The strategy of the wheat plant in acclimating growth and grain production to nitrogen availability

Two cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown to maturity in hydroponic cultures. Nitrogen accumulation was controlled by daily growth-limiting additions of nitrate together with all other nutrients in excess. Six different curves of N accumulation were used, with the same relative changes from day to day, but with different amplitudes. These curves were obtained by using the same mathematic formula of the N accumulation curves but varying the value of initial N content. The total amount of nitrogen added varied from 20 mg plant(-1) to 65 mg plant(-1). Plant bioproductivity showed a linear response to accumulated N. The number of grains per plant increased linearly with increased N availability whereas grain weights were essentially unaffected. Grain N concentrations and N content varied slightly, with highest values generally at the lower N availability levels. The quantitatively most important response to increased N availability was an increased number of earbearing tillers per plant. This varied from 0.1 tiller plant(-1) at maturity when given 20 mg N plant(-1), up to about 2 tillers plant(-1) when given 65 mg N plant(-1). Not all tillers that were initiated developed ears. The reduction of tillers seems to be one important mechanism in adapting plant productivity to N availability. Other individual characters influenced by N availability were straw height and the number of spikelets per spike. The two cultivars behaved in a qualitatively similar manner over the range of N availability even though they quantitatively differed in grain size, N concentrations and yield.     

The effect of eyespot (Cercosporella herpotrichoides Fron.) on wheat and the influence of nitrogen on the disease

The effect of eyespot throughout the season on wheat receiving different amounts of nitrogen was studied in pot experiments. Plants inoculated in December showed chlorosis of outer leaves in February. Among plants with high nitrogen, eyespot killed 11%, caused straggling of 31% and whiteheads in 14% of the surviving ear-bearing straws, reduced yield of straw by 8% and of grain by 16%. The loss in straw yield was due to reduction in plant number, that of grain was about half due to reduction in number of ears and half to production of lighter grains. Among plants with low nitrogen the disease killed 23% of the plants, caused straggling of 86% and whiteheads in 18% of the surviving ear-bearing straws, and reduced yield of straw by 23% and of grain by 44%. The loss in straw yield was due to death of plants, that of grain was about two-thirds due to the production of fewer ears and one-third to that of lighter grains. In the high-nitrogen series the number of shoots at the time of maximum tillering was reduced by 29%; in the low-nitrogen series the disease caused reduction in height, a very uneven crop, delay in ear and anther emergence, and an increase in tail corn from 4% in the controls to 30% in the inoculated plants.
All inoculated plants became infected, but those receiving high nitrogen had only 49% of the ear-bearing straws with severe lesions at harvest, while those receiving low nitrogen had 86%. The larger number of tillers produced when nitrogen was applied may have enabled the less severely diseased shoots to survive and bear ears while the most severely infected died.     

小麦湿害营养及其营养调控效应研究

通过盆钵试验,研究了湿害条件下几种营养调控措施对营养吸收及其产量的效应。结果表明,渍水严重抑制了小麦对Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ的吸收。可再利用营养元素（Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｚｎ）以叶部下降最为明显,蕨是茎部,穗部下降极少;不可财利用元素Ｃｕ在受渍小麦各部位均衡下降;湿害使单株产量大幅度下降。采用调控措施对湿害较轻的皖麦１９,追施氮肥或喷施Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ均可有效地提高其对营养元素的吸收并能有效提高产量;对湿害较严     

Some treatments affecting growth substances in developing wheat ears

Cytokinin, auxin and gibberellin-like substances were bio-assayed in extracts from developing ears of wheat plants grown in various conditions. Changes in cytokinin activity along the ears may be related to the earlier flowering in the middle of the ear. Ears on the main stems of plants from which all the tillers had been removed contained less cytokinin than the main-stem ears of normal tillered plants. When grain development was stopped by preventing fertilization of the ovules the ear contained more cytokinin than normal ears. With de-tillered plants, removing flag leaves before anthesis increased cytokinin, gibberellin and auxin in the ears; later removal of flag leaves did not affect cytokinin but decreased gibberellin in the ears. Conversely, removing ears before anthesis did not affect cytokinin or auxin in the flag leaves, but their gibberellin was less than that of flag leaves on intact plants. Treatment of wheat ears with zeatin did not affect grain weight or number per ear which supports the conclusion that the growth substances in the ear may be adequate for normal grain growth.     

Significance of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Herbaspirillum seropedicae</Emphasis> inoculation and/or straw amendment on growth and dinitrogen fixation of wheat using<Superscript>15</Superscript>N-dilution method

The effect of Herbaspirillum seropedicae inoculation and/or maize straw (0, 5 and 10 Mg/hm2) amendment on the growth and N2 fixation of wheat was determined in pot experiments using 15N-dilution method. Inoculation resulted in accumulation of fixed nitrogen, and % N from atmosphere being 24.6 and 26.5% in wheat shoot and grain, respectively. Straw amendment reduced % Natm to 16.1 and 20.2% at high straw level (10 Mg/hm2). Rational nitrogen fertilization (180 kg N/hm2) completely inhibited N2 fixation by H. seropedicae inoculation. Bacterial inoculation increased dry shoot and grain yield up to 23 and 31%, respectively. The highest levels of shoot and grain dry mass (46.5 and 42.4%) were obtained by N-fertilization in both inoculated and uninoculated plants. Total shoot and grain N-yield increased irrespective of organic matter amendment by inoculation up to 9 and 25%, respectively. N-fertilized plants recorded a maximum increase in N-yield (57 and 51%). H. seropedicae was reisolated from inoculated wheat histosphere after harvesting (90 d from sowing). Neither organic matter nor mineral nitrogen applications had any marked effect on bacterial total counts colonizing wheat histosphere. Moreover, no symptoms of mottled stripe disease were observed on leaves and stems of inoculated plants.     

Genotypic variability for physiological efficiency index of nitrogen in oats

One of the methods for measuring the efficiency of N utilization by plants is the index of physiological efficiency of absorbed N (PEN) which for cereals is defined as the ratio of grain produced to the total N absorbed by the above-ground plant parts (grain and straw) at maturity. This index indicates how this absorbed N is used by the plant to produce grain. The objective of this work was to study the genotypic variability of PEN in oats (Avena sativa L.) and to what extent grain yield is related to PEN. Seven selected oat genotypes were studied under greenhouse conditions with 5 levels of added N including control (no additional N). At maturity the grain and straw were harvested separately and analyzed for total N. The results show that there was a highly significant variation among genotypes in both yield per pot and PEN. Grain yield was positively and significantly related to PEN (r=0.95^xx). The total N absorbed by plants was much less correlated with grain yield than PEN. The results suggest that PEN may be used in a plant breeding program to detect the potentially high yielding oat genotypes and to evaluate those capable of exploiting N input most efficiently.     

High productivity of wheat intercropped with maize is associated with plant architectural responses

Mixed cultivation of crops often results in increased production per unit land area, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Plants in intercrops grow differently from plants in single crops; however, no study has shown the association between plant plastic responses and the yield advantage. Here, we assessed the productivity of wheat–maize intercropping as compared to sole wheat and sole maize, and the associated differences in wheat shoot and leaf traits. In two field experiments, intercrop wheat and maize were both grown in alternating strips consisting of six rows of wheat and two rows of maize. The traits of wheat plants in border rows of the strips were compared to the traits of plants in the inner rows as well as those in sole wheat. Leaf development, chlorophyll concentration and azimuth, as well as the final leaf and ear sizes, tiller dynamics of wheat and yield components of both crops were determined. The relative densities of wheat and maize in the intercrop were 0.33 and 0.67, respectively, but the corresponding relative yields compared to the respective monocultures were 0.46 for wheat and 0.77 for maize. Compared to wheat plants in the inner rows of the intercrop strips as well as in the monoculture, border‐row wheat plants in the intercrop strips had (a) more tillers owing to increased tiller production and survival, and thus more ears, (b) larger top leaves on the main stem and tillers, (c) higher chlorophyll concentration in leaves, (d) greater number of kernels per ear and (e) smaller thousand‐grain weight. Grain yield per metre row length of border‐row wheat was 141% higher than the sole wheat, and was 176% higher than the inner‐row wheat. The results demonstrate the importance of plasticity in architectural traits for yield advantage in multispecies cropping systems.     

渍水对四川小麦生理性状及产量的影响

采用二因素裂区设计,连续2年（2011-2012和2012-2013年）以川麦104和内麦836为对象,在小麦苗期、拔节期、孕穗期、开花期分别进行35 d的渍水处理,研究渍水对四川小麦生长和产量形成的影响.结果表明： 苗期渍水减产最大,减产10%～15%,随渍水时期的后移,对产量的影响减小.苗期渍水降低了第3～6叶SPAD值、单株分蘖力和单株成穗数,降低了有效穗数、花后干物质积累量和成熟期干物质量.拔节期渍水降低了第4～7叶SPAD值,孕穗期渍水降低了倒4、倒3、倒2叶SPAD值,拔节期和孕穗期渍水导致花后旗叶SPAD值下降,渐增期灌浆速率（R₁）和平均灌浆速率（R_mean）下降,千粒重下降.开花期渍水对产量影响较小.表明苗期渍水是四川稻茬小麦渍害临界期.     

冬小麦高产高效群体的年际间稳产性能

以冬小麦品种‘泰农18’为试验材料,设置传统农民管理习惯的农户模式(T₁)、不计肥水和人工等投入以获得高产的高产模式(T₂)和优化种植密度、播期、肥水管理运筹的高产高效模式(T₃)3种种植模式,于2012年10月—2016年7月连续4个小麦生育季,研究了不同种植模式小麦主茎与分蘖成穗特性、不同年份的光合有效辐射截获、利用、光合产物分配等光能利用特性和产量差异,结合年际间的光、温、水等生态因子分布差异,分析了高产高效群体的稳产性能.结果表明: 冬小麦不同生育时期内的光、温、降雨等生态因子的总量和各生育时期分布存在较大变异.T₁、T₂、T₃模式主茎穗的比例分别为38.9%、58.7%、66.9%,表明T₁、T₂、T₃模式在群体结构构建上分别是以分蘖穗为主、主茎穗和分蘖穗并重、主茎穗为主.T₂模式的生物量和产量最高,T₁最低,T₃模式自孕穗期之后,尤其是在开花14 d后仍能维持较高的叶面积指数、光能截获率和截获量、群体光合速率,并具有较高的干物质分配能力,使其在干物质积累相对偏低的情况下仍可获得高产.T₃模式花后的叶面积指数、光能截获率和截获量以及光合速率等的年际间极差、标准差、变异系数均小于T₁和T₂模式,由此也保证了T₃模式生物产量的稳定.相关分析表明,以主茎成穗为主的T₃种植模式能够有效应对年际间气候变化并实现稳产,关键是具有年际间稳定的生物产量.     

施氮和秸秆还田对晚播小麦养分平衡和产量的影响

在大田条件下,研究了水稻秸秆还田和施氮量对晚播小麦产量、养分积累、秸秆养分释放及养分平衡的影响.结果表明: 水稻秸秆还田并配施适当的施氮量有利于提高晚播小麦籽粒产量.晚播小麦全生育期的干物质、氮、磷、钾积累量均随施氮量增加而显著增加,相同施氮量(270 kg N·hm^-2)下,秸秆还田处理的干物质、磷、钾积累高于不还田处理,氮积累则呈相反趋势.随着施氮量增加,秸秆腐解和养分释放率增加,且拔节后秸秆养分释放量占总释放量的比例降低;随生育进程的推进,秸秆的干物质、磷、钾释放量呈倒“N”型变化趋势,而氮释放量则呈“V”型变化趋势.计算养分表观平衡结果表明,秸秆还田并增加施氮量,养分总盈余量显著升高;在获得较高产量的施氮条件下,氮、钾素显著盈余,磷素投入较为合理.晚播小麦实行秸秆还田后,可适当增加氮肥用量至257 kg·hm^-2,并减少钾肥投入.     

Studies on biological decomposition of wheat straw

Summary The incorporation of undecomposed wheat straw in the soil along-with the micro-organisms favourably increased the yield of groundnut crop. An increase of 37 per cent in yield was recorded when wheat straw was inoculated withPenicillium digitatum and the C:P ratio was adjusted to 65. Inoculated treatments of narrower C:P ratio gave a higher yield than wider C:P ratio treatments inoculated with the same cultures. An increase in nitrogen uptake by groundnut plants was recorded due to incorporation of straw alongwith the micro-organisms in soil. The organic carbon and nitrogen content of the soil increased with all the treatments except control. The highest increase in organic carbon and nitrogen of the soil was observed with a treatment of wheat straw of 65 C:P ratio inoculated withS. coccosporum. The yield of wheat crop after groundnut was significantly more with several treatments than control plots. The highest increase of 79 per cent in grain yield of wheat was observed in the plots previouslq received with wheat straw of 200 C:P ratio.This paper is based on the data presented at IV Southern Regional Conference on Microbial Inoculants, held at Parbhani during 3–4 July 1978.     

Time-dependent distribution of sulphur, sulphate and glutathione in wheat tissues and grain as affected by three sulphur fertilization levels and late S fertilization

Sulphur (S) fertilization has beneficial effects on yield and protein composition of mature wheat kernels. However, to understand the impact of S fertilization on storage protein composition, synthesis of S-containing compounds and their distribution during grain development has to be examined. A pot experiment with Triticum aestivum cultivar Türkis under three S fertilization levels (0 g, 0.1 g und 0.2 g S per pot) and a late S fertilization level at ear emergence was carried out. Stalk and leaves, flag leaves, ears and kernels were harvested separately during grain development at ear emergence, milk ripeness and maturity, and analyzed for elemental S, sulphate, glutathione, and protein concentration. Sulphate is the major S compound in stalk, leaf and ears at the start of grain development, whereas glutathione is more important for synthesis of S-containing proteins in the grain. The discrepancy of S concentration comparing low and high S fertilization became obvious after milk ripeness. The N/S ratios in ears at ear emergence and milk ripeness reflected the later N/S ratio in mature grain. Late S fertilization increased sulphate concentrations in the flag leaf within a short period of about two weeks at ear emergence. Late S fertilization prevented S deficiency in late stages of wheat growth and further enabled equal concentrations of S, glutathione and protein in all wheat organs compared to an S application only at sowing.     

冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)分蘖冗余生态学意义以及减少冗余对水分利用效率的影响

通过盆栽试验,以旱作冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)为材料,分别在拔节和抽穗期对分蘖进行人工干扰,来模拟不可预测的自然干扰,对冬小麦分蘖冗余的生态学意义以及减少这些冗余对水分利用效率影响进行研究.设置3个处理:从拔节期开始剪去所有小的分蘖,仅保留主茎和一个大的分蘖(A);在拔节期剪去主茎和两个大的分蘖,保留所有小的分蘖(B);在孕穗期剪去主茎和有效分蘖,保留无效分蘖(C).没有被干扰的植物作为对照(CK).通过花期测定叶片的叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、气孔导度和蒸腾速率等生理指标来评价植物的生理与生化活性.结果显示,在拔节期和抽穗期去除主茎和大蘖后,无效分蘖的生理活性被激活,开始执行有效分蘖的功能.到花期时,这些无效分蘖已经在生理活性上满足了补充和替代有效茎的要求.虽然株高和穗的整齐度、穗数和产量显著下降,但并没有防碍小麦的繁衍子代,因此,正是这些由早期"无效分蘖"补充而来的有效茎,避免了小麦绝种的风险.而在拔节期去除无效分蘖后,对小麦产量没有显著影响,但提高了水分利用效率,和对照相比水分利用效率提高了10%.因此,可以认为小麦在分蘖上存在着对水分利用不利的生长冗余,减少这些冗余有望节约用水、提高作物的水分利用效率.     

Insights on the role of tillering in salt tolerance of spring wheat from detillering

Tillering is reduced by salinity, with the primary and secondary tillers being more affected than is the mainstem. To understand the importance of tillering in the salt tolerance of wheat plants, two contrasting genotypes of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown in a greenhouse under saline or non-saline conditions and were subjected to five progressive levels of detillering. Regardless of the genotype and salinity, shoot dry weight, seed yield and seed number per plant were all significantly decreased in the treatments where only one or two tillers per plant remained compared with the untouched treatment (more than three tillers), whereas these same variables per tiller tended to be increased on a per tiller (mainstem or substem tiller) basis. The increased seed yield per tiller observed with tiller reduction may be attributed to the enhanced seed number within the spikelet. Under saline conditions, the reductions in shoot dry weight, seed yield and seed number per plant for the salt-tolerant genotype Kharchia were of a greater magnitude in the treatments where only one or two tillers per plant were present compared with the untouched treatment, whereas the magnitude of this reduction in the salt-sensitive genotype Sakha 61 was decreased.     

Intergenotypic competition and shoot production in wheat plants

In field experiments, the competition among plants of two distinct wheat genotypes in binary mixtures, and among three genotypes being grown in adjacent rows was investigated. The competition greatly affected the over-ground dry weight, weight of stem and grain per plant. This effect was undercompensatory, the depression in poor competitor was higher than the enhancement of strong competitor for all these characteristics. From final components of grain yield per plant, the number of fertile stems and number of grains per ear were more affected than weight per grain. More expressively than weight of grain on the main-stem ear, the weight of grain per average secondary ear-bearing stem was affected by competition in binary mixture. The enhancement in standard height—a strongly competitive genotype— reached in binary mixture about 10% for this last characteristic in comparison with the value from the pure stand. Some morphological characteristics of plants being in relation with competition for grain yield per plant are discussed in these experiments.     

不同水分状况下追施氮肥对冬小麦产量及其构成因素的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同水分状况下追施氮肥对冬小麦产量及其构成因素的影响,结果表明,干旱胁迫条件下,氮肥早施比晚施好,低量氮肥比高量氮好,而且不同施氮处理对有效穗数和每穗粒数的影响差异达显著水平,但对千粒重无明显影响;水肥配合条件下,氮素的作用得到充分发挥,产量得到大幅度提高,而且对有效穗数,每穗粒数和千粒重都产生显著的影响,拔节期是冬小麦对水肥效应的关键期和亏缺敏感期,这个时期供水供肥可以显著提高产量,同时增加了穗粒数和千粒重。     

矿井废水灌溉对小麦生理特性及重金属积累的影响

以井水灌溉为对照 (CK),采用盆栽试验研究了矿井废水灌溉对小麦生理特性和重金属积累的影响.设置了3个矿区废水灌溉处理:洗煤废水(T₁)、经沉淀处理的洗煤废水 (T₂) 和煤矸石淋溶水 (T₃),于返青期开始进行矿区废水灌溉处理.结果表明： 矿井废水灌溉处理对小麦的生长发育和产量均有不同程度的负面影响.到开花期时,T₁、T₂和T₃处理小麦的单茎质量和叶面积、根系活力和光合速率均显著低于对照(P＜0.05),T₃处理小麦株高和叶绿素含量(SPAD值)显著降低(P＜0.05);T₁、T₂和T₃处理的籽粒产量分别比对照下降15.4%、9.8%和17.8%.此外,矿井废水灌溉处理小麦籽粒中Cr、Pb、Cu和Zn的含量均显著高于对照,表明矿井废水灌溉导致重金属在小麦籽粒中积累.
     

Effectiveness of various Pseudomonas spp. and Burkholderia caryophylli containing ACC-deaminase for improving growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

This study assessed the possible role of different traits in selected plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for improving wheat growth and yield under natural conditions. Rhizobacteria exhibiting 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC)-deaminase activity were isolated and screened for their growth-promoting activity in wheat under axenic conditions. Five isolates belonging to Pseudomonas and one Burkholderia caryophylli isolate that showed promising performances under axenic conditions were selected and characterized for in vitro ACC-deaminase activity, chitinase activity, auxin production, P solubilization, and root colonization. These isolates were then used as inocula for wheat cultivated under natural conditions in pot and/or field trials. Significant increases in root elongation, root weight, tillers per pot, 1,000-grain weight, and grain and straw yields were observed in response to inoculation with PGPR in the pot trials. Inoculation with these PGPR was also effective under field conditions and increased the wheat growth and yield significantly. However, the efficacy of the strains was inconsistent under the axenic, pot, and field conditions. Pseudomonasfluorescens (ACC50), which exhibited a relatively high in vitro ACC-deaminase activity, chitinase activity, auxin production, and P solubilization and more intensive root colonization, was the most efficient isolate under the field conditions. Therefore, these results demonstrated that ACC-deaminase activity is an efficient parameter for the selection of promising PGPR under axenic conditions. However, additional traits of PGPR, including auxin production, chitinase activity, P solubilization, and root colonization, are also important for selecting PGPR as biofertilizers.     

Contributions of root uptake and remobilization to grain zinc accumulation in wheat depending on post-anthesis zinc availability and nitrogen nutrition

Background and aims

Whether root Zn uptake during grain filling or remobilization from pre-anthesis Zn stores contributes more to grain Zn in wheat is subject to an on-going debate. This study investigated the effects of N nutrition and post-anthesis Zn availability on the relative importance of these sources.

Methods

Durum wheat plants were grown in nutrient solution containing adequate Zn (0.5?μM) and three different N levels (0.5; 1.5; 4.5?mM). One third of the plants were harvested when they reached anthesis. One half of the remaining plants were grown to maturity with adequate Zn, whereas the Zn supply to the other half was discontinued at anthesis. Roots, straw and grains were harvested separately and analyzed for Zn and N.

Results

Depending on the N supply, Zn remobilization from pre-anthesis sources provided almost all of grain Zn when the Zn supply was withheld at anthesis; otherwise up to 100?% of grain Zn could be accounted for by Zn taken up post-anthesis. By promoting tillering and grain yield and extending the grain filling, higher N supply favored the contribution of Zn uptake to grain Zn accumulation.

Conclusion

Remobilization is critical for grain Zn accumulation when Zn availability is restricted during grain filling. However, where root uptake can continue, concurrent Zn uptake during grain development, favored by higher N supply, overshadows net remobilization.     

秸秆全量还田对稻田土壤溶解有机碳含量和水稻产量的影响

以南粳44为供试材料,在粘土和砂土土壤中,设置麦秸秆不还田和全量还田(6000 kg·hm^-2)及3种施氮量(0、225、300 kg·hm^-2)试验,研究了麦秸秆全量还田的腐解率和有机碳释放量动态变化,及其对稻田0～45 cm土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)含量和水稻产量的影响.结果表明： 麦秸秆还田的前期(0～30 d)其腐解率和有机碳释放量最高,腐解率为35.0%(粘土)和31.7%(砂土),有机碳释放率为34.1%(粘土)和33.1%(砂土);30 d后两者均减小.施用氮肥可显著促进秸秆腐解和有机碳释放量,粘土中麦秸秆腐解率和有机碳释放量明显大于砂土.麦秸秆还田后土壤DOC含量逐渐增加,至25 d达最大值,粘土和砂土分别为60.18和56.62 mg·L^-1,此后逐渐减小并趋于稳定.麦秸秆还田处理15 cm处土壤DOC含量显著高于未还田处理,但两者在30和45 cm处土壤DOC含量差异不显著,说明秸秆还田主要增加了稻田0～15 cm土层DOC含量.与不施氮处理相比,施氮处理土壤DOC含量降低,2种施氮处理间差异不显著.秸秆还田减少了水稻前期分蘖发生量,显著降低了有效穗数,增加了穗粒数、结实率和千粒重,显著提高了水稻产量.