鸟类起源于基干的初龙类

中亚三叠纪和中国早白垩世的新的重要化石发现或许可以帮助解决有关鸟类起源的争议。鸟类的飞行可能起源于三叠纪一些小型的、四脚滑翔的初龙类。羽毛的起源最初是为了滑翔而不是保温。“手盗龙类”实际上起源于鸟类 ,并至少发育了初级飞羽 ,具备滑翔的能力     

被视为恐龙的鸟

尽管于 2 0世纪 2 0年代在亚洲地表层首次发现长有羽毛的恐龙和著名的“龙骨突位点” ,关于鸟类起源的争论仍没有休止。来自化石的证据表明 ,鸟类在进化分支上应归于兽脚类的特殊分支。本文主要阐明完好无损的化石揭示的鸟和非鸟类恐龙的亲密关系和鸟类羽毛及鸟类出现以前的羽毛的起源证据 ,分析体型缩小对飞行进化的重要意义及从新的角度论述鸟类如何飞上了天     

鸟类起源研究的进展与现状

近些年来,由于在世界上许多国家相继发现了很多早期鸟类以及与之关系接近的恐龙化石,鸟类起源的研究一时成为国际学术界关注的热点之一。特别是最近几年,我国许多带羽毛恐龙化石的发现,更为这一热点增添了很多色彩。本文旨在简要介绍最近几年国际上关于鸟类起源研究已取得的进展以及尚存在的问题。１带毛的恐龙 自７０年代Ｏｓｔｒｏｍ（１９７３,１９７６）率先复兴了鸟类起源于恐龙的学说以来,鸟类的起源问题便一直成为人们争执的焦点。尽管越来越多的证据表明,鸟类和恐龙的关系最为接近,但持不同观点的学者仍提出了许多疑问。在…     

辽西化石:凝固了飞翔的秘密

在现生脊椎动物当中,鸟类以其独特的形态区别于其他类群。鸟类具有轻盈的流线型体形,体被羽毛,双翅发达,能够在蓝天中自由翱翔。正是鸟类的独特性使得鸟类起源研究成为进化生物学研究的一个疑难问题。从1996年开始,中国辽西热河生物群陆续产出了一批进步的兽脚类恐龙化石,其中有些化石保存了羽毛或者原始羽毛印痕。这个发现,打破了100多年来始祖鸟在     

解惑

听说还有会飞的恐龙,那它得长多大的翅膀啊?恐龙大多是不会飞的,不过现在也有证据表明有一些恐龙会滑翔,比如顾氏小盗龙,它的四肢上长有一些羽毛,我们通常俗称为“四翅恐龙”。有化石证据表明这种体型比较小的恐龙会爬树,并能利用树枝间的落差滑翔。这也涉及了鸟类的飞行起源问题,即鸟类是从快速奔跑中开始学会飞行的,还是首先爬树,利用树间高差滑翔开始飞行的。四翅恐龙的翅膀并不大,化石证据表明它们的翼展大约有1米左右。     

鸟类飞行起源问题新思路

目前学术界对于有关鸟类起源与鸟类飞行起源等问题仍存在激烈争论。在关于鸟类飞行起源问题上一直存在两种对立假说：一种是地栖起源说,认为鸟类的飞翔是由鸟类祖先在地面奔跑和跳跃的过程中逐步升腾起飞成功的。此假说通常与鸟类小型兽脚类恐龙起源假说相关联。另一种是树栖起源说,认为鸟类最初的飞行是通过借助树木的高度,先进行滑翔,然后逐步发展,从而产生鸟类特有的振翅飞翔的本领。     

中国中生代鸟类概述

对中国中生代鸟类的发现和研究进行了简要的介绍。近年来生物地层学和年代地层学的工作表明,这些鸟类主要属于早白垩世的中晚期(131～120Ma),延续了争少11Ma,但主要的辐射发生在125～120Ma 间。为便于分析早白垩世鸟类多样性的演变,本文依据已发表的化石,新建了6个目和科,从而将中国早白垩世鸟类目的总数提高到了15个,进一步揭示了鸟类出现以来第一次大规模的辐射事件。这一大的辐射还表现在鸟类在形态、飞行能力个体大小、食性和生态习性等均出现了显著的分异。早期鸟类进化过程中首先经历了个体减小过程,其后在今鸟类中率先开始了个体增大的趋势。早期鸟类个体大小的变化受其飞行能力的限制;同时还与食性、习性等的变化密切相关。对热河鸟的进一步分析表明,其脚趾可能不具备完全对握的功能,但这并不影响其攀援树干的能力。树栖的适应对鸟类飞行的起源及其早期演化具有重要的影响,同样,适应湖岸生活方式对今鸟类的起源演化具有重要的意义。中国早白垩世的鸟类保存了许多食性的直接证据。推测最早的鸟类以食昆虫为主,尔后才出现了特化的植食性和肉食性(如食鱼类)的种类。早白垩世发现的惟一一件鸟类的胚胎化石表明早成性鸟类在鸟类演化史上的出现先于晚成性的鸟类。此外,根据胚胎的大小等特征推测这一鸟类可能还具有较短的孵化周期。腿羽在早期鸟类中可能具有广泛的分布,这一观察进一步表明腿羽在鸟类祖先的飞行之初曾经发挥了重要的作用。最后,探讨鸟类的演化离不开它所生活的生态系统。鸟类与其他生物如翼龙竞争中的优势可能直接导致了鸟类的快速发展和分化;同时,这些类群相互间的竞争对翼龙等其他生物的地理扩散也具有重要的影响。     

对于早期鸟类起源与演化过程中一些疑问的个人见解

鸟类起源问题在学术界仍然存在分歧 ,现在大多数古生物学家都支持鸟类起源于恐龙之说。虽然化石证据表明恐龙和早期鸟类之间确实存在很多相似之处 ,但是仍有一些疑问无法得到合理解释 ,那么鸟类是否起源于恐龙呢？很多学者认为霸王龙和驰龙类同鸟类具有较近的亲缘关系 ,但是却无法解释这类进步的恐龙为何出现在比中生代早期化石鸟类更晚的地层之中？笔者认为霸王龙及驰龙类的始祖同鸟类最终始祖之间可能存在较近的亲缘关系 ,可以认为霸王龙及驰龙类在它们的演化过程中除体型以外在其他方面同其始祖之间并无较大区别 ,笔者认为霸王龙可能处于…     

科学家发现鸟类起源于恐龙的最新证据

鸟类的起源一直是国际古生物学界的热点问题之一,自上个世纪60年代末至70年代初,美国耶鲁大学教授约翰·奥斯罗姆复兴了赫胥黎提出的鸟类兽脚类恐龙起源假说后,鸟类起源的研究取得了巨大的进展,来自世界各地不同地史时期的恐龙和早期鸟类的大量化石证据持续不断地出现,有力地支持着这一假说。1986年美国耶鲁大学教授嘉克斯·高斯特首次用分支系统学的方法系统地分析了鸟类与其他初龙类（一个包括恐龙、翼龙、鳄型动物以及一些绝灭支系的爬行动物类群）的关系,     

鸟类起源与演化百问百答（上）

一、起源篇１ 鸟类起源于恐龙吗 ?目前国际上多数学者已同意鸟类确实起源于一类小型的兽脚类恐龙 ,但仍有一些学者持不同看法。２ “鸟就是恐龙 ,恐龙就是鸟”这句话对吗 ?如果承认鸟类起源于恐龙 ,那么说鸟就是恐龙就相当于说人是哺乳动物 ,从系统关系和分类的角度来讲 ,这句话基本算对 ,但严格来说 ,也不对 ,因为鸟类和恐龙毕竟存在差别正如人和哺乳动物存在很大不同的道理一样 ;但是说恐龙就是鸟则相当于说哺乳动物就是人 ,显然是不对的。３ 鸟类的起源有几大假说 ?历史上关于鸟类的起源 ,主要存在过三种主要的假说 :一是鸟类的恐龙起源…     

Mesozoic birds of China-a synoptic review

A synoptic review of the discoveries and studies of Chinese Mesozoic birds is provided in this paper.40Ar/39Ar dating of several bird-bearing deposits in the Jehol Group has established a geochronological framework for the study of the early avian radiation.Chinese Mesozoic birds had lasted for at least 11 Ma during about 131 Ma and 120 Ma (Barremian to Aptian)of the middle and late Early Cretaceous,respectively.In order to further evaluate the change of the avian diversity in the Jehol Biota,six new orders and families are erected based on known genera and species,which brings the total number of orders of Chinese Mesozoic birds to 15 and highlights a remarkable radiation ever since the first appearante of birds in the Late Jurassic.Chinese Early Cretaceous birds had experienced a significant differentiation in morphology,flight,diet and habitat.Further examination of the foot of Jeholornis suggests this bird might not have possessed a fully reversed hallux.However,the attachment of metatarsal Ⅰ to the medial side of metatarsal Ⅱ does not preclude trunk climbing,a pre-adaptation for well developed perching life of early birds.Arboreality had proved to be a key adaptation in the origin and early evolution of bird flight,and the adaptation to lakeshore environment had played an equally important role in the origin of omithurine birds and their near-modern flight skill.Many Chinese Early Cretaceous birds had preserved the direct evidence of their diet,showing that the most primitive birds were probably mainly insectivorous and that specialized herbivorous or carnivorous (e.g.,piscivorous)dietary adaptation had appeared only in later advanced forms.The only known Early Cretaceous bird embryo fossil has shown that precocial birds had occurred prior to altricial birds in avian history,and the size of the embryo and other analysis indicate it probably had a short incubation period.Leg feathers probably have a wide range of distribution in early birds,further suggesting that leg feathers had played a key role in the beginning stage of the flight of birds.Finally,the Early Cretaceous avian radiation can be better understood against the background of their unique ecosystem.The advantage of birds in the competitions with other vertebrate groups such as pterosaurs had probably not only resulted in the rapid differentiation and radiation of birds but also the worldwide spreading of pterosaurs and other vertebrates from East Asia in the Early Cretaceous.     

Mesozoic birds of China—a synoptic review

A synoptic review of the discoveries and studies of Chinese Mesozoic birds is provided in this paper. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of several bird-bearing deposits in the Jehol Group has established a geochronological framework for the study of the early avian radiation. Chinese Mesozoic birds had lasted for at least 11 Ma during about 131 Ma and 120 Ma (Barremian to Aptian) of the middle and late Early Cretaceous, respectively. In order to further evaluate the change of the avian diversity in the Jehol Biota, six new orders and families are erected based on known genera and species, which brings the total number of orders of Chinese Mesozoic birds to 15 and highlights a remarkable radiation ever since the first appearance of birds in the Late Jurassic. Chinese Early Cretaceous birds had experienced a significant differentiation in morphology, flight, diet and habitat. Further examination of the foot of Jeholornis suggests this bird might not have possessed a fully reversed hallux. However, the attachment of metatarsal I to the medial side of metatarsal II does not preclude trunk climbing, a pre-adaptation for well developed perching life of early birds. Arboreality had proved to be a key adaptation in the origin and early evolution of bird flight, and the adaptation to lakeshore environment had played an equally important role in the origin of ornithurine birds and their near-modern flight skill. Many Chinese Early Cretaceous birds had preserved the direct evidence of their diet, showing that the most primitive birds were probably mainly insectivorous and that specialized herbivorous or carnivorous (e.g., piscivorous) dietary adaptation had appeared only in later advanced forms. The only known Early Cretaceous bird embryo fossil has shown that precocial birds had occurred prior to altricial birds in avian history, and the size of the embryo and other analysis indicate it probably had a short incubation period. Leg feathers probably have a wide range of distribution in early birds, further suggesting that leg feathers had played a key role in the beginning stage of the flight of birds. Finally, the Early Cretaceous avian radiation can be better understood against the background of their unique ecosystem. The advantage of birds in the competitions with other vertebrate groups such as pterosaurs had probably not only resulted in the rapid differentiation and radiation of birds but also the worldwide spreading of pterosaurs and other vertebrates from East Asia in the Early Cretaceous. Selected from Vertebrata PalAsiatica 2006, 44 (1): 74–98     

中国中生代鸟类后肢骨骼的长度比例特征及栖息习性的分析

通过对18目59科137例现生不同栖息习性鸟类的后肢3块骨骼(股骨、胫跗骨和跗跖骨)长度比例的观察和特征分析,推断出鸟类的栖息习性与后肢3块骨骼中各骨骼长度所占总长度的比例存在密切的关系。即在所有鸟类的后肢骨骼中,胫跗骨的长度占3块骨骼的比例为最大;地栖鸟类后肢骨骼中股骨的长度要短于跗跖骨;树栖鸟类后肢骨骼中股骨的长度要长于跗跖骨。鸟类后肢3块骨骼的长度比例特征是鸟类长期对栖息等行为适应的结果。在此基础上,对中国中生代14例鸟类的栖息习性进行了分析,利用三元投影的统计方法,并以国内外新生代(古近纪和新近纪)21例鸟类标本作为对比参考,得出辽西中生代不同类型鸟类的栖息行为特征:基干鸟类以树栖为主要习性,其中个别鸟类还具有攀援的习性,而反鸟类则是典型的树栖鸟类,今鸟类兼有树、地栖的习性。研究表明,在现行的鸟类系统发育框架下,树栖适应(及攀援)代表了鸟类演化历史中最原始的生活方式。这一结论也支持鸟类飞行的树栖起源假说。中生代鸟类栖息习性分异的多样性反映了早期鸟类演化过程中自身以及与其他同期生物在生态空间和食物资源的竞争的加剧和对环境的不断适应。     

The origin and early evolution of birds

Birds evolved from and are phylogenetically recognized as members of the theropod dinosaurs; their first known member is the Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx, now represented by seven skeletons and a feather, and their closest known non-avian relatives are the dromaeosaurid theropods such as Deinonychus. Bird flight is widely thought to have evolved from the trees down, but Archaeopteryx and its outgroups show no obvious arboreal or tree-climbing characters, and its wing planform and wing loading do not resemble those of gliders. The ancestors of birds were bipedal, terrestrial, agile, cursorial and carnivorous or omnivorous. Apart from a perching foot and some skeletal fusions, a great many characters that are usually considered ‘avian’ (e.g. the furcula, the elongated forearm, the laterally flexing wrist and apparently feathers) evolved in non-avian theropods for reasons unrelated to birds or to flight. Soon after Archaeopteryx, avian features such as the pygostyle, fusion of the carpometacarpus, and elongated curved pedal claws with a reversed, fully descended and opposable hallux, indicate improved flying ability and arboreal habits. In the further evolution of birds, characters related to the flight apparatus phylogenetically preceded those related to the rest of the skeleton and skull. Mesozoic birds are more diverse and numerous than thought previously and the most diverse known group of Cretaceous birds, the Enantiornithes, was not even recognized until 1981. The vast majority of Mesozoic bird groups have no Tertiary records: Enantiornithes, Hesperornithiformes, Ichthyornithiformes and several other lineages disappeared by the end of the Cretaceous. By that time, a few Linnean ‘Orders’ of extant birds had appeared, but none of these taxa belongs to extant ‘families’, and it is not until the Paleocene or (in most cases) the Eocene that the majority of extant bird ‘Orders’ are known in the fossil record. There is no evidence for a major or mass extinction of birds at the end of the Cretaceous, nor for a sudden ‘bottleneck’ in diversity that fostered the early Tertiary origination of living bird ‘Orders’.     

Do feathered dinosaurs exist? Testing the hypothesis on neontological and paleontological evidence

The origin of birds and avian flight from within the archosaurian radiation has been among the most contentious issues in paleobiology. Although there is general agreement that birds are related to theropod dinosaurs at some level, debate centers on whether birds are derived directly from highly derived theropods, the current dogma, or from an earlier common ancestor lacking suites of derived anatomical characters. Recent discoveries from the Early Cretaceous of China have highlighted the debate, with claims of the discovery of all stages of feather evolution and ancestral birds (theropod dinosaurs), although the deposits are at least 25 million years younger than those containing the earliest known bird Archaeopteryx. In the first part of the study we examine the fossil evidence relating to alleged feather progenitors, commonly referred to as protofeathers, in these putative ancestors of birds. Our findings show no evidence for the existence of protofeathers and consequently no evidence in support of the follicular theory of the morphogenesis of the feather. Rather, based on histological studies of the integument of modern reptiles, which show complex patterns of the collagen fibers of the dermis, we conclude that "protofeathers" are probably the remains of collagenous fiber "meshworks" that reinforced the dinosaur integument. These "meshworks" of the skin frequently formed aberrant patterns resembling feathers as a consequence of decomposition. Our findings also draw support from new paleontological evidence. We describe integumental structures, very similar to "protofeathers," preserved within the rib area of a Psittacosaurus specimen from Nanjing, China, an ornithopod dinosaur unconnected with the ancestry of birds. These integumental structures show a strong resemblance to the collagenous fiber systems in the dermis of many animals. We also report the presence of scales in the forearm of the theropod ornithomimid (bird mimic) dinosaur, Pelecanimimus, from Spain. In the second part of the study we examine evidence relating to the most critical character thought to link birds to derived theropods, a tridactyl hand composed of digits 1-2-3. We maintain the evidence supports interpretation of bird wing digit identity as 2,3,4, which appears different from that in theropod dinosaurs. The phylogenetic significance of Chinese microraptors is also discussed, with respect to bird origins and flight origins. We suggest that a possible solution to the disparate data is that Aves plus bird-like maniraptoran theropods (e.g., microraptors and others) may be a separate clade, distinctive from the main lineage of Theropoda, a remnant of the early avian radiation, exhibiting all stages of flight and flightlessness.     

The early evolution of feathers: fossil evidence from Cretaceous amber of France

The developmental stages of feathers are of major importance in the evolution of body covering and the origin of avian flight. Until now, there were significant gaps in knowledge of early morphologies in theoretical stages of feathers as well as in palaeontological material. Here we report fossil evidence of an intermediate and critical stage in the incremental evolution of feathers which has been predicted by developmental theories but hitherto undocumented by evidence from both the recent and the fossil records. Seven feathers have been found in an Early Cretaceous (Late Albian, ca 100 Myr) amber of western France, which display a flattened shaft composed by the still distinct and incompletely fused bases of the barbs forming two irregular vanes. Considering their remarkably primitive features, and since recent discoveries have yielded feathers of modern type in some derived theropod dinosaurs, the Albian feathers from France might have been derived either from an early bird or from a non-avian dinosaur.     

INTRODUCTION TO MESOZOIC BIRDS FROM LIAONING,CHINA

l.IntroductionThestudyofMesozoicbirdsinChinadatedbacktotheearlyeightiesofthiscentury,whenGansuswasdiscoveredanddescribed(HouetLiu,l984).Sincethelateeighties,anumberofEarlyCretaceousbirdshavebeenfound,firstlyinWesternLiaoning(Zhou,l995),andshortlylaterinInnerMongolia(Dong,l993;Hou,l994)andHebeiProvince.Atthesametime,featherimpressionswerealsorecoveredinShandongProvince(Zhang,l992)andNingxiaAutonomousRegion.Particularlyimpor-tantisthatsincel994someLateJurassicbirdshavebeenfoundfromtheY…     

Gravity-defying Behaviors: Identifying Models for Protoaves

Most current phylogenetic hypotheses based upon cladistic methodologyassert that birds are the direct descendants of derived maniraptorantheropod dinosaurs, and that the origin of avian flight necessarilydeveloped within a terrestrial context (i.e., from the "groundup"). Most theoretical aerodynamic and energetic models or chronologicallyappropriate fossil data do not support these hypotheses forthe evolution of powered flight. The more traditional modelfor the origin of flight derives birds from among small arborealearly Mesozoic archosaurs ("thecodonts"). According to thismodel, protoavian ancestors developed flight in the trees viaa series of intermediate stages, such as leaping, parachuting,gliding, and flapping. This model benefits from the assemblageof living and extinct arboreal vertebrates that engage in analogousnon-powered aerial activities using elevation as a source ofgravitational energy. Recent reports of "feathered theropods"notwithstanding, the evolution of birds from any known groupof maniraptoran theropods remains equivocal.     

Rates of dinosaur limb evolution provide evidence for exceptional radiation in Mesozoic birds

Birds are the most diverse living tetrapod group and are a model of large-scale adaptive radiation. Neontological studies suggest a radiation within the avian crown group, long after the origin of flight. However, deep time patterns of bird evolution remain obscure because only limited fossil data have been considered. We analyse cladogenesis and limb evolution on the entire tree of Mesozoic theropods, documenting the dinosaur–bird transition and immediate origins of powered flight. Mesozoic birds inherited constraints on forelimb evolution from non-flying ancestors, and species diversification rates did not accelerate in the earliest flying taxa. However, Early Cretaceous short-tailed birds exhibit both phenotypic release of the hindlimb and increased diversification rates, unparalleled in magnitude at any other time in the first 155 Myr of theropod evolution. Thus, a Cretaceous adaptive radiation of stem-group birds was enabled by restructuring of the terrestrial locomotor module, which represents a key innovation. Our results suggest two phases of radiation in Avialae: with the Cretaceous diversification overwritten by extinctions of stem-group birds at the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary, and subsequent diversification of the crown group. Our findings illustrate the importance of fossil data for understanding the macroevolutionary processes generating modern biodiversity.