Aspects of insecticide resistance in the melon and cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Strains of the aphid Aphis gossypii, taken from cucumber in UK glasshouses were tested for resistance to pirimicarb, diazinon and heptenophos. Compared to a susceptible strain, resistance factors to diazinon of up to 659 were found in populations collected between 1987 and 1989. Compared to the same susceptible strain, diazinon-resistant populations also showed a reduced response to heptenophos. All field populations tested against pirimicarb were resistant. Host plant preference tests showed that all strains (including stock cultures) tested could readily breed on cotton. However strains originally collected from chrysanthemum did not transfer to cucumber and likewise strains from cucumber would not colonise chrysanthemum. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of four of the aphid strains showed differences in migration rates and intensity of staining of esterase bands. Intensity of staining was correlated with the degree of diazinon resistance.     

应用酶标仪动力学方法监测棉蚜的抗药性

用酶标仪动力学测定法对3个抗性水平不同的棉蚜品系（R1、R2和R3）和1个敏感品系（S）的羧酸酯酶进行了研究,S、R1、R2和R3品系对α-乙酸萘酯（α-NA）的平均比活力分别为57．10、1171．69、1236．14和3293．00μmol·mgpro－1·min-1（分光光度计终点测定法）和38．24、85．27、198．14和762．25mOD·min－1·aphid-1（酶标仪动力学法）。终点测定法结果显示出不同品系间最大相差达60倍;酶标仪动力学测定法研究表明,4个棉蚜品系羧酸酶活性与其抗药性程度显著相关。通过对这两种方法的比较,酶动力学方法的测定结果更可靠。     

棉蚜抗药性机理研究进展

棉蚜的抗药性涉及到代谢酶活力的提高、靶标部位的不敏感以及表皮穿透作用的降低。该文重点概述了棉蚜代谢抗性和靶标抗性方面的研究进展 ;介绍了棉蚜抗性中存在的交互抗性、负交互抗性 ,讨论了抗性稳定性以及寄主植物和转基因棉对棉蚜抗药性的影响。     

抗吡虫啉棉蚜种群对啶虫脒和噻虫胺的交互抗性及相关酶学机理

【目的】通过对乙酰胆碱受体β1亚基突变后的抗吡虫啉棉蚜Aphis gossypii (Glover)种群的继续筛选, 明确该种群的抗性发展规律以及对其他新烟碱类杀虫剂啶虫脒和噻虫胺的交互抗性及相关酶学机理。【方法】采用浸渍法连续对抗吡虫啉棉蚜进行室内筛选、 测定噻虫胺和啶虫脒对抗吡虫啉棉蚜种群的毒力; 选择LC₂₀剂量吡虫啉、 啶虫脒和噻虫胺处理抗性棉蚜, 采用生化分析法测定其体内羧酸酯酶、 谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性变化, 并观察其生物学特性的变化。【结果】本研究对抗性棉蚜突变种群用吡虫啉继续筛选至75代, 抗性倍数达到72.6倍, RF75停止用药筛选12代（RF₇₅₊₁₂）, 抗性仍达72.0倍。且RF₇₅₊₁₂对噻虫胺和啶虫脒的交互抗性可分别达11.9倍和20.1倍。噻虫胺对抗吡虫啉棉蚜的蜜露分泌和体重的抑制作用均大于吡虫啉和啶虫脒。噻虫胺对RF₇₅₊₁₂的羧酸酯酶、 谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶均具有明显的抑制作用, 而啶虫脒的抑制作用较小。【结论】结果表明乙酰胆碱受体基因突变棉蚜种群对吡虫啉的抗性水平不仅升高, 且停止用药后其抗性可稳定遗传; 第二代新烟碱类的噻虫胺在抗吡虫啉棉蚜靶标突变种群的治理中具有较大的应用价值。     

PCR detection of pirimicarb resistance in Australian field isolates of Aphis gossypii Glover (Aphididae: Hemiptera)

Aphis gossypii Glover (cotton aphid) is a major secondary pest of Australian cotton that readily develops resistance to the carbamate insecticide pirimicarb (Pirimor®) and to organophosphates generally. To test the pirimicarb resistance status of Australian strains of A . gossypii , a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay followed by restriction enzyme assay (REA) was designed to identify the Ace I polymorphism S431F known to be responsible for resistance. The method was tested against reference and 33 field strains collected over two consecutive seasons. Both methods confirmed pirimicarb resistance in two field strains, one from each cotton season, giving credence to the molecular technique described. The PCR assay proved specific for the Ace I gene. This PCR REA assay has the potential to replace bioassay for the routine pirimicarb resistance monitoring in A . gossypii. With the molecular assay providing results in 48 h, compared with 4–8 weeks for bioassay, such an assay could be used before insecticide control.     

棉蚜抗氧化乐果品系及敏感品系羧酸酯酶性质的比较

在室内用氧化乐果逐代筛选的棉蚜抗性品系,相对于敏感品系的抗性倍数是17。用α-乙酸萘酯（α-NA）、α-丁酸萘酯（α-NB）、α-磷酸萘酯（α-NP）和β-磷酸萘酯（β-NP）作底物比较研究了氧化乐果抗性和敏感品系棉蚜Aphis gossypii羧酸酯酶的比活力、米氏常数（K_m）和最大反应速度V_max）等有关的动力学常数。以α-NA和α-NB作底物时,抗性品系棉蚜的比活力显著低于敏感品系的;以α-NP和β-NP作底物时,两个品系棉蚜的比活力、K_m和V_max没有明显差异。用α-NA、β-NA作底物染色做酯酶同工酶电泳,抗性品系棉蚜的酯酶同工酶染色比敏感品系棉蚜的浅。     

仲夏棉蚜种群崩溃机制研究进展

棉蚜是世界性分布的棉花害虫,仲夏棉蚜种群崩溃是生态控制棉蚜危害的重要途径,为棉蚜预测和防治提供了新思路与切入点,但其崩溃机制尚未明确。导致棉蚜种群崩溃的可能因素主要包括:(1)植物次生代谢物影响棉蚜的发育和繁殖,但不足以导致棉蚜种群崩溃;(2)暴风雨对棉蚜种群有一定的影响,但无法解释连续多年和多个地点发生的种群崩溃现象;(3)高温显著降低棉蚜的存活和繁殖,且与仲夏棉蚜种群崩溃期相吻合,高温很可能是棉蚜种群崩溃的关键影响因子;(4)高密度条件下激烈的种内竞争导致棉蚜繁殖率降低,有翅蚜比例增加;(5)天敌除具有直接捕食或寄生作用外,同时间接影响若蚜生长发育和刺激有翅蚜形成,对棉蚜种群后期崩溃发挥重要作用。本文对可能导致仲夏棉蚜种群崩溃的主要因素分别进行论述,探讨其对棉蚜存活、繁殖和有翅蚜形成的影响,旨在为探明仲夏棉蚜种群崩溃机制提供参考。     

Demographic parameters of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover （Homoptera： Aphididae） on five cotton cultivars

Life table parameters of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, were estimated on five cotton cultivars （‘ Sealand＇ ,‘Siokra＇ ,＇ Vararnin＇ ,‘ Bakhtegan＇ and ‘ Sahel＇ ）. Demographic parameters of the cotton aphid were assessed at 27.5 ± 1 ℃, 65% ＋ 10% RH and a photoperiod of 14：10 （L： D）h. The shortest developmental time for the nymphal stages was 5.5 days on ‘Siokra＇ and the longest was 6.1 days on‘ Sealand＇. The highest offspring per female was 29.6 on ‘Sahel＇ and the lowest was 15.3 on ‘Sealand＇. The rm values varied from 0.272 on ‘Sealand＇ to 0.382 （day^-1） on ‘Varamin＇. Jackknife estimates of the A. gossypii parameters on these cultivars indicated the greatest developmental rate and fecundity on ‘ Varamin＇ and the poorest on ‘ Sealand＇ cultivar.     

Antixenosis resistance to Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera:Aphididae) in bean cultivars

Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is heteroecious and polyphagous that is harmful on secondary hosts such as many important agricultural products like beet, common bean, faba bean, potato and other products. This aphid is the cause of more than 33 viral transition. One of the mechanisms of plant resistance is antixenosis. This mechanism influences on placement and nutrition of pests that result in less damage. In this study, antixenosis resistance mechanism of 12 varieties of bean was tested. Experiment was on completely randomised design with 12 treatments and 6 replications. Bean varieties include of white bean, kidney bean and wax bean, and each replication includes one pot, and then, pots were placed under the isolated room that were filled with winged adult aphids in circular form. After 24 and 48?h, aphids and level of nymph production were counted. The lowest number of adult aphids was observed on Sayad variety among 12 varieties (during 24?h). The least number of produced nymphs was in Daneshkade variety. In Sayad variety, the frequency of matured insects and produced nymphs was minimum.     

我国棉花主产区棉蚜对吡虫啉的抗性监测及抗性机理

【目的】由于生长周期短、繁殖率高,棉蚜Aphis gossypii容易对杀虫剂产生抗药性。本研究旨在明确我国棉花主产区棉蚜对吡虫啉的抗性水平及抗性机理。【方法】采用浸叶法测定了北京海淀,河北廊坊和邯郸,山东德州,河南许昌,以及新疆奎屯和阿克苏地区棉蚜对吡虫啉的抗性水平;测定了不同种群棉蚜3种解毒酶（多功能氧化酶、羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶）及乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性;并对靶标基因烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体（nAChR）β1亚基基因进行了突变检测。【结果】北京海淀、河南许昌和河北邯郸的棉蚜对吡虫啉敏感;河北廊坊、新疆阿克苏、山东德州及新疆奎屯地区的棉蚜对吡虫啉的抗性倍数(resistance ratio, RR)分别为22.6, 26.3,53.5和61.1倍,为中等水平抗性。酶活力对比研究发现,阿克苏和奎屯地区的棉蚜多功能氧化酶的比活力分别是敏感种群(北京种群)的1.7和1.8倍,羧酸酯酶的比活力分别是敏感种群的1.6和1.7倍,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的比活力均是敏感种群的1.5倍,但是乙酰胆碱酯酶比活力在棉蚜种群间差异不显著。靶标基因突变检测表明,河北廊坊、新疆阿克苏、山东德州及新疆奎屯棉蚜种群nAChR β1亚基均存在与吡虫啉抗性相关的精氨酸到苏氨酸（R81T）突变。【结论】结果提示,多功能氧化酶、羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活力升高以及nAChR β1亚基R81T突变与棉蚜对吡虫啉的抗性形成相关。     

Kaolin potential for the integrated management of Aphis gossypii Glov. (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cotton

Kaolin-based particle film has been developed in the United States for use in agriculture as crop protectant. This work is aimed to determine the optimal kaolin concentration for use against Aphis gossypii, the most damaging sucking insect of cotton in Benin, West Africa. Following kaolin concentrations have been tested in four different experiments: 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6% and 8%. The effect of kaolin is tested by recording the population dynamics of A. gossypii on cotton after spraying. Results showed that the solution containing 5% of kaolin has significantly reduced aphids' number. This concentration corresponds to a maximum of 18 kg of kaolin per hectare for the entire season when ultra low volume sprayer is used. Higher kaolin concentrations have left a large deposit of kaolin particle on cotton leaves thus handicapping chlorophyll synthesis and the proper growth and development of the plants. To obtain encouraging results, an adequate application method that provides a full and continuous coverage of the plants with kaolin particle film should be used. We suggest conducting trials on this product in practical cotton production conditions in West Africa to assess its potentiality as integrated pest management (IPM) component.     

不同寄主植物与棉蚜酯酶活性的关系

通过测定不同越冬寄主植物棉蚜Aphis gossypii种群α-乙酸萘酯（α-NA）酯酶的活力,结果表明：山东高密棉田棉蚜种群酯酶活力是北京花椒棉蚜酯酶活力的2.4倍,石榴、木槿上棉蚜酯酶活力是花椒棉蚜酯酶活力的1.3-1.5倍,不同寄主植物棉蚜α-NA酯酶和β-NA酯酶的频率分布表明：鼠李、花椒棉蚜的α-NA酯酶频率分布范围较集中,酯酶活力（每0.033头蚜虫的OD值）小于0.10时的频率分别为70%和62%,其个体累积率达50%时的酯酶活性（EF50）分别为0.08和0.085(每0.033头蚜虫的OD值）;石榴、木槿和棉苗上α-NA酯酶频率分别为25%、31%和45%,其EF50分别的0.154、0.1368和0.1138,酯酶活力明显比鼠李和花椒棉蚜高;高密棉蚜为4%,EF50为0.2113,频率分布范围较宽。β-NA酯酶的频率分布,鼠李、花椒、木槿和棉苗上棉蚜酯酶活力（每0.033头蚜虫的OD值）小于0.10时为52%-62%的个体,EF50分别为0.098、0.084、0.102和0.091,寄主之间差异不大,而石榴和高密棉蚜分别为23%和3%,EF50分别为0.135和0.2136,与其它4个寄主有明显差异。     

Insecticidal effects of Artemisia dracunculus L. (Asteraceae) essential oil on adult of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under laboratory conditions

Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most important pests of agriculture worldwide. To control the pest population, research on the use of the environmental and plant-based compounds has increased in recent decades. So, in this study, effect of fumigant toxicity of Artemisia dracunculus L. essential oil on adults of the mentioned pest was studied. The essential oil of this plant was subjected to hydro-distillation using a Clevenger apparatus. All bioassay examinations were conducted at 27?±?2 and 65?±?5?°C relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16:8?h (light:dark). This research was performed in a completely random design with six treatments in different concentrations and times to evaluate the level of LC₅₀ and LT₅₀. Each treatment was evaluated in three replicates for different concentrations and times with each replicate consisting of 20 same-age adult pests. The results showed that the use of the essential oil of A. dracunculus L. shows significant mortality of pest 24?h after treatment. LC₅₀ value of this essential oil on adults of A. gossypii was 18.63?μL/L of air and LT₅₀ value of the essential oil on the mentioned pest resulted to be 10.74?h with a concentration of 18.63?μL/L of air. The results showed that by increasing the concentration and duration of essence treatment, the mortality rate also increased. Experiment results showed that A. dracunculus L. oil has strong effect on the above-mentioned pest and it will be suggested for using in the mentioned integrated pest management programmes in greenhouses for its high potential in fumigant toxicity.     

黄荆提取物对棉蚜的生物活性

【目的】探讨黄荆Vitex negundo提取物对棉蚜Aphis gossypii的生物活性,并明确其中的有效成分,为进一步开发利用该杀虫植物提供理论基础。【方法】采用不同有机溶剂、超临界CO2萃取和水蒸气蒸馏3种提取方法,分别从黄荆的种子和叶片中提取活性物质。采用浸渍法测定了各提取物对棉蚜无翅成蚜的杀虫活性;并采用酸水提取法提取了其中的生物碱,采用毛细管点滴法测定黄荆生物碱对棉蚜生长发育及蜜露产生的影响。【结果】二氯甲烷种子提取物、甲醇种子提取物和水蒸气蒸馏得到的叶片精油对棉蚜无翅成蚜杀虫活性高,1 200 mg/L处理24 h校正死亡率分别达到86.98%,65.01%和85.27%。黄荆生物碱对棉蚜无翅成蚜有一定的忌避活性,20~40 mg/m L处理12 h时,忌避率在50%以上;对棉蚜无翅成蚜毒杀活性略低于黄荆种子二氯甲烷提取物,LD30浓度处理存活成蚜的产仔量和蜜露分泌量均较对照明显降低,处理到第10天棉蚜已经全部死亡,而对照组棉蚜第10天的存活率却为70%,生物碱处理后的9 d平均单雌棉蚜累计产仔量比对照减少了57.66%。排蜜频率、总排蜜量及单滴蜜露重量较对照处理组分别降低了13.18%,20.00%和8.79%。【结论】黄荆种子二氯甲烷提取物杀棉蚜活性最高,其中的生物碱是主要的杀蚜活性成分且对棉蚜生长发育及产仔和蜜露分泌具有一定的抑制作用。     

棉花抗蚜性及抗性遗传机制研究进展

从形态抗蚜性、生化抗蚜性和诱导抗蚜性等 3个方面总结了棉花对棉蚜抗性机制的研究进展。其中 ,形态抗性来源于叶片茸毛等一些主要物理性状 ,生化抗性则与单宁类、萜烯类化合物等次生物质以及氨基酸、可溶性糖等营养物质有关 ,而诱导抗性主要通过为害胁迫和外源刺激 2种途径诱导产生。文章还对棉花部分形态抗蚜性状遗传机制的研究做了概述。这些研究为深入利用棉化的抗蚜性从而达到控制棉蚜的发生提供了依据     

A model of temporal distribution of Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Hem., Aphididae) on cotton

The spatio‐temporal distribution of Aphis gossypii (Glover) was studied for a 4‐year period in a plot of Gossypium hirsutum located in Bangui, Central African Republic. A study of the temporal evolution of the number of aphids by means of non‐linear regression indicated a rapid population increase during the first 8 weeks of cotton cultivation. The overdispersion of the aphids was found to be significant during most of the season. We tested three population dispersion models; Iwao's model and Taylor's power law describe the relationship between the mean m and variance σ² for the number of aphids, and the Nachman's model describes the functional dependence between m and the proportion p of non‐infested cotton plants. The results of these statistical tests indicate that only the Taylor's model was not rejected. The aphids’ aggregation increases with population density. The regression parameter confidence intervals for each of the 4 years of observation prove the stability of the Taylor's model. The model σ² = 45m^1.3 is recommended when the environmental and cultural conditions are similar to those of our study.     

不同寄主植物上瓜蚜体内主要构成成分的变化

为揭示寄主植物与瓜蚜Aphis gossypii相互作用的机理, 采用微量凯氏定氮法、索氏提取法、蒽酮比色法、盐酸水解法和气相色谱法分别测定了黄瓜、南瓜、搅瓜、瓢葫芦和哈密瓜等5种寄主植物对瓜蚜体内粗蛋白、脂肪、糖、氨基酸和脂肪酸等主要构成成分的影响。结果表明, 不同寄主植物上瓜蚜体内上述主要构成成分均存在显著差异; 瓜蚜体内主要构成成分以粗蛋白含量最高, 占虫体干重的35.40%~45.25%, 其次为脂肪（24.01%~30.33%）, 最低为总糖（4.09%~7.91%）. 瓜蚜体内含有18种氨基酸, 其中谷氨酸含量最高（5.15~6.97 mg/100 mg）, 其次为天门冬氨酸（3.75~5.33 mg/100 mg）, 再次为亮氨酸（2.59~3.60 mg/100 mg）, 最少为半胱氨酸（0.44~0.49 mg/mg）。瓜蚜体内含有8种脂肪酸。 除瓢葫芦外, 其他4种供试寄主植物上瓜蚜体内棕榈酸含量最高（10.53%~15.55%）, 其次为肉豆蔻酸（3.32%~9.93%）, 亚麻酸含量最低（0.04%~0.17%）。瓢葫芦上瓜蚜体内肉豆蔻酸含量最高, 为16.20%, 其次为棕榈酸（7.15%）。瓜蚜体内饱和脂肪酸含量占虫体干重的20.08%~27.72%, 而不饱和脂肪酸只占2.58%~3.84%。结果提示寄主植物对瓜蚜体内主要构成成分均有显著的影响。     

棉蚜对吡虫啉的抗性选育和现实遗传力分析

【目的】为了评估棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover对吡虫啉的抗性风险,在室内进行了棉蚜对吡虫啉(imidacloprid)的抗性选育和抗性现实遗传力分析。【方法】采用单头反选育法和群体汰选法,分别得到了棉蚜对吡虫啉敏感品系(LC₅₀为0.176 mg/L)和抗性品系(LC₅₀为14.657 mg/L)。采用阈性状分析方法,获得棉蚜对吡虫啉的抗性现实遗传力（h²）。【结果】相对于田间原始种群(LC₅₀为0.346 mg/L),吡虫啉敏感棉蚜品系对吡虫啉的LC50减少了2倍;获得的吡虫啉抗性棉蚜品系,经过40代的选育,得到抗性倍数为室内敏感品系的83.27倍的抗性品系。棉蚜对吡虫啉的抗性现实遗传力(h2)为0.1478。进一步预测其抗性发展速度,基于80%~90%的选择压力,预计抗性增长100倍时,吡虫啉可使用30.2~38.1代。【结论】这些研究说明棉蚜对吡虫啉存在抗性风险。     

河南不同地区棉蚜种群共生菌Wolbachia的检测及系统发育分析

【目的】本研究旨在揭示河南省不同地区棉蚜Aphis gossypii种群共生菌Wolbachia的感染情况,明确Wolbachia的感染类型及分类地位。【方法】2016-2017年间采集河南省不同地区的13个棉蚜种群,通过扩增COI基因片段对其进行种类鉴定;通过扩增棉蚜种群中Wolbachia的wsp基因片段对其进行Wolbachia感染率的检测,应用neighbor-joining法构建系统进化树进行棉蚜种群中Wolbachia的系统发育分析。【结果】对河南省内不同地区采集的13个棉蚜种群的Wolbachia感染率而言,郑州(ZZ)种群最高(46.67%),信阳2(XY2)种群最低(6.67%),13个种群Wolbachia的感染率范围为6.67%～46.67%,平均感染率为28.35%。基于wsp基因构建的系统发育树表明,安阳和信阳的棉蚜种群感染的Wolbachia株系属于B大组,其余地区棉蚜种群感染的Wolbachia株系属于A大组。【结论】河南省不同地区的棉蚜种群Wolbachia感染率差别较大,且不同种群感染的Wolbachia株系分别属于A大组或B大组。