暗示性运动加工的认知神经机制

暗示性运动是指个体观看静止图片时从中知觉到的运动.研究者采用高低认知水平两类暗示性运动刺激材料,借助"冻结帧"、直接观看、运动后效和f MRI适应等任务范式,探讨了注意和意识在暗示性运动加工中的作用及其记忆特点;并借助脑成像等技术,考察了颞中区、颞上皮层区、颞上沟、镜像神经元系统等脑区在暗示性运动加工中的作用.但由于暗示性运动加工涉及"视觉腹侧通路与背侧通路功能的分离与整合"问题,目前对相关研究结果和解释还存在争议,暗示性运动加工的认知神经机制仍有待于进一步研究.     

一阶运动和二阶运动方向辨别的知觉学习及传递性研究

为了明确视觉系统对一阶运动和二阶运动识别机制之间的相互关系,采用一阶运动和二阶运动的正弦光栅刺激,在旁中央凹对训练组(14名被试)进行运动方向辨别的知觉学习训练．通过比较训练前后的对比敏感度变化,并同对照组(11名被试)的结果比较后发现：a．在旁中央凹,一阶运动光栅方向辨别的训练提高了被试辨别一阶运动方向的能力,但是这种提高的效果却不能传递到二阶运动光栅的方向辨别任务当中;b．二阶运动光栅方向辨别的训练在提高被试二阶运动方向识别能力的同时,也提高了被试在一阶运动光栅方向辨别任务中的表现．这一训练效果的“非对称”传递现象提示,人的视觉系统中存在两种不同的机制分别用于感知一阶运动和二阶运动,但这两种机制并非截然不同,而是部分分离的．     

Charge Motion during the Photocycle of Bacteriorhodopsin

The function of bacteriorhodopsin in Halobacterium salinarum is to pump protons from the internal side of the plasma membrane to the external after light excitation, thereby building up electrochemical energy. This energy is transduced into biological energy forms. This review deals with one of the methods elaborated for recording the charge transfer inside the protein. In this method the current produced in oriented purple membrane containing bacteriorhodopsin is measured. It is shown that this method might be applied not only to correlate charge motion with the photocycle reactions but also for general problems like effect of water, electric field, and different ions and buffers for the functioning of proteins.     

Magnetic Force Transmission of a Reciprocating Motion

Magnetic force transmission of a reciprocating motion is studied by theoretical analysis and experiment. A mathematical model for calculating the magnetic force is derived using the theory of equivalent magnetic charges. An experimental rig is constructed to test the transmission and the model is verified by experiment. Effect of the transmission parameters on the magnetic force is analyzed theoretically from the model, and characteristic of the transmission is studied experimentally. Since the transmission is without direct contact between two elements, it is suitable for application in an organism.     

A Method for Measuring the Motion of Culture

ABSTRACT  Beginning with Edward Tylor's (1889) definition of culture as socially "acquired," I focus in this article on motion as social acquisition and transmission through "artifacts"—both durable (like ceramic pots) and fleeting (like sounds). Motion can be detected by comparison of the artifacts to which people are exposed with those they in turn produce. I examine rates of interaction with artifacts and changes in rates as evidence of the operation of "forces" such as interest and metaculture. I develop a set of axioms or laws of motion, growing out of fine-grained research on naturally occurring discourse, and endeavor to demonstrate their utility through application to three empirical cases. Although I deal with relatively small-scale artifacts, I conclude this article with the suggestion that its methods may prove useful in the broader study of cultural phenomena.     

Motion camouflage induced by zebra stripes

The functional significance of the zebra coat stripe pattern is one of the oldest questions in evolutionary biology, having troubled scientists ever since Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace first disagreed on the subject. While different theories have been put forward to address this question, the idea that the stripes act to confuse or ‘dazzle’ observers remains one of the most plausible. However, the specific mechanisms by which this may operate have not been investigated in detail. In this paper, we investigate how motion of the zebra's high contrast stripes creates visual effects that may act as a form of motion camouflage. We simulated a biologically motivated motion detection algorithm to analyse motion signals generated by different areas on a zebra's body during displacements of their retinal images. Our simulations demonstrate that the motion signals that these coat patterns generate could be a highly misleading source of information. We suggest that the observer's visual system is flooded with erroneous motion signals that correspond to two well-known visual illusions: (i) the wagon-wheel effect (perceived motion inversion due to spatiotemporal aliasing); and (ii) the barber-pole illusion (misperceived direction of motion due to the aperture effect), and predict that these two illusory effects act together to confuse biting insects approaching from the air, or possibly mammalian predators during the hunt, particularly when two or more zebras are observed moving together as a herd.     

生物运动识别的信息加工机制

识别其他生物体的运动对于个体的生存和社会交互都有极为重要的意义.本文首先基于生物运动识别的行为学、心理物理学、脑损伤和精神障碍研究介绍了生物运动识别的一些特性和影响因素;然后基于神经影像学、脑损伤和神经电生理学研究从视觉系统背腹侧双通路加工的角度,梳理了其信息加工机制的进展;最后对生物运动识别信息加工神经机制的研究方向提出了一点建议,并指出研究过程中需要注意的问题.     

Patterns of Change: Forces and Motion

Patterns of Change: Forces and Motion is an integrated science lesson that uses the 5E lesson cycle to tie together science with language arts, mathematics, literature, technology, engineering and social studies in an engaging format applicable for young learners. This lesson has been uniquely designed for the purpose of providing elementary teachers with ideas for using hands-on minds-on activities to foster inquiry and discussion, while engaging their students to use technology as a learning tool. This lesson has been used on the elementary level to teach students about the forces that have an effect on motion.     

基于运动捕捉残疾人计算机辅助系统的尝试

计算机在当代社会已经被普遍应用。为了帮助肢体残疾人使用计算机,本课题组进行了开发基于脑部跟踪的残疾人计算机辅助系统的尝试,初步制作成功了一种能通过三维脑部运动捕捉人脑运动轨迹、以此控制虚拟鼠标完成几个简单动作的残疾人计算机辅助系统,通过训练后可根据脑部的运动操纵计算机。本系统较之单纯利用脑电的脑-机接口有高得多的识别效率,理论上可基本消除误操作,是一项非常有价值的可望能应用于残疾人的计算机辅助系统的尝试。     

Spiral Motion of Paramecium caudatum in a Small Capillary Glass Tube

SYNOPSIS. The behavior of Paramecium caudatum in small capillary glass tubes was investigated under various ionic conditions and at the various tube diameters. Along the inner walls of the tubes ciliates undergo regular spiral motion, which is completely different from natural spirallings or random walk-like movements observed usually in large vessels. The curvature calculated from the tracks of spiral motions was independent of the inner diameters of capillary tubes, but depend specifically on ionic conditions.
A plausible law governing such regular spiral motions of Paramecium caudatum is proposed. A definite part of the anterior end of a ciliate seems to contact the curved surface of the inner wall of a capillary tube during the motion so that the organism receives a constant tactile stimulus, and the direction of motive force keeps a certain angle against the surface.     

Motion analysis of the glenohumeral joint during activities of daily living

The shoulder complex has a larger range of motion (ROM) than any other joint complex in the human body, leaving it prone to numerous injuries. Objective kinematic analysis could yield useful functional insights that may assist clinical practice. Non-invasive optoelectronic motion analysis techniques have been used to assess the shoulders of five healthy subjects performing ROM tasks and 10 functional tasks of daily living. The four most demanding tasks – touching the side and back of the head, brushing the opposite side of the head, lifting an object to shoulder height and lifting an object to head height, required 78%, 60%, 61% and 71%, respectively, of the glenohumeral elevation necessary for full abduction in the scapular plane for the 10 shoulders. This has implications for clinical practice where maximum arm elevation is commonly used to determine a patient's ability to return to work and other everyday activities.     

Motion mitigation in scanned ion beam therapy through 4D-optimization

The treatment of moving tumors remains challenging, especially with scanned ion beam therapy due to interplay effects and the strong range dependence. This is especially true in the context of radiosurgery with high dose delivered in few or single fractions. Inverse treatment planning on the entire 4D-CT may result in conformal plans inherently adapted to the moving anatomy of the patient. Existing studies on this topic for photon therapy are reviewed, but arguably the benefits for ion beam therapy can be even greater. Compared to the main conformal mitigation technique of beam tracking, 4D-optimization permits a) easier, offline handling of range changes, b) handling of complex motion patterns, and c) improved dose shaping capabilities outside of the target.Different approaches for 4D-optimization in scanned ion beam therapy are proposed and compared, together with delivery methods that provide the necessary synchronization between irradiation and detected patient motion. Potential solutions for the improvement of robustness in 4D-optimization are discussed. A method for delivery of homogenous doses to each motion phase is presented that might be a potential solution for robust conformal dose delivery for future clinical use.In an exemplary lung cancer patient case with a large motion amplitude, 4D-optimization resulted in conformal dose coverage while beam tracking did not.In conclusion, different strategies of 4D-optimization could provide increased OAR sparing and highly conformal dose delivery for targets with complex motion patterns and large amplitudes.     

Motion Analytics of Trapezius Muscle Activity in an 18-Year-Old Female with Extended Upper Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy

Background  The trapezius muscle is often utilized as a muscle or nerve donor for repairing shoulder function in those with brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP). To evaluate the native role of the trapezius in the affected limb, we demonstrate use of the Motion Browser, a novel visual analytics system to assess an adolescent with BPBP. Method  An 18-year-old female with extended upper trunk (C5–6–7) BPBP underwent bilateral upper extremity three-dimensional motion analysis with Motion Browser. Surface electromyography (EMG) from eight muscles in each limb which was recorded during six upper extremity movements, distinguishing between upper trapezius (UT) and lower trapezius (LT). The Motion Browser calculated active range of motion (AROM), compiled the EMG data into measures of muscle activity, and displayed the results in charts. Results  All movements, excluding shoulder abduction, had similar AROM in affected and unaffected limbs. In the unaffected limb, LT was more active in proximal movements of shoulder abduction, and shoulder external and internal rotations. In the affected limb, LT was more active in distal movements of forearm pronation and supination; UT was more active in shoulder abduction. Conclusion  In this female with BPBP, Motion Browser demonstrated that the native LT in the affected limb contributed to distal movements. Her results suggest that sacrificing her trapezius as a muscle or nerve donor may affect her distal functionality. Clinicians should exercise caution when considering nerve transfers in children with BPBP and consider individualized assessment of functionality before pursuing surgery.     

基于直线电机连续-步进运动的快速光声显微成像系统

报道了一种利用直线电机连续-步进的扫描方式进行光声显微成像的系统,该系统在运动时走弓字型路线,其中直线电机在X轴方向上连续运动,在Y轴方向上以步进的方式运动,采集卡只在X轴电机运动的过程中连续采集。该成像系统较之前振镜扫描的方式扫描的范围更大,可达到厘米尺度范围内的生物组织光声成像;较之前的步进电机逐点扫描的方式扫描速度明显提高。同时本文采用电机带动光和超声换能器一同扫描的方式,较光和超声换能器不动电机带动样品扫描的方式更灵活。另外利用包埋碳丝的模拟样品和在体小鼠耳朵血管来验证系统的成像能力。实验结果表明,这种快速光声显微成像方法及其系统可以实现在体组织的高分辨率成像,有望成为一种无创、实时的光声显微镜应用于生物医学当中。     

Correlated Motion and Oscillation of Neighboring Cells in Vitro

It has long been realized that fibroblastic and epithelial cells establish recognizable patterns in tissue culture. This behavior implies that neighboring cells interact with one another to produce organized populations. Interaction between cells that are separated by many intervening cells is also possible and is demonstrated here using a special configuration of a biosensor referred to as electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS). Normally the electrical impedance of a single electrode covered with a confluent cell layer is measured, and the morphological changes of the cells are reflected in the impedance. In this case the cells are cultured on two closely spaced electrodes whose impedances are measured independently as a function of time, and communication between the cell populations is revealed as a correlation between these two time series. We also report for the first time another striking manifestation of dynamic cell interaction, where confluent layers of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK) on a single electrode are observed to oscillate in synchrony with a period of approximately 2.5 h.