Autophagosomes,phagosomes, autolysosomes,phagolysosomes, autophagolysosomes… Wait,I’m confused

When an autophagosome or an amphisome fuse with a lysosome, the resulting compartment is referred to as an autolysosome. Some people writing papers on the topic of autophagy use the terms “autolysosome” and “autophagolysosome” interchangeably. We contend that these words should be used to denote 2 different compartments, and that it is worthwhile maintaining this distinction—the autophagolysosome has a particular origin in the process of xenophagy that makes it distinct from an autolysosome.     

Autophagosomes,phagosomes, autolysosomes,phagolysosomes, autophagolysosomes… Wait,I’m confused

When an autophagosome or an amphisome fuse with a lysosome, the resulting compartment is referred to as an autolysosome. Some people writing papers on the topic of autophagy use the terms “autolysosome” and “autophagolysosome” interchangeably. We contend that these words should be used to denote 2 different compartments, and that it is worthwhile maintaining this distinction—the autophagolysosome has a particular origin in the process of xenophagy that makes it distinct from an autolysosome.     

Der Einfluß endogener Faktoren auf den Asche-, Kalzium-, Magnesium-, Kalium-, Natrium-, Phosphor-, Zink-, Eisen-, Kupfer- und Mangangehalt der Schweineborste

The objective of the present study was to investigate physiological effects of a marginal copper and iron supply on pigs. Therefore an experiment was conducted with 4 × 12 growing pigs of the crossbreed Pietrain × Deutsche Landrasse. The animals were fed for a period of 119 days with a diet poor of copper (1.5 mg Cu/kg diet) and/or poor of iron (35 mg Fe/kg diet). Control animals were supplied adequately with copper (4.8 mg Cu/kg diet) and iron (85 mg Fe/kg diet). The diet was given according to weight. After reaching an average weight of 102.6 ± 3.5 kg the animals were slaughtered. Due to the activity of the coerulplasmin and katalase enzyme and the haematological parameters, the supply of copper and iron could be classified as marginal. There was no interaction between copper deficiency and iron metabolism. The protein metabolism was unchanged. Low copper intake reduced the copper concentrations in serum, liver, muscle and backfat, and low iron intake reduced the iron concentration in serum, liver and muscle. Marginal copper and iron supply had no relevant effect on either food intake and growth performance or carcass characteristics and meat quality.     

Der Mengen- und Spurenelementgehalt des Rinderhaares als Indikator der Calcium-, Magnesium-, Phosphor-, Kalium-, Natrium-, Eisen-, Zink-, Mangan-, Kupfer-, Molybdän- und Kobaltversorgung

Beyond the energy requirement of maintenance, the assimilated energy, occurring in bioproducts, is linearly proportional to the intake of metabolizable energy in non‐underfed conditions. In contrast, resting metabolic rate is differing between individuals within a population of an animal species. As adaptability to changed environmental conditions may play a role, young bulls were exposed to thermoneutral (18°C) and low (4°C) ambient temperatures and were fed at two feeding levels (1.0 and 1.6 times energy requirement in maintenance) to produce metabolic rate differences, using the same animals, metabolic rate was altered by reducing the sympathetic outflow in each case. Expression of sulfonylurea receptors in circulating mononuclear leukocytes and cells from skeletal muscle (m. semitendinosus) was studied by flow cytom‐etry. Changes of metabolic rate at rest corresponded to the portion of cells with sulfonylurea receptors expression. The data from reducing the sympathetic outflow and those from sulfonylurea receptors expression are useful to explain metabolic rate differences among individuals of an animal population.     

Der Mengen- und Spurenelementgehalt des Rinderhaares als Indikator der Calcium-, Magnesium-, Phosphor-, Kalium-, Natrium-, Eisen-, Zink-, Mangan-, Kupfer-, Molybdän- und Kobaltversorgung

Many health effects can be attributed to the Mediterranean herb oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and several studies demonstrated the improving effect on performance, changes in blood count, antibacterial, antifungal and immunmodulating abilities. The majority of these investigations were carried out with processed essential oil, while whole plant material was only used in a few studies. Thus, the aim of the present experiment was to test the effect of increasing proportions of dried oregano in piglet feed on health and performance, with a special focus on immune modulation. A total of 80 male castrated weaned piglets (body weight [BW] 7.9 kg ±1.0 kg) were used in a feeding experiment lasting 5 weeks. They were assigned to 4 experimental groups: a control diet, and three diets with an oregano supplementation at 2 g, 4 g and 8 g per kg feed, respectively, corresponding to 23.5 mg, 46.9 mg and 93.9 mg carvacrol/kg DM. After 3 weeks, half of each group was challenged with 5 µg lipopolysaccharides (LPS) per kg BW. Blood samples were collected 2 h after LPS stimulation and analysed for T-cell phenotypes, granulocyte activity, clinical-chemistry as well as white and red blood count. The results indicate no effects of oregano on performance. In contrast, oregano altered the lymphocyte proportion and the ratio of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells as well as the triglyceride concentration in the serum of non-stimulated and in LPS-stimulated piglets. In conclusion, whole plant supplementation of oregano to piglet feed altered immune-related parameters, but did not modulate the acute inflammatory response induced by LPS stimulation.     

The Seven Carbohydrate Bioengineering Meeting,Braunschweig, Germany,April, 22–25, 2007

Stereocontrol in bakers' yeast reduction can be achieved by introduction of a sulfur functional group into substrates. α-Methylthio-β-keto esters are reduced to give exclusively (3S)-3-hydroxy esters. α-Substituted β-keto thiol esters and dithioesters afford (2R,3S)-3-hydroxy esters with high diastereo-and enantioselectivity. Ketones possessing 1,3-dithiane, phenylsulfenyl, or phenylsulfonyl groups at the α-position are transformed also into the corresponding (S)-secondary alcohols. Optically pure (S)-(phenylsulfinyl)acetones can be obtained by kinetic resolution of racemic derivatives with the yeast. Diastereo- and enantioselective reduction of 1,2-diketones leading into (1S,2S)-1,2-diol derivatives can be also achieved by introduction of 1,3-dithiane, phenylsulfenyl or phenylsulfonyl groups into the α-position. Reductions of carbon-carbon double bond of sulfur-functionalized prenyl derivatives provide both chiral (R)- and (S)-C₅-building blocks for terpenoid synthesis. The utility of the reduction products as chiral building blocks is demonstrated in the synthesis of biologically active natural products such as pheromones, sugars, antibiotics etc. by functional group transformation and carbon-carbon bond formation reactions with the aid of sulfur functional groups.     

客家人的红细胞血型分布

对父母双方上溯三代均为客家人的广东梅县200名 (其中男89人,女111人) 健康学生进行了红细胞血型ABO,MNSs,Rh,Kidd,Duffy,Diego,Xg,Lewis及P等系统的分布调查。结果显示,客家人的基因频率S=0.0250,NS=0,pl=0.0917和Fyb=0.0300,都是汉族人群中最低的。其它基因频率为r=0.6632,p=0.1863,q=0.1505;m=0.5250,n=0.4750,MS=0.0250,Ms=0.5000,Ns=0.4750,s=0.9750;C=0.6575,D=1.0000,E=0.1515,CDe=0.6226,cDE=0.1200,cDe=0.2189,CDE=0.0389;JKa=0.4642,JKb=0.4881,JK=0.0477;Fya=0.9700;Dia=0.0202,Dib=0.9798;Xga=0.3633,Xg=0.6367;P2=0.9083。发现了国内第二例Jk(a-b-)表型,未发现MNS型,NS型,NSs型,CCDEE型,CcDEE型,Fy(a-)型和Rho(-)型。Le(a+b-)型29人,Le(a+b+)型2人,Le(a-b+)型67人,Le(a-b-)型102人。客家人与国内19个群体的遗传距离计算结果表明,与客家人遗传距离最近的是福建汉族、湖南苗族、贵州汉族及广西侗族,其次为河南汉族、黑龙江汉族、陕西汉族,福建畲族及上海汉族,而与云南白族、辽宁满族、甘肃汉族、广西瑶族、广西壮族、内蒙汉族及四川彝族的遗传距离较远。与客家人遗传距离最远的是湖南土家族、海南苗族及海南黎族。     

水族的体质特征研究

对贵州三都县水族男性２２岁和女性２０岁至６０岁且三代均为水族的４０７人（男２０３、女２０４）进行了活体调查。测量５２项,观察１７项。经计算总结出水族的体质特征。用Ｒｍ值和欧氏距离系数（ｄ）与国内一些民族相比较,水族与贵州仡佬族、广西仡佬族、侗族、苗族、瑶族、彝族、壮族和湖南土家族等较接近,与新疆哈萨克族等较远。     

海南岛地区各民族ABO、MN血型之研究

本文提供海南岛地区各民族血型资料。血型分析认为该岛各民族处于遗传平衡状态,其相互间是婚配隔离的。通过ABO血型的分布,重点讨论了黎族与仲家人、傣族的遗传关系。并从MN血型的分布特点,探讨我国南方民族与南亚地区的人种联系。     

侗族九个红细胞血型系统和ABH分泌型的分布

报道了广西侗族的ABO、MNSs、Rhesus、Duffy、Kidd、P、Diego、Lewis和Xg等九种红细胞血型系统和ABH唾液分泌型的分布。共调查了201名父母均系侗族而彼此无血缘的学生,其中男116名,女85名。结果表明,广西侗族中ABO系统的r基因(0.6286)、MN系统的m基因(0.6294)、Duffy系统的Fy~a基因(0.9651)、Kidd系统的JK~a基因(0.4628)和Rhesus系统的CDe染色体(0.7532)等频率都很高,ABO系统的q基因(0.1672)、P系统的P_1基因(0.1333)和Lewis系统的Le~a基因(0.3232)等频率较低。MNSs系统的S基因(0.0124)频率很低,而MS染色体连锁率却为零。Xg系统的Xg~a基因频率(0.3746)与汉族和维吾尔族一样,处于低水平。Lewis系统的Le(a )表型者中发现八例是ABH唾液分泌型,但分泌的物质不是A便是B,而分泌H物质的唾液分泌型者全部都是Le(a-)型。六个民族间遗传距离分析表明,侗族与壮族在血缘上最近,其次是与朝鲜族、蒙古族、汉族相近,而与维吾尔族最远。     

黔南布依族、苗族和水族人群ABO血型分布及基因频率

本文对黔南州布依族、苗族、水族人群ABO血型的表现型及基因型频率进行检测。结果显示:黔南布依族ABO血型分布为O>B>A>AB;苗族、水族为O>A>B>AB。3个民族ABO血型基因频率相接近;经吻合度检测,符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律。黔南与黔东南、黔西南布依族和苗族群体间以及黔南水族男女群体间ABO血型分布差异均具有显著性(P<0.05或P<0.01),结果提示ABO血型分布存在民族、地区和性别差异。     

贵州汉族八个红细胞血型系统的分布

本文调查了贵州汉族八个红细胞血型系统的分布。结果表明P_1基因频率(0.1520)和Di~a。基因频率(0.0182)较低。其它系统的基因频率为P=0.2171、q=0.1858、r=0.5969、m=0.5400、n=0.4600、S=0.0478、s=0.9522、Jk~a=0.4633、Jk~b=0.5367、Fy~a=0.9367、Fy~b=0.0633。MNSs血型系统单倍型频率为MS=0.0301、NS=0.0177、Ms=0.5099、Ns=0.4423。Rh血型系统单倍型频率为R~1=0.5766、R~2=0.2508、R~0=0.0511、R~z=0.0421、r~’=0.0794。未发现MMSS、MNSS及Fy(a-)表现型。     

俫人ABO血型的调查与研究

本文报告用玻片快速检验法对分布于桂西滇黔桂接壤地区的待识别民族俫人ABO血型的调查结果。俫人ABO血型的基因频率是:p=0.1189,q=0.3201,r=0.5610。俫人的血型分布特点是B>O>A,在我国南方诸民族中,俫人与海南省黎族的ABO血型分布特点相同。与周围民族的聚类分析的结果表明俫人与黎族具有最近的遗传距离,因而在系统树中聚类为一组。俫人与黎族可能共同起源于古越族的支族俚人。     

贵州布依族体质人类学研究

本文对773名(男379人,女394人)生活在贵州的布依族进行活体观察和测量(观察项目28个,测量项目64个)。调查对象年龄20—55岁三代均为布依族。分析结果表明:布依族中头型多见;男性多为中面型,女性以阔面型为主;属阔鼻型;亚中等偏矮型身材。布依族与我国南方其他29个民族群体10项头面部体部测量数据聚类分析,结果显示布依族的体质特征与广西壮族、海南黎族最为接近,与湖南土家族、瑶族、贵州苗族、广西彝族次之,与湖南侗族、贵州毛南族、白裤瑶较远。布依族属蒙古人种南亚类型,具有现代黄种人的容貌特征。     

贵州三都地区水族人群ABO血型分布

随机抽样贵州省三都水族自治县水族人群500例,进行ABO血型的检测分析。调查结果为：（1）水族的ABO血型分布为A型占29.41%,B型占22.06%,O型占44.12%,AB型占4.41%;特征为O>A>B>AB。基因频率是p=01871,q=01430,r=06699;特征为r>p>q。（2）水族ABO血型分布的民族指数为1.278。此次调查贵州省三都的水族具有较高的O基因频率,具有典型的南方人群结构特征。调查结果基本上与以前的文献资料相符,且符合我国省区血型频数分布规律。     

我国瑶、汉、壮、苗、维五个民族补体成份B因子多态性的调查报告

用琼脂糖凝胶高压电泳及免疫固定技术对我国瑶、汉、壮、苗、维五个民族人群的补体B因子(Bf)的多态性进行了检测,结果显示,这五个民族的Bf基因频率均以s型最高,但参差不齐。从高到低的顺序是瑶0.9071,汉0.8727,壮0.8426,苗0.7667,维0.6622。BfF基因频率其次,但也高低不一,从高到低的顺序是维0.2680,苗0.2000,壮0.1343,汉0.1159,瑶0.0929。频率居第三位的是BfSO7,差别显著,维0.0586,苗0.0333,壮0.0232,汉0.0091,瑶0.0000。在罕见型方面,220例份汉族人中发现一例SO45杂合子,222例份维族中检出4例FO65及1例F1杂合子。本文结合我国其他民族及全球大量检测数据进行了一些对比讨论。