银额果绳(Drosophila albomicans)B染色体对繁殖的影响

利用遗传背景一致的３类含有不同Ｂ染色体数目的银额果蝇（Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉｌａ ａｌｂｏｍｉｃａｎｓ）品系,对繁殖的２个参数,即净繁殖量和性比进行了比较研究。结果表明Ｂ染色体对净繁殖量有着显著的影响,其影响依赖于Ｂ染色体数目的不同而不同;低数目增加其携带者的净繁殖量,而在高含量时有使其携带者净繁殖量下降的趋势。Ｂ染色体对繁殖的影响还具有一定的时间分布特征,即３类品系净繁殖量的差异主要集中在雌蝇繁殖的早期。因为雌蝇繁殖的后期产生的后代数占总后代数的比例很低且对种群发展贡献较小,Ｂ染色体的这种时间效应使得其携带者在自然界的生存竞争中更具优势。这些结果支持关于Ｂ染色体的杂合优势模型,但不支持目前占主导地位的寄生模型。     

银额果蝇武汉群体的B染色体研究

本研究发现,银额果蝇武汉群体的有丝分裂中期核型中存在着Ｂ染色体,其出现频率为３８％,仅低于昆明,而高于其他地区,Ｂ染色体形态为点状。细胞内染色体的不同步分裂可能是造成Ｂ染色体形成的一个原因。     

银额果蝇的B染色体研究 2.昆明群体的生活力和B染色体的关系

本文分析了钮额果蝇的生活力和B染色体的关系。结果表明,银额果蝇的B染色体在其生长和发育过程中具双重性调节作用。一方面,B染色体以单一的形式存在于单雌系核型中,即1B或2Bs,可刺激生长、发育,增强生活力。另一方面,在单雌系的细胞中存在多条B染色体,并形成核型多态性,这似乎对生长和发育又有一定的抑制作用而减弱其生活力。     

中国银额果蝇自然群体B染色体的分布

经对我国银额果蝇自然群体Ｂ染色体（Ｂｓ）的分布进行多年广泛地调查,共作过２４个群体,５７２个单雌系,６７３８只个体的观察。从细胞和群体水平研究Ｂｓ的地理分布。结果发现,中国（除台湾省外）银额果蝇自然群体中普遍存在Ｂｓ。结合前人报道得出。Ｂｓ的地理分布出现了由东向西和由南向北的规律性的依次升高趋势。这种跨越不同地理环境的区域性梯度变异与其宿主向大陆内地扩散的推论相符。Ｂｓ频率最高（８７．７％）的是海     

银额果蝇的B染色体研究:1.昆明群体的Bs数目和频率

本研究发现银额果蝇昆明群体有丝分裂中期核型中存在B染色体,出现频率为69.1%。目前,在已研究过的来自各个地区的银额果蝇中,昆明群体的B染色体频率最高。B染色体数目为1-6条。该群体内单雌系间的B染色体数目不同,个体间和细胞间的B染色体数目也不同。在核型中,B染色体最小,形态稳定,点状,C-带和G-带呈阳性。     

银额果蝇B染色体特异性基因的初步研究

采用代表性差异分析法（RDA）研究了银额果蝇两个单雌系AKM46（含B染色体）和AGZ2（不含B染色体）两基因组间的差异。用AKM46作检测（tester）扩增子,AGZ2作驱赶（driver）扩增子,通过三轮消减杂交后,获得了6个差异片段（100bp～300bp）。亚克隆后,对11个片段测序并与GenBank数据库进行同源性比较分析,获得了9个新的序列。选择clone22及clone42进行Southern杂交分析,这两个片段仅在检测扩增子及第一、第二、第三轮差异片段中检测到杂交信号,而在驱赶扩增子检测不到杂交信号。证实了这两个片段来自含有B染色体的单雌系AKM46,而且可能是B染色体上的特异基因片段。     

银额果蝇武汉群体的B染色体研究

本研究发现,银额果蝇武汉群体的有丝分裂中期核型中存在着B染色体,其出现频率为38%,仅低于昆明,而高于其他地区。 B染色体形态为点状。细胞内染色体的不同步分裂可能是造成B染色体形成的一个原因。     

银额果蝇B染色体特异性基因的初步研究

采用代表性差异分析法（RDA）研究了银额果蝇两个单雌系AKM46（含B染色体）和AGZ2（不含B染色体）两基因组间的差异。用AKM46作检测（tester）扩增子,AGZ2作驱赶（driver）扩增子,通过三轮消减杂交后,获得了6个差异片段（100bp～300bp）。亚克隆后,对11个片段测序并与GenBank数据库进行同源性比较分析,获得了9个新的序列。选择clone22 及clone42进行Southern杂交分析,这两个片段仅在检测扩增子及第一、第二、第三轮差异片段中检测到杂交信号,而在驱赶扩增子检测不到杂交信号。证实了这两个片段来自含有B染色体的单雌系AKM46,而且可能是B染色体上的特异基因片段。Abstract:The genomic difference betweenDrosophila albomicanAKM46 (with B chromosome) and AGZ2 (without B chromosome) was analyzed by RDA (Representational Difference Analysis) technique. In RDA system, the tester amplicon is AKM46 while the driver amplicon from AGZ2. After three rounds of subtractive hybridization, six different products were obtained and identified, and their size was about 100bp～300bp. After subcloning, eleven positive clones were sequenced and blasted with Genbank database. Nine sequences were unmatched with the known sequences. Clone22 and clone42 were selected for Southern hybridization, and positive signals were observed only in tester amplicon, and the first, second, third differente products, not in driver amplicon. The results suggest that the sequence come from AKM46 and might be the specific genes in B chromosome.     

银额果蝇自然群体中的mtDNA多态性研究

本文以８种限制性内切酶对８个银额果蝇群体进行了ｍｔＤＮＡ限制性片段长度多态性分析,发现现生银额果蝇种群可以分成三个相对独立的群,即东部、中部和西部群体,结合其它有关资料,我们推测,银额果蝇可能起源于马来半岛南部和加里曼丹岛一带,起初分成东西两支向北扩散,东支发展成现在的东部群体;西支则在中南半岛北部又分成两个支系,从而形成了现生银额果蝇群体的东部、中部和西部的地理分布模式。     

银额果蝇自然群体分化过程中的细胞遗传学

对我国大陆银额果蝇的分布及其细胞遗传学进行了广泛的调查,发现了一种值得注意的新核型。该核型结构兼有早已认可的长、短两大类基本核型的特征,即核型中的两条同源４号染色体为１长１短型。含新核型的群体分布于我国大陆东南沿海一带的上海、福州、厦门和深圳。而且,这些自然群体内还出现“１长１短型”、“长型”和“短型”重叠并存的多态现象。跟踪研究表明,新核型具有不稳定的遗传性,能世代传递,它的频率随世代增长而降低,并不是突然消失。但是,在上海、福州群体内出现的“长型”至第十五代之后却全部消失。这种新核型大概是银额果蝇自然演化过程中的中间过渡核型,是该果蝇种群分化中的细胞遗传学变异的过渡表征     

Genetic and biochemical analysis of brown eye mutation in Drosophila nasuta nasuta and Drosophila nasuta albomicans

By analyzing the progeny of crosses involving brown eye mutants and the wild types in two members of Drosophila nasuta subgroup namely D. n. nasuta and D. n. albomicans we could show that the mutant gene is recessive, located in the chromosome 2 and the alleles of this gene are present at different loci. A study of fitness in the eye color mutants in comparison with the wild types revealed that D. n. nasuta mutant has higher viability at both 25 ± 1°C and ambient temperatures; while D. n. albomicans mutant has faster rate of development only at 25 ± 1°C. Quantitative analysis of eye pigments in the mutants revealed that there is biosynthesis of both pteridines and xanthommatins unlike in bw/bw of D. melanogaster, where only xanthommatins are synthesized. In both the species, the pteridine quantities in mutants are similar; whereas xanthommatin quantity in is 10 times higher than that of . Further, the F₁ progeny of intraspecific crosses (wild type X mutant) are found to have high amounts of pteridine, even when compared with parental wild type. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Hybridization and introgression of the genomes of Drosophila nasuta and Drosophila albomicans: evolution of new karyotypes.

Drosophila nasuta (2n = 8) and Drosophila albomicans (2n = 6) are cross-fertile allopatric sibling chromosomal races of the nasuta subgroup of Drosophila. Hybrids of these races can be maintained for any number of generations. Some of the introgressed hybrid lineages of D. nasuta and D. albomicans, after passing through a transient phase of karyotypic polymorphism, ended up with a stable karyotype whose composition is different from those of the parental races. Such hybrid populations were called cytoraces, in which the chromosomes of D. nasuta and D. albomicans are represented in different combinations. The karyotypic composition of 16 such cytoraces have been presented and discussed with reference to evolutionary strategies such as balancing selection, directional selection, and sex-specific effect on different components of the evolving karyotypes.     

Inversion polymorphism in populations of Drosophila sulphurigaster albostrigata and Drosophila nasuta albomicans from Phuket,Thailand

Two species of the Drosophila nasuta subgroup of the Drosophila immigrans group, D. sulphurigaster albostrigata and D. nasuta albomicans were investigated in this study. Collections of both species were made from Phuket, Thailand. Both species have similar salivary chromosomes, with four autosomal arms and one sex chromosome arm, and both are highly polymorphic for paracentric inversions. D. s. albostrigata accounted for the majority of the isolines collected and exhibited the greater number of inversions. One inversion, C₁, was common to both species, indicating common ancestry.A non-random distribution of inversions was observed on the proximal end of chromosome II in both D. s. albostrigata and D. n. albomicans. An inter-collection comparison revealed that both rigid and flexible chromosomal polymorphism were operating in the two species, with a seasonal variation noted for one inversion in D. s. albostrigata. A non-random association of two inversions was observed in D. n. albomicans.Based on a comparison of the indices of crossing over, both D. s. albostrigata and D. n. albomicans were found to be more heterozygous than in previous studies, with D. n. albomicans appearing to have evolved further than D. s. albostrigata.Based on a thesis submitted for the degree of Ph. D. at the University of Queensland.