二甲酸钾对白羽肉鸡生长性能和肠道菌群结构的影响

为评估二甲酸钾对畜禽肠道菌群的影响及其作为一种抗饲料添加剂的应用潜力,采用3日龄健康白羽肉鸡作为饲喂对象,在基础饲粮基础上添加质量浓度为0.1%、0.3%、0.5%、0.7%的二甲酸钾和含量为50 mg/mL的金霉素分别进行比较饲喂管理。记录28 d试验周期内白羽肉鸡的料重比变化,采集28 d时白羽肉鸡盲肠肠道内溶物,利用第三代测序技术对肠道菌群进行16S rDNA全长序列高通量测序。结果显示,饲喂0.3%的二甲酸钾能够显著降低料重比,对白羽肉鸡的生长性能具有明显的促进作用。饲喂0.3%的二甲酸钾对白羽肉鸡的肠道菌群结构造成了一定的影响,有效地提高了肠道菌群的物种多样性。优势菌群中,饲喂0.3%二甲酸钾与空白组相比,在门水平上,拟杆菌门相对丰度显著上升,厚壁菌门、变形菌门和Epsilonbacteraeota的相对丰度下降,产生了更有利于生长发育的微生物群落。同时,在属水平上,拟杆菌属相对丰度显著上升, Barnesiella和螺杆菌属的相对丰度下降,改善了肠道中微生物菌群的微生态健康。研究结果丰富了二甲酸钾和金霉素对白羽肉鸡生长性能和肠道菌群影响的认识,也为更全面了解二甲酸钾应用于替代抗生素对畜禽的影响提供了有价值的微生物学信息。     

地衣芽孢杆菌HDTN对817肉鸡生长性能及肠道菌群的影响

“饲料禁抗”对于畜牧养殖业而言是个重要转折点,标志着饲料行业和养殖行业步入转型升级的新阶段。【目的】探究饲料中添加地衣芽孢杆菌HDTN对817肉鸡生长性能及肠道菌群的影响。【方法】将地衣芽孢杆菌HDTN菌粉(7.0×10¹⁰ CFU/g)添加至饲料中饲喂817肉鸡,探究不同添加剂量(高剂量组：1 000 g/t;中剂量组：500 g/t;低剂量组：250 g/t;对照组：0 g/t)在1−56 d内对817肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标、肠道形态及菌群结构的影响。【结果】与对照组相比 1−35 d添加低剂量地衣芽孢杆菌HDTN可以使肉鸡平均体重(average body weight, ABW)显著提高105.47 g (P<0.01),料重比显著降低0.25 (P<0.05)。肉鸡血清中部分抗氧化指标的含量与HDTN添加量呈正相关,从而减少肉鸡氧化应激。丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量与HDTN添加量呈负相关,提示HDTN可以减少肉鸡细胞损伤。肠道切片结果显示低剂量组十二指肠的肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值(villus height/crypt depth, VH/CD)显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。另外中剂量组(P<0.01)、低剂量组(P<0.05)的厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)菌群丰度显著上升,中剂量组拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)的菌群丰度同样出现显著上升(P<0.05)。【结论】在1−35 d添加低剂量地衣芽孢杆菌HDTN,可以提高817肉鸡生长性能、降低料重比、改善肠道形态并加快建立肠道优势菌群。     

金针菇菇脚对肉鸡肠道菌群的影响

目的 研究金针菇菇脚（Flammulina velutipes stembase,FVS）对肉鸡生长性能、肠道发育及肠道菌群的影响。方法 选取4 550只1日龄爱拔益加（AA）肉鸡,随机分为5组：空白组（基础日粮）、2% FVS组（基础日粮+2% FVS）、4% FVS组（基础日粮+4% FVS）、6% FVS组（基础日粮+6% FVS）和6% FVS阶段组（基础日粮+试验第1、3、5周饲喂含有6%FVS的日粮,于试验2、4、6周饲喂基础日粮）。试验为期42 d。结果 FVS组肉鸡平均日增重量均显著高于空白组（P<0.05）。6% FVS组和6% FVS阶段组肉鸡平均日采食量显著高于空白组（P<0.05）。FVS组肉鸡料重比均显著低于空白组（P<0.05）。与空白组相比,日龄21 d时,2% FVS组肉鸡回肠和盲肠重量均显著增加（P<0.05）;4% FVS组十二指肠长度和盲肠重量均显著增加（P<0.05）;6% FVS阶段组十二指肠长度及重量、空肠长度及重量和回肠重量均显著增加（P<0.05）。与空白组相比,日龄42 d时,2% FVS组肉鸡十二指肠长度和重量及盲肠重量均显著增加（P<0.05）;4% FVS组十二指肠长度和重量、回肠长度和盲肠长度及重量均显著增加（P<0.05）;6% FVS组十二指肠长度和盲肠长度及重量均显著增加（P<0.05）;6% FVS阶段组十二指肠重量、空肠重量和回肠长度及重量均显著增加（P<0.05）。与空白组相比,日龄21 d时6% FVS阶段组肉鸡盲肠菌群DNA条带数显著增加;日龄42 d时FVS组肉鸡盲肠菌群DNA条带数均显著增加。日龄21 d和42 d时肉鸡盲肠菌群共性条带中均含有扭链胃球菌（Ruminococcus torques）,而FVS组含有大量的产酸菌。结论 日粮中添加FVS可提高肉鸡生长能力、促进肠道发育、增加肠道菌群多样性。     

含抗菌肽酵母工程菌对肉仔鸡肠道菌群和免疫功能的影响

目的 研究含抗菌肽（Cec Md、3cs、3js）酵母工程菌对肉仔鸡肠道菌群和免疫功能的影响。方法 采用随机试验设计的方法,选用1日龄健康爱拔益加肉仔鸡400只,随机分成5组,每组设4个重复,每个重复20只鸡（雌雄各半）。空白对照组常规饮水,抗生素组在饮水中添加50 mg/L的泰乐菌素,抗菌肽实验组分别在饮水中添加8 mg/L含Cec Md、3cs和3js酵母工程菌,实验期42 d。结果 （1）Cec Md组的第1、4和5周及3cs组第3、5周的大肠埃希菌数量显著低于空白对照组（P<0.05）;Cec Md组和3cs组的第2至第6周及3js组的第2至第4周沙门菌数量显著低于空白对照组（P<0.05）;Cec Md组的第4至第6周及3cs组和3js组的第5周的乳杆菌数量显著高于空白对照组（P<0.05）;Cec Md组的第2、3、5周和6周及3cs组第5、6周及3js组的第3至第6周的双歧杆菌数量显著高于空白对照组（P<0.05）。（2）Cec Md组的第3、5周及3cs和3js组的第6周的IgA含量显著高于空白对照组（P<0.05）;Cec Md组和3js组的第3周的IgG含量显著高于空白对照组（P<0.05）。3js组的第1周的IgM含量显著高于空白对照组（P<0.05）,Cec Md组第4、5周的IgE含量显著高于空白对照组（P<0.05）。结论 含抗菌肽Cec Md、3cs和3js酵母工程菌可以抑制肉仔鸡肠道有害菌群的生长,促进其有益菌群的增殖,且可以改善肉仔鸡的免疫功能。     

日粮添加海藻粉和抗菌肽对海兰褐蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响

采用4×2（海藻粉×抗菌肽）完全随机试验设计,研究日粮添加不同水平的海藻粉（0．0％、1．0％、3．0％、5．0％）和抗菌肽（300 mg/kg、600 mg/kg）对蛋鸡不同产蛋期（24～27周龄和28～31周龄）产蛋性能的影响。结果表明：（1）日粮海藻粉的添加水平显著提高了产蛋率和料蛋比（P＜0．05）。（2）抗菌肽添加水平在28～31周龄显著提高了产蛋率（P＜0．05）。（3）海藻粉和抗菌肽互作效应显著提高了产蛋率和料蛋比（P＜0．05）。结果提示,海藻粉和抗菌肽对蛋鸡产蛋性能的影响存在互作效应,以海藻粉5％、抗菌肽300 mg/kg水平组合最为理想。     

凝结芽胞杆菌BC01对白羽肉鸡生产性能、免疫器官指数及肠道大肠埃希菌的影响

为研究在饲料中添加凝结芽胞杆菌BC01对白羽肉鸡生产性能、免疫器官指数及肠道大肠埃希菌的影响,将240只白羽肉鸡随机分为4组,试验组1、试验组2、试验组3在饲料中添加凝结芽胞杆菌BC01的终浓度分别为1×10~8、2×10~8、3×10~8 cfu/kg,对照组日粮中不添加任何微生态制剂,饲养6周。结果显示,日粮中添加凝结芽胞杆菌BC01可显著提高肉鸡平均日增重(P0.05),显著降低料重比(P0.05),降低死淘率(P0.05),胸腺指数、法氏囊指数均显著高于对照组(P0.05),降低肠道中的大肠埃希菌数量。结果表明,日粮中添加凝结芽胞杆菌BC01,对肉鸡的生长性能有一定的促进作用,提高饲料转化率,提升肉鸡的免疫力,提高肉鸡饲养的经济价值。凝结芽胞杆菌BC01的最佳添加浓度为每公斤饲料添加2×10~8 cfu/kg。     

抗生素对新生大鼠肠道菌群和肠道免疫发育的影响

目的通过建立动物模型,探讨口服抗生素对新生大鼠肠道菌群的变化及肠道免疫发育的影响。方法选用30只7日龄新生SD大鼠,随机分为3组：抗生素组（A）、益生菌干预组（B）及对照组（C）,每组10只,A组给予头孢克洛灌胃,B组先给头孢克洛灌胃,2h后再灌长双歧杆菌,C组每天灌以等量的生理盐水,持续2周后处死大鼠,留取盲肠内容物按照张秀荣方法进行肠道菌群检测,免疫组化方法进行肠组织CD4、CD8的测定。结果A组与B、C组相比,革兰阳性杆菌占肠道总细菌数比例明显下降,革兰阴性杆菌及革兰阳性球菌占总细菌数比例明显升高,差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）;A组肠组织中CD4、CD8表达程度受到抑制,与B、C组相比差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,B、C两组所有的指标差异均无显著性。结论抗生素的应用会抑制肠道菌群的正常定植,引起菌群紊乱,进而影响肠道免疫系统发育。     

鹿血对小鼠肠道菌群及免疫功能的影响

本实验以肠道菌群检测与免疫不腹腔Ｍψ吞噬功能测定,溶血空斑试验,淋巴细胞转化试验,ＮＫ细胞活性测定等方法,初步研究了中药鹿血对抗生素造成的菌群失调性腹泻小鼠肠道菌菌及免疫功能的影响。     

产酶益生素对肉鸭生长性能及肠道菌群的影响

目的产酶益生素对肉鸭生产性能及肠道菌群的影响,为开发利用产酶益生素提供理论依据。方法选用1日龄120只樱桃谷肉鸭,随机分为4组,每组30只,设2个重复,每重复15只,对照组I饲喂基础日粮,实验II、III和IV组分别在基础日粮中添加0.1%、0.2%和0.3%产酶益生素,测定肉鸭的生长性能及肠道菌群数量。结果与对照组相比,实验II、III和IV组平均日增重分别提高了5.82%、11.50%和12.60%,日均采食量分别提高了0.85%、1.71%和3.78%,料重比分别降低了4.85%、8.81%和7.93%;盲肠内双歧杆菌的数量分别提高了3.29%、9.86%和9.48%,乳酸杆菌分别提高了5.49%、10.98%和12.56%,大肠埃希菌分别降低了11.88%、16.35%和22.48%。结论产酶益生素能提高肉鸭的生产性能,促进肠道双歧杆菌及乳酸杆菌的增殖,降低大肠埃希菌的数量。     

肠道菌群与免疫的相关性研究

由大量微生物构成的复杂微生物群落栖息在人体的肠道内,这些微生物统称作肠道菌群。肠道菌群在人体的消化吸收、免疫、生物拮抗、抗肿瘤等各项生命活动中发挥着重要的作用。近年来的许多研究提示,肠道内复杂的微生物群落和人体的免疫系统间存在着极为密切的关系。免疫系统发挥正常的功能及建立免疫的稳态与肠道菌群的作用密不可分。研究表明肠道菌群能阻止致病微生物入侵从而影响肠道免疫系统,同时还能影响全身免疫系统,在人体的自身免疫性疾病中有较为重要的作用。     

金针菇菇脚对肉鸡生产性能及免疫功能的影响

研究金针菇菇脚(FVF)作为饲料添加剂对肉鸡生产性能及免疫功能的影响。结果表明:日粮中添加FVF能极显著提高肉鸡日增重(P<0.01),极显著降低肉鸡料肉比(P<0.01),显著提高肉鸡生长后期的胸腺指数(P<0.05),极显著促进肉鸡外周血淋巴细胞的增殖(P<0.01)。     

小肽营养素对断奶仔猪生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

本试验将40头21 d断奶的三元杂交猪随机分为4组,用4组不同日粮组成及营养水平的饲料(I:基础日粮+2%喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉(SDPP);Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组分别在基础日粮中添加1%,2%和3%小肽营养素)饲养21 d后称重、测定血液生化指标并进行统计分析.结果表明:添加小肽营养素对断奶仔猪的生产性能无显著影响;各处理组的血清总蛋白、血糖和血清尿素差异不显著,2%小肽组的球蛋白、免疫球蛋白含量显著高于其它组;小肽产品可以部分等蛋白取代断奶仔猪日粮中的血浆蛋白粉.通过了解小肽营养素替代喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉对21 d断奶仔猪的生产性能和血液生化指标的影响,为肽类产品在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用提供了依据.     

绿色产色链霉菌突变株发酵菌丝体对青脚土杂肉鸡生长性能和肌肉品质的影响

在青脚土杂肉鸡口粮中按照600mg／kg的比例添加绿色产色链霉菌诱变菌株W26菌株的液体深层发酵菌丝体,考察茼丝体别‘肉鸡的生产性能和肌肉品质的影响。实验结果表明：日粮中添加600mg／kg的绿色产色链霉菌菌丝体,叮以显著提高肉鸡的活体重,动物日增重与对照组相比提高了26．84％,显著改善了饲料转化率（P〈0．05）。菌丝体的添加可以提高肉鸡肌肉中必需氨基酸、蛋白质、灰分的含量,降低肌肉肌间脂肪含量,但效果不显著。综合实验结果说明,绿色产色链霉菌诱变菌株的液体深层发酵菌丝体可以显著提高青脚土杂肉鸡的生长性能。     

Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Recombinant Plectasin on Growth Performance,Intestinal Health and Innate Immunity Response in Broilers

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of recombinant plectasin (Ple) on the growth performance, intestinal health, and serum immune parameters in broilers. A total of 288 1-day-old male broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments including the basal diet (NC) and basal diet supplemented with 10 mg enramycin/kg (PC), 100 mg Ple/kg (LPle), and 200 mg Ple/kg (HPle) diets. The results indicated Ple increased (P < 0.01) average daily gain and decreased (P ≤ 0.02) feed to gain ratio of broilers. In addition, the supplementation of Ple in the diets increased (P ≤ 0.01) duodenal lipase (day 21) and trypsin (day 42) activities compared with the NC group. Similar as the supplementation of enramycin, Ple also increased villus height and decreased crypt depth in jejunum (day 21), and thus the villus height to crypt depth ratio (P < 0.01) was increased compared to the NC group on day 42. The serum immunoglobulin M (days 21 and 42), immunoglobulin G (day 42), complement 3 (day 21), and complement 4 (days 21 and 42) were significantly increased (P ≤ 0.02) due to the supplementation of Ple and enramycin, while the concentration of malondialdehyde in jejunum was decreased (P < 0.01) in PC, LPle, and HPle groups on day 21 compared with those in the NC group. Furthermore, Ple reduced (P < 0.01) Escherichia coli and total aerobic bacteria population in ileum and cecum of birds on days 21 and 42. These results indicate that the recombinant plectasin has beneficial effects on growth performance, intestinal health, and innate immunity in broilers.

     

壳聚糖对大肠杆菌攻毒仔猪生长性能和抗氧化状况的影响

为探讨壳聚糖对仔猪生长性能和抗氧化力的影响,50头21 d断奶仔猪被随机分为五组,预试期用大肠杆菌攻毒,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加50 mg/kg金霉素和200 mg/kg、300 mg/kg、400 mg/kg壳聚糖,连续饲喂21天.结果表明:与对照组相比,1)各试验组日采食量提高(P＞0.05)...     

Benefit of Dietary Supplementation with Bacillus subtilis BYS2 on Growth Performance,Immune Response,and Disease Resistance of Broilers

A strain of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) BYS2 was previously isolated from Mount Tai, which is located in Tai’an City in the Shandong Province of China. The strain was then stored in the Environmental Microbiology Laboratory at Shandong Agricultural University. To evaluate the effect of the bacterium preparation in broiler production, we fed the bacterium (10⁶ CFU/g) to 1-day-old broilers and continued this feeding for 6 weeks to analyze its effect on growth and immune performance. We found that the average weight of the bacterium-fed group increased by 17.19% at weeks 5 compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The height of the villi in the duodenum and jejunum and the ratio of villi to crypt were significantly increased in the bacterium-fed group at weeks 5 (P < 0.05). Also, the IgG in the serum of broilers in the experimental group increased by 31.60% (P < 0.05) and IgM 30.52% (P < 0.05) compared with those in the control group. The expressions of the major pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), antiviral proteins, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and β-defensins were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the bursa immune organ indices of broilers in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Also, after 5 weeks of continuous feeding, when infected with Escherichia coli (E. coli) O1K1 and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) F48E8, the content of bacteria and virus in tissues and organs of the experimental group decreased significantly, and the survival rate of infected chickens increased by 31.1% and 17.7%, respectively (P < 0.05). These results show that the anti-infective B. subtilis BYS2 could, to some extent, replace antibiotics to promote growth, improve innate immunity, and enhance disease resistance in broilers.

     

Influence of Dietary Copper Methionine Concentrations on Growth Performance,Digestibility of Nutrients,Serum Lipid Profiles,and Immune Defenses in Broilers

A 42-day experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of dietary copper (Cu) concentrations on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and serum parameters in broilers aged from 1 to 42 days. Five hundred forty 1-day-old broilers were randomly assigned into 1 of the following 6 dietary treatments: (1) control (basal diet without supplemental Cu), (2) 15 mg/kg supplemental Cu (Cu15), (3) 30 mg/kg supplemental Cu (Cu30), (4) 60 mg/kg supplemental Cu (Cu60), (5) 120 mg/kg supplemental Cu (Cu120), and (6) 240 mg/kg supplemental Cu (Cu240), Cu as copper methionine. A 4-day metabolism trial was conducted during the last week of the experiment feeding. The results showed that dietary Cu supplementation increased the average daily gain and the average daily feed intake (P < 0.01). The feed gain ratio, however, was not affected by dietary Cu (P > 0.10). Additionally, dietary Cu supplementation increased the digestibility of fat and energy (P < 0.05). The concentration of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased with dietary Cu supplementation (P < 0.05). The activities of serum Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05), glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.05), and ceruloplasmin (P = 0.09), on the contrary, were increased by Cu addition. For immune indexes, dietary Cu supplementation increased serum IgA and IgM (P < 0.05). In addition, the activities of serum ALT increased with increasing dietary Cu supplementation (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our data suggest that Cu supplementation can increase fat digestibility and promote growth. Additionally, dietary Cu supplementation can reduce serum cholesterol and enhance antioxidant capacity in broilers.

     

Effect of Lactose and Dried Whey Supplementation on Growth Performance and Histology of the Immune System in Broilers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of lactose and dried whey supplementation as dietary component on growth performance and histology of lymphoid organs and ileum in broilers. A total of 480 day-old chicks were utilised for 42 days. Animals were assigned randomly to one of three treatments: control, lactose (2.5%), and dried whey (3.85%). Body weight was greater for animals supplemented with lactose or dried whey than for those not supplemented. There were no effects of treatments on feed intake and feed efficiency. In general, the effects of lactose or dried whey supplementation on histology of lymphoid organs and ileum were variable. Plasma cell counts were lower for animals supplemented with lactose than for those supplemented with dried whey. However, the length of intestinal villi during the starter period was greater for experimental groups than for control group.