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1.
内蒙古武川县农田退耕还草对中小型土壤动物群落的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
2006年5-9月,以50 mL土壤环刀采集土样,以干、湿漏斗法分离湿生和于生中小型土壤动物,分析了内蒙古武川县农田退耕后不同还草管理措施对中小型土壤动物群落的影响,为退耕还草措施的评价提供依据.试验共捕获中小型土壤动物19845只,隶属于6门8纲8类.优势类群为线虫和线蚓,占总捕获量的比例分别为81.37%和15.68%.与农田比较,不同退耕还草管理方式均导致线虫个体数显著提高(P<0.05),并以退耕后种植菊芋+蒿属植物提高最为突出,线蚓、螨类和弹尾类个体数提高不显著;退耕后,中小型土壤动物群落垂直分布形式无显著变化,但种植紫花苜蓿导致螨类垂直分布的表聚性升高.结果表明:本研究地区所采取的几种农田退耕还草管理措施均对线虫数量的恢复有益;在退耕还草地的管理中,应该注意地表凋落物的保存和积累,以促进螨类和弹尾类数量的恢复. 相似文献
2.
内蒙古武川县农田退耕还草对大型土壤动物群落的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
用手拣法采集大型土壤动物,应用个体数、类群数、多样性指数等指标分析了内蒙古武川县农田退耕还草管理下大型土壤动物群落的变化.共捕获大型土壤动物49类1479只,隶属于3纲、7目、41科;农田退耕后大型土壤动物的类群数、个体数和生物量均有增加趋势;Margalef丰富度指数(DMa)和密度-类群指数(DG)显示,农田退耕还草后大型土壤动物群落多样性明显增加,但由于退耕时间短,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)和Pielou均匀度指数(E)并不比农田高;不同动物类群对退耕还草的响应不同.退耕后采用紫花苜蓿或紫花苜蓿+蒿属植物的人工种植管理方式较为合适. 相似文献
3.
2007年9月-2008年9月,采用诱捕法采集粪金龟子,以不同水土治理措施植被、耕作农田和天然草地为研究样地,分析了内蒙古皇甫川流域不同土地管理方式对粪金龟子群落的影响.共捕获粪金龟子6169头,隶属于2科5属15种,优势种为直蜉金龟和小驼嗡蜣螂,分别占总捕获量的66.54%和13.26%.缺少适宜林地环境生存的种类是研究地区粪金龟子群落的基本特征.与耕作农田和天然草地相比,几种水土治理措施均未导致粪金龟子群落多度、生物量和物种丰度显著提高.粪金龟子群落生物量和物种丰度以及功能群Ⅱ和Ⅲ的多度与树(草)高呈显著负相关.受长期农业耕作以及缺少大型食草动物的影响,皇甫川流域的粪金龟子群落组成以功能群Ⅱ和Ⅲ为主,功能群Ⅰ的多度和物种丰度较低.研究地区居民点的人畜粪便为粪金龟子提供了充足的食物,导致附近耕作农田中的粪金龟子群落具有较高的多度和丰度.天然草地是该流域粪金龟子群落的适宜生境.在区域尺度推广水土流失综合治理成功经验的同时,保护天然草地和饲养适当数量家畜(特别是大型食草牲畜)是维护粪金龟子群落多样性和生态系统功能的有效措施. 相似文献
4.
为阐明放牧对粪金龟子群落的影响, 于2004年5-9月, 选择内蒙古典型草原不同放牧强度 (无放牧、 适度放牧和过度放牧) 草地为样地, 采用诱捕法采集粪金龟子标本, 分析了放牧对粪金龟子群落的影响。结果表明: 共捕获粪金龟子60 839头, 隶属于3科5属24种。放牧影响下, 粪金龟子群落个体数、 种数和生物量均发生显著变化, 不同粪金龟子对放牧的敏感性不同, 并具有明显的季节特征。Pearson相关分析表明, 春季粪金龟子群落个体数、 生物量、 种数以及符号蜉金龟Aphodius comma和马粪蜉金龟Aphodius subterraneus个体数与放牧强度提高之间存在显著负相关关系; 夏季粪金龟子群落种数和叉角粪金龟Ceratophyus polyceros个体数与放牧强度提高也呈显著负相关; 秋季粪金龟子群落生物量和种数以及费氏粪金龟Ceratophyus fischeri、 墨侧裸蜣螂Gymnopleurus mopsus和小驼嗡蜣螂Onthophagus gibbulus个体数与放牧强度提高之间存在显著正相关关系。依据体长、 体重和行为特征, 将粪金龟子划分为4个功能群, 放牧对体型较小的功能群Ⅲ和Ⅳ的影响较显著。指示值计算结果表明, 费氏粪金龟、 毛蜉金龟Aphodius scofa和马粪蜉金龟可以作为不同放牧强度草地的特征指示种。 相似文献
5.
2008年6月-2009年9月,在内蒙古典型草原放牧区,分析了马、牛和羊鲜粪中粪金龟子的物种多样性、群落结构、功能群和取食偏好.共捕获粪金龟子7805头,隶属于3科4属32种,优势种为符号蜉金龟(Aphodius comma)、游荡蜉金龟(Aphodius erraticus)和泥蜉金龟(aphodius sordec... 相似文献
6.
在中国北方农牧交错带宁夏盐池县,以农田为对照,以人工柠条林地、杨树林地和弃耕后自然恢复草地为研究样地,采用陷阱诱捕法,调查了退耕还林与还草4种类型样地的地面节肢动物群落结构特征,旨在分析农牧交错带退耕还林与还草措施对地面节肢动物群落结构生态效应的差异性。结果显示:(1)调查共获得地面节肢动物7目23科25类,其中优势类群为蜉金龟科和蚁科,其个体数占总个体数45.30%;常见类群13类,其个体数占总个体数49.17%;其余10类为稀有类群,其个体数占总个体数5.53%。(2)农田和草地生境的优势类群均有4个类群,而柠条林地和杨树林地生境的优势类群只有1个类群(即蚁科),但草地生境的优势类群种类组成完全不同于农田生境;优势度从农田的86.67%降为杨树林地的54.90%、柠条林地的63.16%和草地的61.70%。退耕还林还草后常见类群数及其优势度均呈现显著增加趋势。另外,4种类型样地生境中均无稀有类群。(3)退耕还林与还草仅对地面节肢动物类群数和Shannon指数产生显著影响(P0.05),而对个体数和优势度指数均无显著影响(P0.05)。地面节肢动物类群数和Shannon指数均表现为草地最高,杨树林地次之,农田和柠条林地最低。(4)不同生境类型样地间Jaccard指数均较低,介于0.13—0.39之间,属于不相似或中等不相似。(5)偏RDA分析表明,土壤含水量和总氮含量是影响地面节肢动物群落个体数分布的关键驱动因子。研究表明,退耕还柠条林地和弃耕后自然恢复草地对土壤性质改善均具有显著影响,并且弃耕后自然恢复草地更有利于节肢动物多样性的恢复。 相似文献
7.
研究了高原沟壑区1984~1998年种植小麦和退耕种植苜蓿期间,土壤水分、土壤有机碳氮含量的演变。结果表明,种植小麦在不施肥的条件下从1984年到1998年,0~300cm土层水分和耕层有机碳氮含量都保持相对稳定,增施氮磷肥或在氮磷肥基础上配施有机肥土壤80~200cm土层水分有降低趋势,而耕层有机碳氮含量分别提高14%~60%和12%~55%。地表植被在1984年由作物改种苜蓿后到1998年,0~300cm土层土壤水分由1984年的20%逐渐降低至10%,耕层有机碳氮含量分别增加23%~77%和20%~68%。无论种植小麦还是退耕种植苜蓿耕层以下土层的有机碳氮含量从1984年到1998年变化不大。在雨养农业区,水分利用效率是制约土壤水分和养分呈现相反变化的重要因素。 相似文献
8.
射干(Belamcandachinensis)又名扁竹兰、蚂螂花,系鸢尾科射干属植物。属多年生宿根草本,高可达1米,具粗壮的根状茎。叶片扁平,剑形,互生,长15—30厘米,宽约2.5厘米;花序二歧伞房花序,顶生,花桔黄,有深色斑点,花径5—8厘米,花被片6,花期7—8月;蒴果,种子黑色具光泽。射干的繁育可用多种方法,可用种子育苗,也可用根茎育苗。用种子育苗法,种植前一定要处理种子,因射干果肉丰厚,富含果糖果胶等物质。不处理种子,胚芽不易吸收水份,出苗不齐。块根繁殖法,是将生长2—3年以上成年射干的鲜根,分成2—3… 相似文献
9.
为深入了解黄土丘陵退耕还林区地表蜘蛛群落特征、主要种群的生态位特征及其与环境因子的关系,研究选取黄土丘陵区退耕还林(草)后形成的典型植被群落(油松林、山杏林、沙棘林、刺槐林、小叶杨林及农田)为研究样地,于2022年8-11月在每个样地采用陷阱法进行地表蜘蛛采集,并对采集的蜘蛛进行形态学鉴定。结果表明:(1)共采集到地表蜘蛛标本2463头,隶属18科36属49种,其中13个为主要物种。退耕还林对地表蜘蛛群落的均匀度指数和优势度指数产生显著影响(P < 0.05),而对丰富度指数和多样性指数均无显著影响;地表蜘蛛群落均匀度指数最高的是山杏林和农田,均匀度指数为0.82;均匀度指数最低的是小叶杨林,均匀度指数为0.49。地表蜘蛛群落优势度指数最高的是山杏林,优势度指数为7.38;优势度指数最低的是小叶杨林,优势度指数为2.13。研究区绝大多数植被间Jaccard相似性指数介于0.4-0.5之间,地表蜘蛛群落组成整体呈现中等不相似。(2)主要地表蜘蛛生态位宽度最大的是鞍形花蟹蛛,生态位宽度为5.30;生态位宽度最小的是申氏豹蛛,生态位宽度为1.54。主要地表蜘蛛生态位重叠值分布范围为[0.06,1],生态位高度重叠占总对数的23.08%,中度重叠占总对数的28.21%,低度重叠占总对数的48.72%。研究区13个主要地表蜘蛛生态响应速率之和为负值,表明主要地表蜘蛛处于衰退阶段。(3)冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,草本盖度、枯落物厚度、速效钾、电导率、有机质是影响主要地表蜘蛛分布与生态位特征的关键驱动因子。因此,本研究表明,人工林的种植有利于当地地表蜘蛛多样性的恢复和保护;退耕还林区主要地表蜘蛛之间以及主要物种与环境之间尚未达到相对的动态平衡。 相似文献
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11.
Abstract. 1. Studies of north temperate dung beetle communities frequently invoke competition as an influential ecological process. In this review, the evidence for competition in north temperate dung beetle communities is evaluated and the role of competition as a factor affecting community structure is assessed.
2. Resource limitation and the evidence for interspecific competition are assessed by collating the available experimental and observational evidence for both the adult and larval stages of the dung beetle life cycle. The role of competition as a structuring force in dung beetle communities is discussed under the following headings: niche dynamics, migration to and from individual pats, the aggregation model of co-existence, and metapopulations.
3. Some of the main conclusions are that competition for space is much more likely to occur than competition for food; the effects of competition on community structure are poorly understood; several of the influential studies of competition in north temperate dung beetle communities need to be evaluated carefully. The differences in ecology between tropical and temperate dung beetle communities are clarified.
4. As priorities for future research, resource utilisation and competition should be researched experimentally: density-dependent relationships should be investigated, particularly for the larval stages, as should competitive interactions with other dung fauna. If such experimental approaches establish convincingly the occurrence of competition, then the extent of competition in the field and under real world conditions needs to be established. A functional group classification of dung beetles and other dung fauna is described, which may improve the generality of interpretation from individual, site-specific results. 相似文献
2. Resource limitation and the evidence for interspecific competition are assessed by collating the available experimental and observational evidence for both the adult and larval stages of the dung beetle life cycle. The role of competition as a structuring force in dung beetle communities is discussed under the following headings: niche dynamics, migration to and from individual pats, the aggregation model of co-existence, and metapopulations.
3. Some of the main conclusions are that competition for space is much more likely to occur than competition for food; the effects of competition on community structure are poorly understood; several of the influential studies of competition in north temperate dung beetle communities need to be evaluated carefully. The differences in ecology between tropical and temperate dung beetle communities are clarified.
4. As priorities for future research, resource utilisation and competition should be researched experimentally: density-dependent relationships should be investigated, particularly for the larval stages, as should competitive interactions with other dung fauna. If such experimental approaches establish convincingly the occurrence of competition, then the extent of competition in the field and under real world conditions needs to be established. A functional group classification of dung beetles and other dung fauna is described, which may improve the generality of interpretation from individual, site-specific results. 相似文献
12.
以北方典型农牧交错带草原和农田生态系统的涡度相关数据为基础,对比分析了生长季两种不同土地利用类型的辐射和水热通量之异同,揭示了草地开垦影响地表辐射收支与水热平衡的机制。结果表明:在植被生长季(5月—9月),草地开垦引起太阳总辐射增加了10.74%,短波反射辐射减少了14.20%,净辐射增加了35.16%;在水热通量方面,草地开垦引起潜热通量日积分平均值增加了0.20MJ/m~2,同时显热通量减少了0.09 MJ/m~2;生长季内地表反照率减小,表征地表吸收太阳辐射增加,有升高气温的趋势;非生长季内地表反照率增加,有降低气温趋势,此外地表反照率与土壤湿度存在负指数关系;波文比在植被生长早期和末期增加,生长旺期减小,说明草地开垦与影响着近地表大气状态,从而改变了区域气候。 相似文献
13.
Habitat fragmentation and the widespread creation of habitat edges have recently stimulated interest in assessing the effects of ecotones on biodiversity. Ecotones, natural or anthropogenic, can greatly affect faunal movement, population dynamics, species interactions, and community structure. Few data exist, however, on insect community response to forest–savanna ecotones, a natural analog to anthropogenically cleared areas adjacent to forest. In this study, the abundance, total biomass, average individual biomass, and distribution of scarabaeine dung beetles were examined at a sharp tropical evergreen forest–savanna ecotone in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. The abundance, total biomass, and average individual biomass of dung beetles varied significantly across the forest, edge, and savanna habitats. Species richness (Sobs) also varied significantly across the three habitats, but statistical estimations of true species richness (Sest) did not. Habitat specificity of the dung beetles in this study was extremely high. Of the 50 most common species collected during the study, only 2 species were collected in both the forest and savanna habitats, signaling nearly complete community turnover in just a few meters. Strong edge effects were evidenced by the decline in abundance, total biomass, and species richness at the forest‐savanna boundary. 相似文献
14.
A functional classification for analysis of the structure of dung beetle assemblages 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
BERNARD M. DOUBE 《Ecological Entomology》1990,15(4):371-383
Abstract. 1. Regional scarabaeid dung beetle assemblages in southern Africa may contain over 100 species, ranging in live weight from 10 mg to 10 g. These show a wide variety of dung-use and reproductive strategies.
2. To facilitate analysis of these diverse assemblages, a system of classification analogous to guilds is proposed. Scarabaeid dung beetle species are allocated to one of seven functional groups (FGs) according to the way they use and disrupt dung. Each group therefore contains a set of species which are functional analogues of each other. This classification provides a conceptual framework within which to analyse the structure of dung beetle assemblages and the interactions between dung beetles and other dung-breeding species such as coprophagous flies.
3. There is a clear hierarchy of functional groups in their ability to compete for dung. Competitively dominant groups such as the large ball rollers (FG I) and fast-burying tunnellers (FG III) are mostly large, aggressive beetles which rapidly remove dung from the pad. The smaller ball rollers (FG II) are also effective competitors for dung. Subordinate groups are those which bury dung slowly over many days (FG IV and V) and those which breed inside the pad (FG VII, endocoprids). Kleptocoprids (FG VI) breed in dung buried by other beetles and so are not part of the hierarchy.
4. The use of this classification is illustrated by reference to three contrasting assemblages of dung beetles in a summer rainfall region of southern Africa. The potential of these beetles for biological control of dung-breeding flies is discussed. 相似文献
2. To facilitate analysis of these diverse assemblages, a system of classification analogous to guilds is proposed. Scarabaeid dung beetle species are allocated to one of seven functional groups (FGs) according to the way they use and disrupt dung. Each group therefore contains a set of species which are functional analogues of each other. This classification provides a conceptual framework within which to analyse the structure of dung beetle assemblages and the interactions between dung beetles and other dung-breeding species such as coprophagous flies.
3. There is a clear hierarchy of functional groups in their ability to compete for dung. Competitively dominant groups such as the large ball rollers (FG I) and fast-burying tunnellers (FG III) are mostly large, aggressive beetles which rapidly remove dung from the pad. The smaller ball rollers (FG II) are also effective competitors for dung. Subordinate groups are those which bury dung slowly over many days (FG IV and V) and those which breed inside the pad (FG VII, endocoprids). Kleptocoprids (FG VI) breed in dung buried by other beetles and so are not part of the hierarchy.
4. The use of this classification is illustrated by reference to three contrasting assemblages of dung beetles in a summer rainfall region of southern Africa. The potential of these beetles for biological control of dung-breeding flies is discussed. 相似文献
15.
农牧交错带是典型的生态脆弱区、贫困区和多民族聚居区,是我国生态安全的重要屏障.综述了农牧交错带发展的历史演变过程,分析了当前农牧交错带农牧业生产所面临的主要问题,建议今后对农牧交错带的研究应集中在以生态学为基础的跨学科研究;其热点领域应集中在农牧交错带生产力生态学、恢复生态学、界面生态学、放牧生态学,农牧交错带的健康诊断和价值评估等方面.其中生产力生态学是提高生产效率的保证,应加强农牧交错带农田草地系统耦合生产方式的研究;恢复生态学是治理退化农牧交错带的基础;界面生态学是剖析退化农牧交错带的切入点;放牧生态学是调控农牧交错带农田草地退化的手段;健康诊断有助于对农牧交错带进行客观的评价;价值评估则是对农牧交错带生态系统效益和服务的估算. 相似文献
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We analysed seasonality of dung decay time and the influence of rainfall, leaf fall, beetle attack and moisture on dung decay. Our study was carried out at the Ipassa Reserve, north-east Gabon. We compared the seasonality of dung decay with the seasonality of dung beetle abundance and guild structure. Dung beetle activity was the main factor influencing dung decay in our study site. Decay time was the highest during the main dry season (3.4 days) and the lowest during the short rainy season (0.7 days). Dung decay time was closely related to dung beetle abundance, especially to the abundance of nocturnal beetles. We discuss the implications of such results for duiker survey methods based on dung pellet counts in areas where decay time is extremely short or unknown. 相似文献
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- An important service in many ecosystems is the turnover and degradation of dung deposited by cattle. Dung beetles are the primary group of insects responsible for dung turnover, and factors affecting their abundance and distribution thus impact dung degradation. Lands lost to grazing due to dung buildup and pasture contamination total millions of acres per year in US pastures.
- We evaluated the structural differences in dung beetle assemblages in natural grasslands versus a managed agroecosystem in subtropical southeastern Florida (USA). We measured the direct effect of dung longevity when dung beetle fauna normally inhabiting dung pats were excluded.
- Our results indicate dung beetle abundance, functional diversity, and species richness have a substantial impact on the rate of dung turnover in subtropical pastoral lands with ~70% of dung removed from the soil surface after three months. Functional diversity and evenness did not have a significant positive effect on dung removal in managed, versus natural grasslands demonstrating a strong relationship between dung beetle assemblage composition and delivery of a key ecological process, dung degradation.
- We suggest the importance of trees, which provide a thermal refuge for beetles, should be dispersed within matrixes of open pasture areas and within proximity to adjacent closed‐canopy hammocks to facilitate the exchange of dung beetles between habitats and therefore maintain the provisioning of dung degradation services by dung beetle assemblages.