不同猎物饲喂对南方小花蝽捕食量和喜好性的影响

为探讨南方小花蝽对不同猎物的捕食喜好性,室内用西花蓟马、蚕豆蚜、二斑叶螨、混合饲料(同时饲喂3种猎物)分别饲喂南方小花蝽驯化两代,研究了4种饲喂处理的南方小花蝽初孵若虫、5龄若虫和雌成虫对西花蓟马、蚕豆蚜和二斑叶螨的捕食量和喜好性。结果显示不同猎物饲喂处理驯化的南方小花蝽1龄若虫对同一种猎物的捕食量和喜好性均不存在显著差异。南方小花蝽5龄若虫和雌成虫对某种猎物的捕食量因前期取食的猎物种类不同而有显著差异。南方小花蝽5龄若虫和雌成虫均表现出对西花蓟马2龄若虫的正喜好性。蚕豆蚜饲喂处理的5龄若虫和雌成虫对蚕豆蚜表现出正喜好性,除二斑叶螨饲喂处理外其余3种处理的南方小花蝽5龄若虫和雌成虫均表现出对二斑叶螨的负喜好性。以上结果表明4种饲喂驯化处理的南方小花蝽1龄若虫的喜好性不受前期取食猎物的影响,但5龄若虫和雌成虫对前期取食过的猎物的喜好性增强,存在一定的学习行为。     

东亚小花蝽对西方花蓟马和二斑叶螨的捕食选择性

多食性天敌对猎物的捕食选择性及猎物密度对天敌捕食的干扰作用直接影响到天敌对不同猎物的控制作用.在实验室条件下研究了东亚小花蝽对西方花蓟马和/或二斑叶螨不同虫态的捕食选择性,以及两猎物中一种猎物的密度变化对小花蝽取食另一种猎物的影响.结果如下:东亚小花蝽5龄若虫和成虫对西方花蓟马2龄若虫的捕食选择性均强于对其成虫,对二斑叶螨的选择性为雌成螨>若螨>幼螨.实验中西方花蓟马2龄若虫是东亚小花蝽最喜好的虫态.二斑叶螨雌成螨密度固定为60头/19.63cm2,西方花蓟马若虫密度从10增加到60时显著地减少了东亚小花蝽对二斑叶螨的取食.反之,固定西方花蓟马同样密度,增加二斑叶螨密度却没有显著改变小花蝽对西方花蓟马的取食.此结果进一步表明,西方花蓟马是东亚小花蝽更喜好的猎物.     

南方小花蝽对西花蓟马和蚕豆蚜的捕食作用

南方小花蝽Orius similis是多种小型害虫的重要天敌昆虫,为了掌握其控制潜能,本文研究了南方小花蝽对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis和蚕豆蚜Aphis craccivora的捕食作用。研究结果表明南方小花蝽3～5龄若虫和雌成虫对西花蓟马和蚕豆蚜的功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型方程,南方小花蝽3～5龄若虫和雌成虫对西花蓟马2龄若虫的瞬时攻击率均高于蚕豆蚜。南方小花蝽5龄若虫对蚕豆蚜的控制能力比雌成虫强,而对西花蓟马的控制能力比雌成虫差。南方小花蝽5龄若虫对西花蓟马2龄若虫和蚕豆蚜的捕食率（E）随着捕食者自身的密度（P）的增加而下降,其干扰反应方程分别为E=0.412P-1.623和E=0.416P-1.639。南方小花蝽5龄若虫对西花蓟马2龄若虫和蚕豆蚜有明显的选择性,5龄若虫喜欢取食西花蓟马2龄若虫,但前期取食的猎物对其选择性有明显的影响,更喜欢选择前期取食过的猎物。     

南方小花蝽对不同猎物捕食作用及利用效率

室内用棉蚜,花蓟马及棉花花粉饲养南方小花蝽,通过对南方小花蝽捕食两种猎物及取食棉花花粉后的体重的增长以及同时段内对棉蚜,花蓟马及棉花花粉减少的量的测定,得到南方小花蝽取食不同食物后的生长速率及其对食物的利用效率,同时还研究了南方小花蝽成虫和若虫对混合猎物（棉蚜,棉铃虫卵,红铃虫卵）中各猎物的捕食作用及其在多猎物（红铃虫卵,棉叶螨成螨,花蓟马若虫）不同密度水平下的捕食效应。结果表明,棉蚜与花蓟马可以较好地满足南方小花蝽正常生长发育所需的营养,南方小花蝽对两种猎物的利用效率显著高于棉花花粉,在混合猎物中南方小花蝽成虫和若虫均嗜食棉蚜,其次为红铃虫卵和棉铃虫卵;对于同一种猎物,南方小花蝽成虫和若虫在高密度下的日平均捕食量均显著高于低猎物密度下的日平均捕食量,而对于同一密度的不同猎物,南方小花蝽在低猎物密度时对供试的3种猎物无明显的选择性,在中,高密度时对供试的3种猎物则表现出明显的嗜食性差异。其嗜好程度依次为红铃虫卵,花蓟马若虫,棉叶螨成螨,通过研究有助于更好地了解与掌握南方小花蝽对不同食物的需求及其在田间的食物转换规律,从而更好地进行南方小花蝽的室内人工大量饲养,使南方小花蝽更好地成为棉田害虫种群综合治理中的重要组成部分并发挥其应有的作用。     

两种猎物对南方小花蝽种群增长的影响及其对二斑叶螨的控害潜能

南方小花蝽(半翅目:花蝽科)是农田害虫的重要天敌之一。在室内,分别用米蛾卵和二斑叶螨饲养南方小花蝽,采用生命表与功能反应方法,探讨了两种猎物(米蛾卵、二斑叶螨)对南方小花蝽种群增长的影响、评价了南方小花蝽应用前景。南方小花蝽取食米蛾卵的年龄特征生命表的参数如下:世代平均历期T= 24.3500d,雌性比率P_♀=0.5250,单雌平均产卵量FP_F=37.2857头,种群趋势指数(I)=9.2118,周限增长率λ＝1.0955,内禀增长率r_m＝0.0912。取食二斑叶螨的南方小花蝽能完成发育,雌雄可交配,但不能产卵。一龄若虫的存活率为81.19%,低于其它龄期的若虫存活率(89.5%以上)。从初孵若虫至成虫死亡,平均历期为19.3716d。取食米蛾卵的南方小花蝽成虫存活率为83.33%,而取食二斑叶螨的成虫存活率为59.68%;取食米蛾卵的南方小花蝽若虫平均历期(11.0633d)短于取食二斑叶螨的(13.8950d);然而取食米蛾卵的南方小花蝽成虫平均历期(9.9750d)明显长于取食二斑叶螨的(5.7297d)。表明米蛾卵能够满足南方小花蝽生长发育的营养需求,可以用来室内饲养南方小花蝽,二斑叶螨室内不能单独用于饲养南方小花蝽。南方小花蝽成虫对二斑叶螨成螨捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ模型,且处置时间Th=0.0108,瞬间攻击率a=0.8253,日最大捕食量Na_max =92.59 d^-1。南方小花蝽是二斑叶螨潜在的生物防治资材。     

麦蛾卵对南方小花蝽生长发育和繁殖的影响

南方小花蝽Orius strigicollis作为一种广食性捕食性天敌昆虫,可高效控制蓟马、蚜虫及螨类等多种害虫,极具生防潜能.但目前国内南方小花蝽商业化进程相对滞后,其中未找到适合的饲料来源是主要的限制因素之一.本研究以新鲜麦蛾Sitotroga cerealella卵和紫外线处理的麦蛾卵作为饲养南方小花蝽的替代猎物,以南方小花蝽的天然猎物西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis为对照,通过比较其发育历期、存活率及寿命等生物学指标,组建生命表来评价麦蛾卵对南方小花蝽的饲喂效果.结果发现:以新鲜麦蛾卵、紫外处理麦蛾卵和西花蓟马饲喂的南方小花蝽若虫发育历期均无显著性差异,但取食新鲜麦蛾卵的南方小花蝽若虫存活率(60.5％)高于其他两种猎物;同时,饲喂新鲜麦蛾卵的南方小花蝽雌虫寿命(37.3 d)和雄成虫寿命(23.0 d)以及产卵量(74.0粒)均最高,其次是紫外处理麦蛾卵,而西花蓟马最低;饲喂新鲜麦蛾卵的南方小花蝽存活率、净增殖率(47.91)、内禀增长率(0.10)、周限增长率(1.11)和世代平均周期(36.5 d)均大于饲喂紫外处理麦蛾卵和饲喂西花蓟马,且种群加倍时间也以饲喂新鲜麦蛾卵的南方小花蝽最短(6.57 d).本研究结果表明麦蛾卵可作为南方小花蝽饲养的替代猎物,且以新鲜麦蛾卵为最佳.     

东亚小花蝽对西花蓟马和/或二斑叶螨危害豆株的定位反应

多食性天敌对其猎物植物系统的选择是其重要生物学特性之一,决定了对不同猎物控制的有效性。东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri是西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)及二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae的重要捕食性天敌。本文在温室笼罩条件下通过释放东亚小花蝽,而后在不同时间调查其在西花蓟马和/或二斑叶螨危害2d后的豆株及健株上的数量,研究了其定位反应。结果表明:东亚小花蝽显著趋向西花蓟马及由西花蓟马与二斑叶螨同时危害的豆株,而较少趋向二斑叶螨单独危害的豆株及健株。在各处理豆株上,东亚小花蝽的日活动规律中,傍晚时分有离开植株的趋势。     

微小花蝽对四种猎物的喜好性

【目的】了解微小花蝽Orius minutus(Linnaeus)对4种主要自然猎物的喜好性。【方法】通过非选择性和选择性试验,室内测定并比较了微小花蝽初孵若虫、刚蜕皮后的5龄若虫和新羽化雌成虫对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)成螨、桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)低龄若虫、西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)2龄若虫和烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)2-3龄若虫的日捕食量和喜好性Ci值。【结果】非选择性试验结果表明,在4种供试猎物中,微小花蝽初孵若虫对西花蓟马2龄若虫和朱砂叶螨成螨的日捕食量为最大,分别为14.20头/d和12.40头/d,刚蜕皮后的5龄若虫和新羽化雌成虫对朱砂叶螨成螨的日捕食量均为最大,分别为44.40头/d和37.20头/d。选择性试验结果表明,微小花蝽初孵若虫对西花蓟马2龄若虫和朱砂叶螨成螨均表现为正喜好性,其喜好性Ci值无显著差异,刚蜕皮后的5龄若虫和新羽化雌成虫对西花蓟马2龄若虫和桃蚜低龄若虫均表现为正喜好性,2者对西花蓟马的喜好性Ci值均显著大于对桃蚜。【结论】微小花蝽日捕食量最大的猎物是朱砂叶螨,其次是西花蓟马,而其最喜好的猎物则是西花蓟马。     

二斑叶螨的卵和丝网对西花蓟马生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探讨二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch的卵和丝网对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)的影响,本文研究了西花蓟马分别取食健康菜豆叶片、带二斑叶螨卵的菜豆叶片、带卵+丝网的菜豆叶片3种不同情况下,西花蓟马生长发育、存活和繁殖情况,并获得了其生命参数。结果表明西花蓟马在带二斑叶螨卵的菜豆叶片上发育最快,其未成熟期为11.35 d,明显短于另外两个处理,在带有二斑叶螨卵和丝网的菜豆叶片上成虫获得率最低为63%,西花蓟马在不同处理之间的成虫寿命和繁殖力没有明显的差异;西花蓟马取食3种菜豆叶片的内禀增长率分别为0.1779、0.1827和0.1710。以上结果说明取食二斑叶螨的卵可缩短西花蓟马发育时间,对种群增长有利,二斑叶螨的丝网可降低西花蓟马的存活率。     

短期食物驯化对麦蛾卵饲养的东亚小花蝽的捕食功能反应影响

为探明使用替代饲料麦蛾Sitotroga cerealella卵饲养的东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri在释放前是否有必要针对其主要防治对象——蓟马、蚜虫、叶螨进行短期食物驯化,以及进行短期食物驯化对其捕食能力的影响。本试验以西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis、玉米蚜Rhopalosiphum maidis、二斑叶螨Tetranych usurticae为猎物,全程饲喂麦蛾卵的东亚小花蝽雌成虫为处理A,提前2 d饲喂猎物的东亚小花蝽雌成虫为处理B,研究了2种处理的东亚小花蝽在不同猎物密度(5、15、30、50头)下的捕食功能反应。结果发现,无论是否经过短期食物驯化,东亚小花蝽对3种猎物在不同猎物密度捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型反应模型。处理A对3种猎物的平均时间均低于处理B,东亚小花蝽雌成虫处理每头西花蓟马的时间Th分别为0.024 d和0.031 d,玉米蚜分别为0.081 d和0.103 d,二斑叶螨为0.078 d和0.090 d。由此可知,以麦蛾卵作为替代饲料人工饲养的东亚小花蝽,在释放前不需要针对猎物进行短期食物驯化;在东亚小花蝽规模化生产中,麦蛾卵是一种优良的替代饲料。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.