即云实亚科、含羞草亚科和蝶形花亚科.本文根据最新资料,整理出世界豆科有42族、634属、17 834种,中国有33族、169属、1 518种(另外含15亚种、167变种和41变型),其中外来种158种(含亚种和变种,隶属于73属).为建立中国豆科植物数据库,本文在Polhill豆科植物分类系统的基础上,结合一些新的资料,提出中国豆科植物系统概要.文中按分类等级进行排序,每一属含有世界和中国种数及分布.     

食药两宜话苜蓿

食药两宜话苜蓿汪开治苜蓿（Ｍｅｄｉｃａｇｏｓａｔｉｖａ）是豆科蝶形花亚科（或蝶形花科）苜蓿属植物,原产于欧洲,目前已在世界各地广为栽培,既是农田耕作制中的重要植物,也是重要的牧草。苜蓿属共有６５种,均为一年生或多年生草本植物,中国有１６种,广布于全国...     

蝶形花亚科植物花部适应机制与传粉系统

蝶形花亚科(Papilionoideae)植物种类丰富、繁育系统多样,与其传粉者关系密切,主要表现在花部适应与传粉系统的形成。蝶形花形态复杂,为完全花,花萼、花瓣5基数,花萼呈箭头状,相邻花瓣螺旋轮生,旗瓣较大位于最外边,两片翼瓣紧贴旗瓣着生并包裹两片合生的龙骨瓣,龙骨瓣内包裹着雌、雄蕊,雌蕊位于正中央,雄蕊轮生,构成二体雄蕊(多数9+1,少数5+5)。对蝶形花亚科植物的花部特征、传粉功能群、酬物与传粉系统构建进行了回顾,重点论述了蝶形花形态和化学组成与传粉系统的进化关系以及花粉呈现机制。其中,泛化的传粉系统以蜂媒传粉为主,同时存在鸟媒传粉、蝙蝠传粉和松鼠传粉等方式,花部结构和传粉者的相互选择和相互适应推动了传粉系统的演化。花粉释放是体现蝶形花植物与其传粉功能群相互作用的重要方面,二者协同进化形成了以下4种花粉呈现机制:弹花机制、活塞机制、瓣膜机制和毛刷机制。蝶形花的花部特征与传粉功能群的相互作用形成相应的传粉系统,而传粉系统是执行传粉功能的重要集合体,各个构件的相互协调和适应保证了蝶形花亚科植物传粉过程的顺利完成。     

国产合欢属分类研究

合欢属是豆科,含羞草亚科,Ingeae族的一个中等大的属,全世界不下150种,分布于热带、亚热带地区,以南半球热带,亚热带为主。国产合欢属27种,主要分布在南部和西南部。     

Rhizobial symbiosis on Venezuelan savannas

Summary An extensive study of the leguminous plants growing on Venezuelan savannas was made. Of 127 species examined, 109 were nodulated, with 73 species in the Papilionoideae. 71 species in 17 genera are new records of nodulation. Most of the non-nodulated species were in the Caesalpinioideae, and non-nodulation was correlated with brown coloured roots. Some environmental factors involved in the establishment of the legume-Rhizobium association are discussed. These observations on nodulation represent 13 per cent of the total Leguminosae flora of Venezuela.     

Nodulation of legume trees from South East Brazil

Summary An extended survey of nodulation of legume trees from South-East Brazilian forests was conducted. Six new species from the Caesalpinioideae, 23 from the Mimosoideae and 27 from the Papilionoideae are reported to have nodules. Nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) was tested for all nodules and rhizobia were isolated from the most active.     

Root nodules of some tropical legumes in Singapore

Summary A survey of 35 legume species comprising 25 of Papilionoideae, 7 of Mimosoideae and 3 of Caesalpinioideae was made. Nodulation was found in all the species except for 2 (Caesalpinnia pulcherrima and Cassia siamea) of Caesalpinioideae, both of which possessed dark coloured roots. Nodulation is reported for the first time for Adenanthera pavonina and Delonix regia. Nodule shapes were described and classified into different types. The isolates of rhizobia obtained belonged largely to the slow growing group (17 isolates) isolated mainly from members of Papilionoideae; some belonged to the fast growing group (14 isolates), and only 3 isolates belonged to the very slow growing group. The slow growing group isolates were confirmed to be cowpea type rhizobia on the basis of positive nodulation with cowpea plants. re]19750829     

The features of cotyledon areoles in Leguminosae and their systematic utility

The cotyledon areole, which is a spot with granular projections of epidermal cells, appears on the abaxial surface and on the midvein of some legume seed cotyledons. The distribution and systematic utility of cotyledon areoles were studied by observation of 132 legume species, which represent 100 genera and are classified into 34 tribes of three subfamilies, i.e., Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae, and Papilionoideae. The cotyledon areole is found in many species of Papilionoideae but not in the other two subfamilies. Presence of a cotyledon areole is presumed to be an apomorphic character state in Papilionoideae from the outgroup rule.     

Systematic variation in leaf amino acid compositions of leguminous plants

The leaf protein content for 17 species of legumes ranges from 2.8 to 9.4 g% fr. wt, with an average of 5.3 g % fr. wt. Taxonomic pattern is detectable in leaf amino acid patterns, those of the Mimosoideae being distinguishable from those of the Papilionoideae and Caesalpinioideae.     

Nodulation of legumes from the Thar desert of India and molecular characterization of their rhizobia

Aims

To survey the occurrence of nodulated legumes in the arid and semi-arid areas of Western Rajasthan and to characterize their associated symbiotic bacteria.

Methods

Herbaceous annual species were excavated whole, while tree species were studied as seedlings in the field or as trap plants in pot experiments. Nodules were examined by microscopy to confirm their effectiveness and to determine their internal structure. Bacteria isolated from the nodules were authenticated on their original hosts and were identified on the basis of 16S rRNA sequencing. Phylogenetic trees were inferred using the neighbour-joining method.

Results

We studied 35 of more than 50 species of native legume reported from these areas. Legumes are drought escaping (annual species), drought tolerant perennials or trees possessing deep root systems and other adaptations to arid conditions. Nodulation was recorded in all members of the Papilionoideae and Mimosoideae, but only one species of Caesalpinioideae. Internal structure of nodules varied within these groups, especially with respect to the presence or absence of uninfected cells in the infected region. Full 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the nodules harboured a range of nodulating bacteria belonging to the genera Sinorhizobium, Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium, within which they formed separate sub clades.

Conclusions

This study extends the range of legumes known to grow and nodulate in semi-arid regions, and provides information about their endosymbionts.     

Changes in mycorrhiza development in maize induced by crop management practices

A survey of nodulation was carried out in seven regions of Brazil and the nodulation status of 131 legume species is reported. Nodulation is reported for the first time in 46 species and six genera, representing 35% of the examined species. Two of the genera were non-nodulating: Martiodendron and Nissolia, and four nodulating: Riedeliella, Bergeronia, Goldmania. Moreover the last tribe of Mimosoideae yet to be examined for nodulation Mimoziganthus, was shown to be nodulated. The nodulation pattern is discussed in the light of the taxonomy of the family.