长白山9种槭树的翅果扩散及种子萌发研究

翅果的风媒传播是槭属植物的主要扩散方式之一,且与种子萌发有着密切关联,但具体机理一直还并不明确。以分布于长白山的9种槭树为对象,探讨翅果的形态特征,测定它们在空气中的垂直沉降速度、不同风速下的水平扩散距离以及在扩散距离上的种子萌发率,进而比较并分析翅果的形态性状与沉降速度、水平扩散距离的相关性以及萌发率在不同扩散距离上的差异性。结果表明：(1) 9种槭树的翅果长、宽和面积与沉降速度、水平扩散距离均呈负相关;尽管如此,翅果形态并不是风传播物种的最佳分类指标,而翅载力能较好地反应物种的风传播能力;(2)翅果垂直沉降速度和水平扩散距离间存在显著负相关,表明沉降速度越小,翅果在空气中停留的时间越长,水平方向上扩散距离越远,且强风有助于提高翅果的扩散能力;(3)沉降速度最慢的花楷槭在不同风速下的水平扩散距离均最远,而沉降速度最快的拧筋槭水平扩散距离最短;(4)种子萌发率随扩散距离的增加呈下降趋势。上述结果不仅为深入理解翅果的风力传播机制以及种子萌发对水平扩散距离的响应机制提供科学依据,还可为种群实生更新方面的理论研究提供参考。     

川西高原12种风毛菊属植物瘦果形态和发芽特征

分析了12种风毛菊属植物瘦果形态、果皮微形态和发芽特征,并探讨了瘦果形态和发芽特征与植物地理分布范围之间的关系.瘦果形状包括倒披针形、圆柱形和圆柱状倒三角形3种类型.瘦果长度、宽度和厚度变幅较大,平均变幅达10％.瘦果果皮微形态可区分为条纹型、网纹型和孔纹型,以条纹型最为普遍.种内瘦果微形态特征十分稳定,是很好的分类学依据.种子(瘦果)发芽率差异较大,最高达98％,而最低仅为40％.风毛菊属植物地理分布范围与瘦果冠毛长度和百粒瘦果重量显著相关,与瘦果饱满率、冠毛比重、发芽率之间均为正相关,但相关性不显著.本文涉及的风毛菊属植物瘦果冠毛比重较高,有利于远距离传播,且高发芽率和百粒瘦果重量为幼苗的成功定居提供了保障,在青藏高原有更广的潜在分布区.     

一年生短命植物疏齿千里光果实异形性的生态学意义

疏齿千里光(Senecio subdentatus)是分布在新疆北部古尔班通古特沙漠中的一种具异形瘦果的菊科一年生短命植物。将野外观测与室内实验相结合, 对该物种异形瘦果的形态、扩散和萌发特性, 以及异形瘦果产量与植株大小的关系进行了研究, 并对其生态学意义进行了探讨。结果表明: 疏齿千里光果序中的外围果和中央果均为柱形, 但前者为淡黄色, 后者为褐色, 且二者在大小、冠毛长度及果皮微形态等方面均存在明显差异。两种瘦果均以单个果实为扩散单元, 且在静止空气中的降落速度和在1 m·s^-1与2 m·s^-1风速下的扩散距离无显著差异, 说明虽然果实大小和冠毛长度对瘦果扩散具有不同的影响, 但对其整体扩散能力无明显影响。在各温变周期(5/2、15/2、20/10、25/15和30/15 ℃)处理中, 淡黄色外围果的萌发率均高于褐色中央果的, 且不同温度间两种瘦果的萌发率均存在显著差异, 但光照条件对其无显著影响。果序中的中央瘦果数明显多于外围果的, 且植株中外围果所占比例与植株大小间呈显著负相关关系, 而中央果所占比例与植株大小间呈显著正相关关系。这些特点说明, 该物种的小植株倾向于产生较多较易萌发的外围果, 大植株倾向于产生较多不易萌发的中央果。在古尔班通古特沙漠不可预测的极端环境中, 疏齿千里光可通过异形瘦果间的萌发差异及调节其不同大小植株中异形瘦果的比例, 来减少同胞后代之间的竞争, 增加其对不同微环境条件的生态适应性。     

紫茎泽兰瘦果冠毛特征与种子萌发特性的关系

菊科植物瘦果的冠毛是其种子重要的风传播器官。我们分析紫茎泽兰瘦果冠毛与其种子萌发特征的关系, 探讨种子传播与萌发定居能力间的权衡关系。结果表明: 具不同冠毛数的种子萌发能力无显著差异, 不同种子长/冠毛长比值的紫茎泽兰种子萌发率与萌发指数存在显著性差异, 种子长/冠毛长比值与种子萌发能力呈正相关关系, 二者间表现出一定的权衡关系。     

菊科裸苑属的分类研究

裸菀属Miyamayomena Kitam.是北村四郎¹⁾(1937)从马兰属Kali-meris Cass.(Asteromaea B1.)分出的一个小属,隶属于菊科紫菀族Trib.Astereae Cass.紫菀亚族Asterinae O.Hoffm,本属发表时,曾取名为Gymnatser Kitam。主要以瘦果顶端具狭环状边缘而无冠毛,与具糙毛状或膜片状短冠毛的马兰属相区别。     

三江源区不同退化程度高寒草原土壤呼吸特征

为了研究高寒草原退化对土壤呼吸的影响, 对三江源区不同退化程度的高寒草原土壤呼吸进行了测定, 分析了土壤呼吸与生物量、土壤温度以及土壤湿度的相关性, 结果表明: 1)不同退化程度的高寒草原土壤呼吸均表现出一定的月动态, 这种月动态在不同退化程度间各有不同。2)高寒草原在退化演替序列上生长季平均土壤呼吸速率呈先增加后降低的变化趋势, 其中在中度退化程度下达到最高值((2.46 ± 0.27) μmol·m^-2·s^-1), 显著高于未退化((1.92 ± 0.11) μmol·m^-2·s^-1)和重度退化((1.30 ± 0.16) μmol·m^-2·s^-1)水平(p < 0.01), 与轻度退化((2.22 ± 0.19) μmol·m^-2·s^-1)无显著差异(p > 0.05), 重度退化程度下呼吸速率显著低于其他退化水平(p < 0.01)。3)地上生物量和土壤呼吸存在极显著线性正相关关系(p = 0.004), 而地下生物量与土壤呼吸的相关性不很显著(p = 0.056)。4)除重度退化外, 未退化、轻度退化和中度退化高寒草原土壤呼吸与土壤温度显著正相关; 土壤呼吸与土壤湿度的二项式拟合方程在轻度退化程度下达到显著水平(p < 0.05), 而在未退化、中度退化和重度退化程度下均达到极显著水平(p < 0.01)。     

土壤养分对菊科一年生入侵种和本地种繁殖性状的影响

入侵植物繁殖性状的研究可为揭示植物入侵机制提供重要的科学依据。为研究土壤养分对入侵植物和本地植物繁殖性状的影响, 并进一步研究养分添加是否更能促进入侵植物的繁殖能力, 我们设置了低、高两个养分水平, 通过同质园实验比较了不同土壤养分对假臭草(Praxelis clematidea)、胜红蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)、三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa) 3种菊科一年生入侵种和夜香牛(Vernonia cinerea)、一点红(Emilia sonchifolia)、墨旱莲(Eclipta prostrata) 3种本地种繁殖性状的影响。研究结果显示, 养分添加提高了6种菊科植物的开花株高、株高、地上生物量、单粒种子重量、总花序数、每花序种子数、总种子数量、总种子重量, 并使开花时间提前、花期延长。养分添加对入侵种的开花株高和单粒种子重量的提高幅度要比本地种更显著。相对于部分本地植物(夜香牛、墨旱莲), 养分添加更能促进部分入侵植物(假臭草、胜红蓟)的繁殖能力。三叶鬼针草和一点红的总种子数量和总种子重量在两种土壤养分水平下均较小。本地种墨旱莲的总种子数量和总种子重量在低养分条件下高于3个入侵种。这些结果表明, 高土壤养分仅能促进部分入侵植物相对于部分本地植物的繁殖能力。     

莴苣属6种近似种瘦果形态的扫描电镜观察

【目的】研究莴苣属6种近似种瘦果超微形态,确定鉴别特征,为口岸检疫鉴定提供参考。【方法】利用扫描电子显微镜观察莴苣属6个近似种瘦果的表面特征、冠毛、种脐、衣领状环等超微形态特征,测量瘦果表面刺长、刺宽、刺间距、冠毛节间长度等,并应用单因素方差分析进行显著差异评价。【结果】野莴苣脐口无环形边,其他5种均具环形边;野莴苣瘦果表面突起呈锐三角状物,乳苣突起呈耳状物;乳苣与莴苣衣领状环呈圆形或近圆形,其他4种呈椭圆形;乳苣、刺毛莴苣冠毛节间长度最小,毒莴苣的最长;野莴苣、莴苣、山莴苣次之;毒莴苣瘦果冠毛上的刺基部稍肿大,而其他5种未见肿大;瘦果超显微特征性状测量值在种之间存在差异。【结论】莴苣属种脐的形状和环形边的有无、种脐中央的突起物形状、衣领状环形状、瘦果表面纹饰特征及突起物的形状等超微形态特征可以作为莴苣属种类判定依据;瘦果表面的刺长度和宽度、刺间距、冠毛节间长度数值差异显著可以用于莴苣属种类鉴定。     

不同典型地带性土壤氮素分布特征及其影响因素

在野外取样的基础上,研究中国不同典型地带性土壤各形态氮素分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明: 垂直地带性土壤中0.5 mol·L^-1 K₂SO₄提取的提取态总氮、提取态有机氮、吸附氨基酸随取样点海拔的增加而显著增加,且提取态总氮、提取态有机氮和吸附氨基酸平均值都大于水平地带性土壤;水平地带性土壤各形态氮含量随土壤类型的不同而差异显著.土壤吸附氨基酸含量是游离氨基酸的5倍,占提取态有机氮百分比为21.1%,表明吸附氨基酸可能作为土壤有机氮库的一种重要存在形态.相关分析结果表明,垂直地带性土壤中提取态总氮、提取态有机氮、铵态氮、氨基酸态氮均与有机质、全氮呈显著正相关(r=0.57～0.93,P<0.05),但与pH、硝态氮呈显著负相关(r=-0.37～-0.91,P<0.05);水平地带性土壤pH与提取态总氮、硝态氮、有机质、全氮、碱解氮及盐基离子(K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺)呈显著正相关(r=0.36～0.85,P<0.05),与铵态氮、氨基酸态氮呈显著负相关(r=-0.39～-0.81,P<0.05).     

鼎湖山流域下游浅层地下水动态变化及其机理研究

全球变暖和降水格局的改变将如何影响下垫面水文过程是一个被普遍关注的重大科学问题,然而要阐述其内在联系首先必须排除人类活动及土地格局变化的影响。论文以严格保护下的鼎湖山自然保护区为研究对象(排除人类活动及土地格局变化的影响),以其完整集水区下游区域地下水测井系统测定的地下水位数据为基础,拟阐述全球变暖和降水格局改变对该地区地下水位多年变化动态及趋势的影响机制。结果表明:2000年至2009年10 a间鼎湖山流域下游浅层地下水位由2000年的-2.27 m上升到2009年的-1.81 m,年均极显著(p = 0.005)上升0.043 m·a^-1;地下水位干湿季差异显著,湿季地下水位显著(p < 0.001) 高于干季,分别为-1.87±0.23 m、-2.25±0.15 m。时间序列上,干季地下水位无显著(p = 0.190)变化,湿季(1999-2009年)地下水位呈极显著(p = 0.002)上升趋势;日地下水位变异系数CV_wt = 0.20明显小于日降水量 CV_p = 2.77,日地下水位动态与前40 d的日降水量有关;地下水位的变化不能用同期内降水量变化(p = 0.294)解释,分析认为降水格局的变化是导致地下水位上升的基本原因。该研究对评估降水格局改变和全球变暖环境下,地下水资源的变化趋势有重要指示意义。     

云南松与云南油杉种子风力传播特征比较

以云南松和云南油杉为研究对象,分析种子形态特征（质量、长度、宽度、种翅面积）和传播特征（狭长度、翅载力、沉降速度、水平传播距离）之间的关系,比较2物种种子风力传播特征及传播能力的差异。结果表明：1）种子翅载力对沉降速度的影响最大,种子形状（狭长度）对沉降速度的影响较弱．种子水平传播距离受各形态特征和传播特征的影响不明显;2）云南松种子的所有形态特征值均极显著低于云南油杉种子;3）种子传播特征中,云南松种子的狭长度较大,翅载力较小,沉降速度（77．3cm．s^-1）小于云南油杉（116．9cm·s^-1）,水平传播距离（0．75m）大于云南油杉（0．71m）,云南松种子的风力传播能力较强。本研究可为深入理解种子风力传播机制以及种子的进化生态适应策略提供相关理论依据。     

Differential responses to fertilization and competition among invasive,noninvasive alien,and native Bidens species

Comparative studies of invasive, noninvasive alien, and native congenic plant species can identify plant traits that drive invasiveness. In particular, functional traits associated with rapid growth rate and high fecundity likely facilitate invasive success. As such traits often exhibit high phenotypic plasticity, characterizing plastic responses to anthropogenic environmental changes such as eutrophication and disturbance is important for predicting the invasive success of alien plant species in the future. Here, we compared trait expression and phenotypic plasticity at the species level among invasive, noninvasive alien, and native Bidens species. Plants were grown under nutrient addition and competition treatments, and their functional, morphological, and seed traits were examined. Invasive B. frondosa exhibited higher phenotypic plasticity in most measured traits than did the alien noninvasive B. pilosa or native B. bipinnata. However, differential plastic responses to environmental treatments rarely altered the rank of trait values among the three Bidens species, except for the number of inflorescences. The achene size of B. frondosa was larger, but its pappus length was shorter than that of B. pilosa. Two species demonstrated opposite plastic responses of pappus length to fertilization. These results suggest that the plasticity of functional traits does not significantly contribute to the invasive success of B. frondosa. The dispersal efficiency of B. frondosa is expected to be lower than that of B. pilosa, suggesting that long‐distance dispersal is likely not a critical factor in determining invasive success.     

Experimental and structural investigations of anemochorous dispersal

The present paper describes the anemochorous dispersal of representative diaspores of Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae, and Poaceae from xerothermic grassland communities of Central and Northeastern Germany. For eleven species, potential dispersal distance was determined by fall velocity experiments as well as by taking into account the diaspore flight angle under the influence of an artificially-produced, regularly, and horizontally blowing air stream. The latter is a new and comparatively simple method enabling the implementation of mathematical formulas which describe the potential flight capacity of a diaspore for different wind speeds and exposition heights. Surface structures, shown by a scanning electron microscope, were consulted for the interpretation of results.Of the species considered, the best fliers are the diaspores of Asteraceae and Melica ciliata (Poaceae) characterized by a plumous pappus or a hairy lemma. The wing-like attachments of the diaspores of the other investigated Poaceae and Dipsacaceae are clearly less efficient for wind dispersal.The fall rates of the investigated species agree to a great extent with literature data. But a critical comparison of both methods employed shows that fall velocity as a measure of horizontal diaspore flight capacity is only suitable for low wind force < 2 m s^-1. With increasing wind force, the dispersal distance of a flying diaspore does not rise in a linear, but rather in an approximately quadratic manner. Thus, in nature, conditions of higher wind forces may be very important for the reachable dispersal distances of well-flying diaspores. This could be of particular significance for nature conservation concepts concerning the vulnerability of species towards isolation within fragmented landscapes.     

Factors influencing the nonrandom abscission of Solidago canadensis seeds

 为揭示加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)种群扩散机制, 明确种子的脱落及风传扩散在其种群蔓延中的作用, 在人工环境下测定了不同湍流强度、风速和湿度处理下种子脱落的差异, 并对脱落种子与未脱落种子进行形态学特征对比。结果表明: 加拿大一枝黄花的种子脱落受湍流、风速和湿度等因素的共同影响。水平气流下种子的脱落阈值为5.1 m·s^–1, 并随着风速增加, 种子的脱落率增加。与模拟水平气流相比, 模拟垂直气流下种子的脱落阈值显著偏小。相对于层流状态, 湍流的存在显著提高了种子的脱落率, 平均增幅超过300%; 但单纯提高湍流强度对种子脱落率的影响不显著。增加湿度则显著降低种子的脱落率。种子形态学特征对比结果表明, 脱落种子的冠毛数量和冠毛夹角显著高于未脱落种子。该研究结果为研究加拿大一枝黄花种子脱落规律和风传扩散机制提供了科学依据, 也为其他入侵性杂草种子的扩散机制及入侵过程提供了借鉴。     

Variation in Dispersal Traits in a Narrow-endemic Plant Species, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Centaurea corymbosa</Emphasis> Pourret. (Asteraceae)

The existence of genetic variability for dispersal is a crucial issue for organisms facing increased habitat fragmentation and climate change. We study the genetic basis and evolutionary potential for diaspore traits related to dispersal in Centaurea corymbosa. Using diaspores collected in natural conditions in four of the six extant populations of this narrow-endemic plant species and diaspores produced in a common garden experiment, we study the variation for pappus and achene sizes, and diaspore mass. Using a sample of achenes from the common garden experiment, we find that the best predictor of terminal velocity is a linear combination of pappus length, achene width, and achene weight. We find significant differences among populations for all traits in both conditions, as well as significant differences among families within population. Although the differences among populations for some traits are not exactly the same in controlled conditions compared to natural conditions, the ranking of populations according to their mean trait values is consistent in both conditions. Our study is therefore one of the first to show a correlation between phenotypic differentiation for dispersal traits in natural conditions vs. controlled conditions. We also show evidence of genetic variation for traits commonly thought to be involved in dispersal ability, suggesting the potential for evolutionary changes following environmental change and management actions.Co-ordinating editor: J.F. Stuefer     

Comparison of Seed Weed dispersed Characteristics between Pinus yunnanensis and Keteleeria evelyniana

Seed morphological and wind dispersed characteristics of Pinus yunnanensis and Keteleeria evelyniana were compared in this study to clarify the relationship among seed morphological, dispersal characteristics and wind dispersal ability. The results showed that: 1)Seed wing loading had the greatest effect on the seed settlement velocity, but the effect of seed shape(the ratio of seed wing length to width) on it was unobvious. Seed morphological and dispersal characteristics of two species slightly influenced the horizontal dispersal distance. 2)Seed morphological characteristics(weight, length, width and seed wing area) of Pyunnanensis were significantly lower than Kevelyniana’s. 3) The ratio of seed wing length to width of Pyunnanensis was greater, and had less seed wing loading than Kevelyniana, the seed settlement velocity of Pyunnanensis (773cm·s-1) was lower than Kevelyniana’s (1169cm·s-1). Meanwhile, the seed horizontal dispersal distance(075m) under same wind speed was further than Kevelyniana’s (071m). The present study indicated that wind dispersal ability of Pyunnanensis’ seed was stronger. The research results provided more knowledge to understand seed wind dispersal mechanism and seed adaptation strategies in term of evolution and ecology.     

A test of baker��s law: breeding systems of invasive species of Asteraceae in China

Invasive alien plant species are frequently characterized by a high fecundity. However, because suitable pollinators and/or mates may be absent in the new range, it is not clear how they achieve high seed production. According to Baker??s Law, species capable of uniparental reproduction are more likely to establish after long-distance dispersal than species that rely on suitable mates and pollinators. To test whether self-compatible species, and particularly species capable of autonomous seed set, are more likely to establish and spread, we experimentally assessed the breeding systems of 12 species of Asteraceae that are invasive in China. Among these 12 species of Asteraceae, the percentages of self-compatible species (66.7%) and species capable of autonomous seed set (83.3%), which included self-fertilizing and apomictic species, were significantly larger than expected from the percentages of such species in global data sets of Asteraceae (36.8% and 46.0%, respectively). Furthermore, the number of Chinese provinces in which the invasive alien species occur was significantly positively correlated with the proportion seed set on bagged capitula (i.e. with the degree of autonomous seed set). Among 36 species of Asteraceae that are invasive in China and for which we found breeding-system data in the literature, we also found a higher than expected percentage of self-compatible species (65.7%), and that these self-compatible species are more widespread in China than self-incompatible species. These results support the predictions of Baker??s Law that self-compatible species, and particularly those capable of autonomous seed production, are more likely to establish and spread in a new range. Therefore, breeding systems of plants should be included as one of the key elements in risk assessment protocols for plant invasiveness.     

Reproductive traits associated with invasiveness in Conyza sumatrensis

Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E. Walker, a member of Asteraceae, is a highly invasive species. However, its reproduction biology remains poorly known. To understand the role of reproductive traits in successful invasion of the species, we studied several traits of its reproductive system: the miniature capitulum and gynomonoecious sexual system, the biology and phenology of capitula and florets, pollen/ovule ratio, the mating system (selfcompatibility), flower visitors, physical traits and dispersal potential of achenes, germination potential of achenes from manually pollinated capitula, and the association of these traits with invasiveness. Our study showed that the reproductive traits of autonomous seed production, versatile mating system of self- and cross-pollination, and generalized pollination system might contribute to the species' successful invasive capability. The invasiveness was further enhanced by the high and rapid production of achenes, as well as the high percentage, rapid germination rate and high dispersal capability of achenes. It was concluded that in annual or winter-annual weeds, autonomous seed production contributed significantly to the invasiveness of the species.