大鼠失血性休克后过氧化反应与肠粘膜损伤的关系

目的观察失血性休克后肠道损伤情况与过氧化反应和TNF、IL-6的变化.方法利用太鼠失血性休克模型(30mmHg、70min),在复苏后0、2、6、12、24、和48h检测血液和小肠组织的过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,丙二醛(MDA)、TNF和IL-6含量,以及小肠的病理改变和肠道菌移位情况.结果大鼠血清MDA值在复苏后0～2h升高,SOD活性多数时间点均升高;小肠MDA值在0～24h升高,SOD活性0～12h降低.血清TNF含量在6～48h升高;小肠在0～12h升高.IL～6含量无明显变化.小肠粘膜在复苏后2h有明显的上皮脱落,6～12h,可见细菌侵入粘膜层,6～48h,在肠系膜淋巴结等脏器中检出肠道菌.结论大鼠失血性休克后肠粘膜SOD合成能力的降低或活性抑制可能是加重局部损伤的机制之一.在休克复苏早期TNF值的升高与肠道内该因子的大量释放有关.     

Cardioprotective effects of resveratrol following myocardial ischemia and reperfusion

Resveratrol (RSV), a plant origin polyphenol, has shown beneficial cardiovascular effects. In this study, isolated hearts from male Wistar rats were studied using the Langendorff technique. Following 30 min stabilization, the hearts underwent 30 min global ischemia and 120 min reperfusion. The perfusion solution in the test group contained RSV (10 μM). Hemodynamics of the hearts, the markers of myocardial damage including creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and troponin I were studied during the study. Furthermore, the infarct size and the markers of oxidative stress including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were assayed in the homogenates of the hearts. The release of nitrite from the hearts and the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias were also monitored throughout the experiment. Resveratrol caused a significant improvement in the restoration of the mechanical performance of the hearts following myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (MIR). Besides, the infarct size, CK-MB, LDH, and troponin I declined in the test group. Besides, the cardiac release of nitrite increased, and the redox status of the heart was improved as indicated by the levels of CAT, SOD, GPX, and MDA. Finally, the treatment caused significant decreases in the occurrences of single and salvo arrhythmias, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation. The current study suggests strong cardioprotective and antiarrhythmic effects for RSV following MIR.

     

丙酮酸钠对失血性休克大鼠缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:研究丙酮酸钠对失血性休克后缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:制作失血性休克大鼠模型,回输全血,同时分别给予生理盐水、谷胱甘肽和丙酮酸钠适量,于再灌注后3h处死动物。检测血浆乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)的活性、组织丙二醛(MDA)的含量和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的活性,观察心、肝、肺和肾组织的病理变化。结果:丙酮酸钠组与生理盐水组相比,血浆LDH和GOT的活性降低,肝、肺和肾组织MDA的含量下降,心、肺和肾组织MPO活性降低,效果优于谷胱甘肽。心、肝、肺和肾组织形态学观察显示,丙酮酸钠使组织损伤减轻。结论:丙酮酸钠对失血性休克后再灌注损伤具有保护作用。其作用机制可能与清除氧自由基、减少中性粒细胞的浸润、减轻炎性反应有关。     

Increased lymphocyte antioxidant defences in response to exhaustive exercise do not prevent oxidative damage

It has been reported that exercise induces oxidative stress and causes adaptations in antioxidant defences. The aim of this study was to determine the adaptations of lymphocytes to the oxidative stress induced by an exhaustive exercise. Nine voluntary male subjects participated in the study. The exercise was a cycling mountain stage (171.8 km), and the cyclists took a mean of 283 min to complete it. Blood samples were taken the morning of the cycling stage day, after overnight fasting, and 3 h after finishing the stage. We determined the blood glutathione redox status (GSSG/GSH), lymphocyte antioxidant enzyme activities and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels; the plasma and lymphocyte vitamin E levels; the serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities and urate levels; the plasma carotene and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels; and the lymphocyte carbonyl index. The cycling stage induced significant increases in blood-oxidized (glutathione/GSSG), plasma MDA and serum urate levels. The exercise also produced increases in CK and LDH serum activities. The mountain cycling stage induced significant increases in lymphocyte vitamin E levels, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities as well as increased SOD activity and protein levels. The protein carbonyl levels increased significantly in lymphocytes after the stage. In conclusion, in spite of increasing antioxidant defences in response to the oxidative stress induced by the exhaustive exercise, lymphocyte oxidative damage was produced after the stage as demonstrated by the increased carbonyl index even in very well trained athletes.     

风湿性心脏病瓣膜置换术患者围术期血浆脑钠肽水平的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨风湿性心脏病瓣膜置换术患者围手术期血浆脑钠肽(BNP)水平及其临床意义。方法:选取2015年1月至2016年12月在我院接受心脏瓣膜置换术的风湿性心脏病患者98例为研究对象,分别于术前、术后12 h、24 h、48 h、术后1周进行血浆BNP、磷酸肌酸同工酶(CK-MB)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平检测,观察纽约心脏病协会(NYHA)不同心功能分级、不同时间点患者血浆BNP、CK-MB、hs-CRP水平变化,同时观察并比较术后发生严重心律失常与否的患者在不同时间点血浆BNP、CK-MB、hs-CRP水平变化。结果:随NYHA心功能分级升高,患者血浆BNP、CK-MB、hs-CRP水平升高,不同NYHA心功能分级患者血浆BNP、hs-CRP水平比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),CK-MB水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);不同NYHA心功能分级患者血浆BNP、hs-CRP两两比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),CK-MB两两比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。患者术后12 h、24 h、48 h血浆BNP、hs-CRP水平均显著高于术前,术后24 h、48 h血浆CK-MB水平均显著高于术前,而术后1周血浆BNP、CK-MB、hs-CRP显著低于术前(P0.05)。术后发生严重心律失常(严重心律失常组)患者16例,未发生严重心律失常(无严重心律失常组)患者82例,两组患者术后12 h、24 h、48 h血浆BNP、CK-MB、hs-CRP水平均显著高于术前(P0.05);两组患者术后1周BNP与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而CK-MB、hs-CRP水平均显著低于术前(P0.05),但严重心律失常组术后12 h、24h、48 h、1周血浆BNP、CK-MB、hs-CRP水平均显著高于无严重心律失常组(P0.05)。结论:风湿性心脏病瓣膜置换术患者术前血浆BNP可以反映患者心功能情况,术后患者血浆BNP、CK-MB、hs-CRP异常升高,发生严重心律失常患者升高更为明显。     

楤木皂苷对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:观察楤木皂苷(total saponins extracted from Aralia taibaiensis,s AT)对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注(myocardia1 ischemia/reperfusion,MI/R)损伤的影响。方法:可逆性冠脉左前降支结扎缺血30 min再灌注3 h复制MI/R模型,将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、s AT低、中、高剂量组,每组10只。采用伊文思蓝(EB)、2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑蓝(TTC)双染法测定心肌梗死面积,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色法观察心肌病理学形态变化,并检测血清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)水平。结果:与模型组比较,s AT中、高剂量组可明显缩小心肌梗死面积(P0.05),并显著降低血清中LDH、CK-MB及MDA的含量,同时使得血清中SOD、CAT和GSH-Px的活性增加。且所有给药组心肌组织的病理损伤也小于模型组。结论:s AT对大鼠MI/R损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与抗氧化作用相关。     

Cardioprotection by Inula racemosa Hook in experimental model of myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury

To evaluate the cardioprotective potential of Inula racemosa in myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury, Wistar male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups. The group I and II animals were administered saline orally {(sham, ischemia- reperfusion (I-R) control group)} and animals of group III and group IV received I. racemosa extract (100 mg/kg) for 30 days. On the 30th day, animals of I-R control and I. racemosa treated groups were underwent 45 min of ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery and were thereafter re-perfused for 60 min. In the I-R control group, a significant decrease of mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), contractility, (+)LVdP/dt and relaxation, (-)LVdP/dt and an increase of left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were observed. Subsequent to haemodynamic impairment and left ventricular contractile dysfunction, a significant decline was observed in endogenous myocardial antioxidants; superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Increased lipid peroxidation characterized by malonaldialdehyde (MDA) formation along with depletion of cardiomyocytes specific enzymes, creatine phosphokinase-MB (CK-MB) isoenzyme and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in I-R control group compared to sham group revealed I-R injury of heart. However, treatment with I. racemosa significantly restored the myocardial antioxidant status evidenced by increased SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH and prevented leakage of cardio-specific enzymes; CK-MB and LDH and favorably modulated the altered MAP, HR, (+)LVdP/dt, (-)LVdP/dt and LVEDP as compared to I-R control. Furthermore, I-R induced lipid peroxidation was significantly inhibited by I. racemosa treatment. These beneficial cardioprotective effects translated into significant improvement in cardiac function. In conclusion, our study has demonstrated that the cardioprotective effect of I. racemosa likely resulted to improved antioxidant status, haemodynamic and left ventricular contractile function subsequent to suppression of oxidative stress.     

Diel variation in cortisol,glucose, lactic acid and antioxidant system of black sea bass Centropristis striata under natural photoperiod

ABSTRACT

Diel rhythm in activity of antioxidant enzymes, as well as contents of glutathione and lipid peroxides, has been intensively investigated in Mammalia and Aves, however, the relevant studies about fish are few. In the present study, we examined variation in contents of cortisol, glucose and lactic acid in plasma of black sea bass Centropristis striata under natural photoperiod during a 24-h period. In addition, variation in activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) as well as contents of total glutathione (T-GSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver and plasma of the fish were also determined. The plasma and liver samples were collected from the test fish at 3 h intervals during a 24-h cycle, with the first sampling time set at 03:00 h. No significant differences were found in glucose content and activities of GSH-PX and GR in plasma, as well as activities of SOD and GR in liver among different sampling times. In contrast, apparent variation was observed in contents of cortisol, lactic acid and MDA in plasma, activities of SOD and CAT in plasma, contents of MDA, T-GSH, GSH and GSSG in liver and activities of GSH-PX and CAT in liver between different sampling times. Moreover, contents of cortisol and MDA in plasma, SOD activity in plasma, and contents of MDA, GSH and GSSG in liver exhibited circadian rhythm, and their acrophases occurred at 06:08 h, 18:38 h, 15:09 h, 09:57 h, 23:36 h and 07:30 h, respectively. The present study indicates that some physiological parameters relating to stress response, such as cortisol and MDA contents in plasma, MDA, GSH and GSSG contents in liver and SOD activity in plasma changed at different time throughout a day in black sea bass. Therefore, caution should be taken when evaluating stress response in fish with these physiological parameters measured at different times.     

Mechanism of salutary effects of estradiol on organ function after trauma-hemorrhage: upregulation of heme oxygenase

A growing body of evidence indicates that heme degradation products may counteract the deleterious consequences of hypoxia and/or ischemia-reperfusion injury. Because heme oxygenase (HO)-1 induction after adverse circulatory conditions is known to be protective, and because females in the proestrus cycle (with high estrogen) have better hepatic function and less hepatic damage than males after trauma-hemorrhage, we hypothesized that estrogen administration in males after trauma-hemorrhage will upregulate HO activity and protect the organs against dysfunction and injury. To test this hypothesis, male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 5-cm laparotomy and hemorrhagic shock (35-40 mmHg for 93 +/- 2 min), followed by resuscitation with four times the shed blood volume in the form of Ringer lactate. 17beta-Estradiol and/or the specific HO enzyme inhibitor chromium mesoporphyrin (CrMP) were administered at the end of resuscitation, and the animals were killed 24 h thereafter. Trauma-hemorrhage reduced cardiac output, myocardial contractility, and serum albumin levels. Portal pressure and serum alanine aminotransferase levels were markedly increased under those conditions. These parameters were significantly improved in the 17beta-estradiol-treated rats. Estradiol treatment also induced increased HO-1 mRNA expression, HO-1 protein levels, and HO enzymatic activity in cardiac and hepatic tissue compared with vehicle-treated trauma-hemorrhage rats. Administration of the HO inhibitor CrMP prevented the estradiol-induced attenuation of shock-induced organ dysfunction and damage. Thus the salutary effects of estradiol administration on organ function after trauma-hemorrhage are mediated in part via upregulation of HO-1 expression and activity.     

Heart Rate Variability Analysis in an Experimental Model of Hemorrhagic Shock and Resuscitation in Pigs

Background

The analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) has been shown as a promising non-invasive technique for assessing the cardiac autonomic modulation in trauma. The aim of this study was to evaluate HRV during hemorrhagic shock and fluid resuscitation, comparing to traditional hemodynamic and metabolic parameters.

Methods

Twenty anesthetized and mechanically ventilated pigs were submitted to hemorrhagic shock (60% of estimated blood volume) and evaluated for 60 minutes without fluid replacement. Surviving animals were treated with Ringer solution and evaluated for an additional period of 180 minutes. HRV metrics (time and frequency domain) as well as hemodynamic and metabolic parameters were evaluated in survivors and non-survivors animals.

Results

Seven of the 20 animals died during hemorrhage and initial fluid resuscitation. All animals presented an increase in time-domain HRV measures during haemorrhage and fluid resuscitation restored baseline values. Although not significantly, normalized low-frequency and LF/HF ratio decreased during early stages of haemorrhage, recovering baseline values later during hemorrhagic shock, and increased after fluid resuscitation. Non-surviving animals presented significantly lower mean arterial pressure (43±7vs57±9 mmHg, P<0.05) and cardiac index (1.7±0.2vs2.6±0.5 L/min/m², P<0.05), and higher levels of plasma lactate (7.2±2.4vs3.7±1.4 mmol/L, P<0.05), base excess (-6.8±3.3vs-2.3±2.8 mmol/L, P<0.05) and potassium (5.3±0.6vs4.2±0.3 mmol/L, P<0.05) at 30 minutes after hemorrhagic shock compared with surviving animals.

Conclusions

The HRV increased early during hemorrhage but none of the evaluated HRV metrics was able to discriminate survivors from non-survivors during hemorrhagic shock. Moreover, metabolic and hemodynamic variables were more reliable to reflect hemorrhagic shock severity than HRV metrics.     

Novel function of Roxadustat (FG-4592) as an anti-shock drug in sepsis by regulating mitochondrial oxidative stress and energy metabolism

BackgroundSeptic shock is a serious clinical syndrome leading to high mortality. A new anti-anemia drug Roxadustat (FG-4592) protected against cardiac injury and hypertension. However, its effect and mechanism on shock and cardiac dysfunction induced by sepsis require to be investigated.MethodsC57BL/6j mice received FG-4592 (10 mg/kg/day) by i.p injection, followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) treatment. Mortality and shock status were monitored during the experiment. Cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) assay. TEM, COX-SDH staining and ATP production were used to evaluate mitochondrial function. A non-targeted metabolomic analysis was performed to evaluate the metabolic disorders.ResultsBoth pre- and post-treatment of FG-4592 could improve the survival rate in LPS- and CLP-induced sepsis mice with a better effect in pre-treated animals. Meanwhile, FG-4592 improved systolic blood pressure and body temperature drop in septic mice along with alleviated cardiac dysfunction (as shown by the restoration of decreased LVEF and LVFS and increased LDH and CK-MB) and inflammation. Interestingly, we observed that FG-4592 improved mitochondrial oxidative stress possibly by upregulating the anti-oxidative enzymes of SOD2 and HO-1. Furthermore, FG-4592 improved the energy supply and glycerophospholipid metabolism in cardiomyocytes, possibly through upregulating the HIF-1α-targeted genes of LDHA and PDK1 in glycolysis and CHK-α, respectively.ConclusionsFG-4592 protected against mortality and shock in septic animals possibly by antagonizing mitochondrial oxidative stress and metabolic disorders.General significanceThis study provides a potential of FG-4592 as a novel drug for treating septic shock.     

常见血清酶测定在急性心肌梗塞诊断中的应用

对1992年6月至1993年4月入院诊断为急性心肌梗塞(AMI)患者在发病后即时至48 h分三个阶段进行连续取血样测定4种血清酶（AST、CK、LDH、CKMB）的含量,且与心电图作比较.结果表明,在AMI过程中酶异常检出率最高可达到90%（AST、CK-MB）,最低为70%（LDH）.若以异常Q波为AMI确诊,其不能检出率为40%;提示在AMI早期作血清酶检测有助于进一步确诊及减少漏诊率.若AMI患者已下降的CK-MB再度上升,提示可能有新的梗死灶发生;AMI患者在发病6 h内,血清酶显著升高,提示预后不佳.     

NOTCH1信号通路介导白藜芦醇抗肝缺血/再灌注所致大鼠心脏损伤保护作用的机制研究

目的：观察Notch1信号通路在肝缺血/再灌注损伤时对心脏损伤的保护作用并探讨其相关的机制。方法：36只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组,假手术组（SC组）、肝缺血/再灌注组（HIR组）、白藜芦醇预处理组（Res处理组）,每组12只。各组均与肝脏缺血40 min再灌注2 h（SC组旷置相等时间）后,记录左室血流动力学变化,测定血清肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）和白细胞介素-6（IL-6）浓度,取心肌组织测定SOD活力及MDA含量,Western blot检测心肌组织反应Notch通路活化标志的NICD表达,以RT-PCR法从转录水平检测Notch1和TNF-α的表达水平。结果：与SC比较,HIR组左室收缩及舒张功能均显著降低（P<0.01）,血清CK、LDH活力,TNF-α和IL-6浓度明显升高（P<0.01）,心肌MDA含量明显升高而SOD活力明显降低（P<0.01）,且Notch1表达下降,TNF-α表达增加;与I/R组相比,Res处理组左室舒缩功能明显升高,血清CK、LDH活力及TNF-α、IL-6浓度明显降低,同时心肌SOD活力明显升高而MDA含量明显降低,Notch1表达上升TNF-α表达降低。结论：白藜芦醇对肝缺血/再灌注大鼠心脏具有保护作用,其机制可能与Notch1信号通路的激活进而调节炎症反应及氧化应激有关。     

Gender dimorphic tissue perfusion response after acute hemorrhage and resuscitation: role of vascular endothelial cell function

Proestrous female rodents are protected from the deleterious effects of trauma-hemorrhage that are observed in males. We hypothesized that the gender dimorphic outcome after trauma-hemorrhage might be related to gender differences in endothelial function and organ perfusion under such conditions. Male and cycle-matched proestrous female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a midline laparotomy, hemorrhagic shock (40 mmHg for approximately 90 min), and resuscitation (Ringer lactate, 4x shed blood volume over 60 min). Various parameters were measured 2 h after completion of resuscitation. In the first set of animals, the left ventricle was cannulated and heart performance (maximal rate of left ventricular pressure increase) as well as cardiac output and organ perfusion rates were determined with (85)Sr microspheres. In the second set of animals, aortic vessel rings were harvested and relaxation in response to acetylcholine and nitroglycerin was measured. In the third set of animals, in situ isolated small intestine was perfused to measure the response of the splanchnic vessel bed to acetylcholine and nitroglycerin. After trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation, females maintained cardiac output and demonstrated increased splanchnic and cardiac perfusion compared with males. Moreover, female intestines did not manifest the endothelial dysfunction that was observed in male intestines after hemorrhagic shock. We conclude that proestrous females show improved endothelial function and tissue perfusion patterns after hemorrhagic shock and that this gender-specific response might be a potential mechanism contributing to the beneficial effects of the proestrus stage under such conditions.     

对肾上腺素性心肌缺血模型大鼠相关指标的探讨

目的进一步探讨客观评价大鼠心肌缺血模型的指标。方法观察皮下注射10mg kg异丙肾上腺素(ISO)造成SD大鼠心肌缺血性损伤模型后心电图的变化、检测血清中肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)以及心肌组织的坏死面积、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果腹腔注射ISO后30s,大鼠心电图的J点开始降低,2min后缓慢回升,但20min后仍未回复到原来的水平,而且20min内各时间点与给药前比较,模型对照组大鼠的J点与生理盐水对照组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05);T波则在注射异丙肾上腺素30s后开始下降,10min内两组的T波一直保持显著差异(P<0.05),而且注射异丙肾上腺素后30s(P<0.01)以及5min(P<0.05)与给药前比较,T波均有显著差异;模型对照组大鼠血清中CK、LDH、FFA以及心肌组织中MDA浓度均显著高于生理盐水对照组,心肌坏死面积与这些指标呈正相关关系,心肌组织中SOD浓度显著低于生理盐水对照组。结论J点可以作为评价此种动物模型的主要指标,T波可以作为辅助指标,应重点观察20min内心电图的变化;可以选择CK、LDH、FFA、SOD、MDA等生化指标以及心肌坏死面积等来探讨抗心肌缺血药物的作用机理。     

限制性液体复苏对多发性骨折合并创伤失血性休克患者凝血功能、心肌损害指标及预后的影响

目的:探讨限制性液体复苏对多发性骨折合并创伤失血性休克患者凝血功能、心肌损害指标及预后的影响。方法:选取我院收治的多发性骨折合并创伤失血性休克患者77例,分为研究组(n=39)、对照组(n=38),对照组给予常规液体复苏,研究组给予限制性液体复苏,比较两组患者凝血功能、心肌损害指标、输液量、失血量、输血量、并发症发生率及病死率。结果:研究组的输液量、失血量、输血量均少于对照组(P0.05)。与复苏前相比,两组患者复苏1 h后凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)均延长,且研究组长于对照组(P0.05);两组患者复苏1 h后肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶-同工酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白T(CTnT)水平均下降,且研究组低于对照组(P0.05)。研究组复苏期间并发症发生率、病死率均低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:限制性液体复苏治疗多发性骨折合并创伤失血性休克患者,可改善患者凝血功能和预后,降低并发症发生率,同时还可减轻心肌损害。     

Interaction of physical training and chronic nitroglycerin treatment on blood pressure and plasma oxidant/antioxidant systems in rats

Many individuals with cardiovascular diseases undergo periodic physical conditioning with or without medication. Therefore, this study investigated the interaction of exercise training and chronic nitroglycerin treatment on blood pressure (BP) and alterations in nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH), antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in rats. Fisher 344 rats were divided into four groups: (1) sedentary control, (2) exercise training for 8 weeks, (3) nitroglycerin (15 mg/kg, s.c. for 8 weeks) and (4) training + nitroglycerin for 8 weeks. BP, heart rate (HR) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were monitored weekly for 8 weeks using tail-cuff method and oxygen/carbon dioxide analyzer, respectively. The animals were sacrificed 24 h after last treatments and plasma isolated and analyzed using HPLC, ELISA and UV-VIS spectrophotometric techniques. The results show that exercise conditioning significantly enhanced NO production (p < 0.001), GSH levels (p < 0.001), GSH/GSSG ratio (p < 0.05) and the up-regulation of the activities of catalase (CAT) (p < 0.05), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (p < 0.001), and glutathione reductase (GR) (p < 0.05), and depression of lactate levels (p < 0.001) in the plasma of the rat. These biochemical changes were accompanied by a significant increase in RER (p < 0.001) without a significant change in BP and HR. Chronic nitroglycerin administration significantly increased NO levels (p < 0.05), GSH levels (p < 0.001), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (p < 0.05), GST activity (p < 0.05), and decreased MDA levels (p < 0.05). These biochemical changes were accompanied by a significant decrease in BP (p < 0.05) and without any significant changes in HR and RER. Interaction of exercise training and chronic nitroglycerin treatment resulted in normalization of plasma NO, MDA, lactate levels, and CAT activity. The combination of exercise and nitroglycerin significantly enhanced GSH levels (p < 0.05), and the up-regulation of SOD (p < 0.001), GSH-Px (p < 0.05), GR (p < 0.05) and GST (p < 0.001) activities. These biochemical changes were accompanied by normalization of BP and a significant increased in RER (p < 0.001). The data suggest that the interaction of physical training and chronic nitroglycerin treatment resulted in the maintenance of BP and the up-regulation of plasma antioxidant enzyme activities and GSH levels in the rat.     

罗布麻通过抑制氧化应激反应减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤

目的:观察罗布麻叶提取物(apocynum venetum leaf extract AVLE)预处理对心肌缺血再灌注(MI/R)损伤的影响。方法:采用SD大鼠MI/R模型,随机分为sham(假手术)组、MI/R组、AVLE预处理+MI/R组,检测血流动力学,采用氯化三苯基四氮唑和伊文思蓝双染法检测心梗面积、以血浆肌酸激酶(CK)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性检测心肌损伤情况、以超氧化物、丙二醛(MAD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量检测心肌氧化应激以及Western blot方法检测gp91phox的表达。结果:与MI/R组相比,AVLE预处理组左室压上升、下降最大速率(±LVdp/dtmax)升高(P0.05),心肌梗死面积减少,两组分别为41.5±4.5%和32.0±3.5%(P0.05),血浆CK和LDH活性分别降低到1653±62 U/L和2461±152 U/L(P0.05),减少了心肌组织超氧化物的含量(P0.05)。AVLE治疗显着降低gp91phox的表达(P0.05),使SOD活性增加(P0.05),MDA水平显著降低(P0.05)。结论:AVLE通过抑制I/R心肌的氧化应激发挥心脏保护作用。     

脑利钠肽后处理对兔急性心肌梗死的保护作用

目的：脑利钠肽后处理对兔急性心肌梗死的保护作用及可能机制。方法：30 只兔随机分为3 组,每组10 只,左冠状动脉的左 室支缺血30 分钟,再灌注120 分钟。AMI（急性心肌梗死）组：再灌注期间静脉滴注生理盐水;BNP（脑利钠肽）组：再灌注期间静脉 滴注rhBNP(重组人脑利钠肽);BNP+GLY（脑利钠肽+格列苯脲）组：再灌注期间静脉滴注rhBNP,同时舌下静脉注射GLY 。连续 监测心电变化,统计再灌注120 min 室性心动过速(VT)、心室颤动(VF)的发生率。心肌再灌注120 min 后,分别测定SOD(超氧化 物歧化酶)、MDA（丙二醛）、cTnI（肌钙蛋白I）、CK-MB（肌酸激酶同工酶）。各组随机抽取2 只兔,分别于再灌注1 小时和2 小时末 取心尖组织,HE 染色。结果：（1）再灌注心律失常：BNP 组与AMI组比较,VT 和VF发生率均明显升高（均为P<0.01）;BNP+GLY 组与BNP 组比较,VT 和VF 发生率均明显升高（均为P<0.01）。（2）SOD、MDA、cTnI 和CK-MB 水平：BNP 组与AMI 组比较, MDA、cTnI 和CK-MB 均明显降低（均为P<0.01）,而SOD 明显升高（P<0.01）;BNP+GLY 组与BNP 组比较,MDA、cTnI 和 CK-MB 均明显升高（分别为P<0.01,P<0.05和P<0.01）,而SOD明显降低（P<0.01）。（3）心肌HE 染色：AMI组和BNP+GLY 组心 肌损伤明显,BNP 组心肌损伤轻微。结论：脑利钠肽后处理对兔急性心肌梗死（缺血- 再灌注损伤）具有保护作用,可能与KATP 通道相关。     

Protective roles of puerarin and Danshensu on acute ischemic myocardial injury in rats

Ischemic heart diseases have been the leading cause of death in both developed and developing countries over the past decades. The aim of this study was to investigate the cardioprotective effects of the complex preparation (called Shenge), made of puerarin (isolated from Pueraria lobata Ohwi., also called Kudzu) and Danshensu (isolated from the Chinese herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza), on acute ischemic myocardial injury in rats and its underlying mechanisms. The left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery was occluded to induce myocardial ischemia in the hearts of SD rats. Shenge was injected into the tail vein 15 min after occlusion at doses of 0, 30, 60, or 120 mg/kg body wt. ST elevation was then measured at 60, 120, and 240 min after Shenge administration. The ischemic size, serum levels of creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and ST elevation were measured after the rats were sacrificed. Shenge decreased ST elevation induced by acute myocardial ischemia, reduced ischemic size, serum levels of CK-MB, LDH and MDA, and increased serum activity of SOD in a dose-dependent manner. The combined use of puerarin and Danshensu at a ratio of 1:1 showed the most effective activity. In conclusion, Shenge exerts significant cardioprotective effects against acute ischemic myocardial injury in rats, likely through its antioxidant and anti-lipid peroxidation properties, and thus may be an effective and promising medicine for both prophylaxis and treatment of ischemic heart disease.