中国产丝齿菌属的研究小记

对中国产丝齿菌属Hyphodontia的种类进行了研究,并记录了30个种。其中弯孢产丝齿菌Hyphodontia curvispora是中国的新记录种,热带产丝齿菌Hyphodontia tropica是首次在中国大陆的报道。根据作者的采集标本对这两个种进行了详细的描述和显微结构绘图,同时还给出了中国产丝齿菌属30个种的检索表。     

中国锈革菌属研究.5.采自云南的两个新记录种

报道了采自云南省的锈革菌属(Hymenochaete)2个中国新记录种,即长矛锈革菌(H. contiformis)和红边锈革菌(H. rufomarginata)。前者的主要特点是解剖结构中无皮层和菌丝层,刚毛长且孢子大; 后者的主要特点是子实层具大量的侧丝,刚毛和孢子较小。提供了这两个种的野外标本照片、显微结构绘图以及详细的形态学描述,并给出了云南省锈革菌属30个种的检索表。     

中国粘菌Ⅷ.中国新纪录属贫丝菌属Oligonema及其新种:膨丝贫丝菌O.oedonema

贫丝菌属Oligonema是由Rostafinski在1875年建立的,至今仅承认4个种,中国前此尚无记载。作者在长白山采到的这份标本,孢丝极少且短小,中部膨肿,有不甚清晰的螺纹带,具贫丝菌的特征,与已知的种明显不同,因此确认为本属的新成员,定名为膨丝贫丝菌O. oedonema,主模式保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

朱鹮肠道微生物多样性与产酶活性

【背景】朱鹮是我国国家一级保护动物,属于世界上最濒危的鸟类之一。对朱鹮肠道微生物的多样性和产胞外酶活性进行分析,可为朱鹮种群数量恢复提供思路。【目的】了解朱鹮肠道微生物的多样性,测定其产胞外酶活性。【方法】采用纯培养的方法获得朱鹮肠道微生物,通过革兰氏染色和生理生化鉴定,结合16S rRNA基因扩增和序列分析对细菌进行鉴定。使用水解圈法筛选产淀粉酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶、脂肪酶的菌株。【结果】从人工喂养的朱鹮新鲜粪便中共分离到296株细菌,共计2个门11个属。变形菌门(Proteobacteria) 236株,占分离总数的79.73%,分别为：埃希氏菌属(Escherichia) 137株,占分离总数的46.28%;哈夫尼亚菌属(Hafnia) 39株,占分离总数的13.18%;变形菌属(Proteus) 28株,占分离总数的9.46%;柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter) 23株,占分离总数的7.77%;气单胞菌属(Aeromonas) 6株,占分离总数的2.03%;肠杆菌属(Enterobacter) 1株,占分离总数的0.34%;志贺菌属(Shigella) 1株,占分离总数的0.34%;克雷伯菌属(Klebsiella) 1株,占分离总数的0.34%。厚壁菌门(Firmicutes) 60株,占分离总数的20.27%,分别为：肠球菌属(Enterococcus) 33株,占分离总数的11.15%;库特氏菌属(Kurthia) 14株,占分离总数的4.73%;芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus) 13株,占分离总数的4.39%。优势菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)中的埃希氏菌属(Escherichia),占细菌总数的46.28%。经过生理生化鉴定,每个菌株生理生化鉴定出的种属与各自的16S rRNA基因鉴定出的种属相一致。产酶活力分析结果显示有238株产蛋白酶、25株产脂肪酶、24株产淀粉酶、15株产纤维素酶,分别占分离总数的80.41%、8.45%、8.11%和5.07%。【结论】朱鹮肠道微生物分离出的细菌可分为2门11属,优势菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)中的埃希氏菌属(Escherichia),占细菌总数的46.28%;产酶活性分析显示,80.41%的菌株具有产蛋白酶能力。     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

盐渍海带盐中可培养嗜盐古菌多样性、胞外酶活及拮抗作用探究

盐渍海带盐是一种高盐环境,其中可能生存有嗜盐微生物,如嗜盐古菌。嗜盐古菌是一类生活于高盐环境的极端环境微生物。为了探究盐渍海带盐中嗜盐微生物的物种多样性,筛查分离了菌株的几种常见胞外功能酶活性和拮抗活性。采用纯培养技术,从盐渍海带盐样品中分离培养嗜盐微生物,并对其16S rRNA基因进行扩增和测序;基于16S rRNA基因序列的相似度分析,确定分离菌株在属级水平的分类地位;依据种属信息,挑选代表菌株,进行胞外常见功能酶活性和拮抗作用测定。从盐渍海带盐样品中分离到来自Haloarcula（盐盒菌属）、Halorubrum（盐红菌属）、Halarchaeum、Halobacterium（盐杆菌属）、Halococcus（盐球菌属）、Halolamina（盐尊片形菌属 ）和Haloplanus（盐扁平菌属）等7个属的131株嗜盐古菌;检测到产胞外蛋白酶菌株1株,产酯酶菌2株,产明胶酶菌7株,产氧化酶菌1株和产触菌酶5株;此外,筛选到6株具有拮抗活性的菌株,其中来自盐红菌属菌株Halorubrum sp. ZSA68较其他菌株生长快,产抑菌活性物质快,并显示出较强的抑菌活性和较广的抑菌谱,初步推测Halorubrum sp. ZSA68所产物质为多肽或蛋白类抑菌活性物质,其分子量大小约为30~50 kDa,该抑菌活性物质在60 ℃以上或NaCl浓度低于2%时容易失去活性。通过本研究认识了海带盐中可培养嗜盐古菌的分布,获得多株具有较高胞外酶活性及具拮抗作用的菌株,积累了丰富的嗜盐古菌菌株资源,这在高盐食品的防腐方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

绿背山雀人工巢箱真菌多样性差异分析

真菌是巢穴微生物的重要组成部分,与鸟类的生存、繁殖和环境适应息息相关。本研究通过悬挂人工巢箱招引绿背山雀(Parus monticolus)入住,基于内转录间隔区(ITS)测序技术,对绿背山雀繁殖成功巢箱与筑巢未产卵巢箱真菌群落的组成差异进行探究。结果显示,在门水平上,子囊菌门(Ascomycota,98.81%)是繁殖成功巢箱内微生物的主要菌门;子囊菌门(85.59%)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota,8.33%)是筑巢未产卵巢箱内微生物的主要菌门。在属水平上,繁殖成功巢箱的优势属为拟单宽皿菌属(Phialemoniopsis,83.04%)、曲霉属(Aspergillus,4.75%)、子囊菌属(Arthroderma,4.29%)和柄帚霉属(Scopulariopsis,1.78%);筑巢未产卵巢箱的优势属为拟单宽皿菌属(36.06%)、曲霉属(14.53%)、青霉属(Penicilliu,6.22%)、单端孢霉属(Trichothecium,5.80%)、德巴利酵母菌属(Debaryomyces,1.67%)和蝶孔耳属(Papiliotrema,1.09%)。Alpha多样性分析表明,筑巢未产卵巢箱中真菌的多样性和丰富度均显著高于繁殖成功巢箱(P < 0.05);Beta多样性分析表明,繁殖成功巢和筑巢未产卵巢箱之间的真菌群落存在显著差异;LEfSe分析共检测到19个具有统计学差异的生物标记物,繁殖成功巢箱和筑巢未产卵巢箱的显著生物标志物分布在子囊菌门和担子菌门中,两种巢箱的标记物种存在显著差异。整体来说,与繁殖成功巢相比,筑巢未产卵巢内分布有更多的潜在病原菌。     

中国假尾孢属的研究 I

假尾孢属(Pseudocercospora)是尾孢菌属(Cercospora)的近似属中最大的一个属,Deighton估计约有500种尾孢菌需要转到假尾孢属,目前全世界已描述假尾孢菌400多个种,且都是植物寄生菌,有些种能引致植物严重病害。Spegazzini于1910年建立了假尾孢属,但1976年以前,大多被归属于尾孢菌属内。1971年Ellis对此属的特征作了精简描述,1976年报导了3个新组合。1976年以后,假尾孢属虽先后有不少新种和新组合被其他作者发表,但系统研究此属的则系Deighton o Deighton 1976年对假尾孢属的研究史、与近似属的区别以及属的特征都作了详细描述,并报道了世界性假尾孢菌的21个新种,202个新组合和3个新名称,于1979年和1987年又报道了15个新种和39个新组合。假尾孢属与尾孢菌属,针尾孢属(Cercoseptoria)及假小尾孢属(Pseudocercosporella)非常相似,但不同的是尾孢菌属产孢细胞不具齿突,疤痕明显加厚,分生孢子梗不从表生菌丝上产生,分生孢子大多无色,针形;针尾孢属分生孢子窄(不超过3µm),针形,不呈倒棍棒形,无表生菌丝;假小尾孢属分生孢子梗和分生孢子均无色,子座与假尾孢属也不大相同. 本文报道中国产的假尾孢菌60个种,其中有一个新种(八角枫假尾孢),25个新组合和3个新记录.     

中国粘菌Ⅵ:散丝菌属一新种

本文报告了粘菌一新种,小囊散丝菌Dianema microsporangium sp. nov.,讨论了新种与本其它种的区别,模式标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室.散丝菌属在中国首次报导。     

利用含油培养基富集、分离和评估海洋产聚羟基脂肪酸酯细菌

[背景] 细菌可通过脂肪酸代谢途径耦合聚羟基脂肪酸酯（Polyhydroxyalkanoate,PHA）合成途径实现合成中长链PHA;其拉伸强度、玻璃化温度等加工特性均优于短链PHA,是未来工业化PHA材料的发展方向。[目标] 为了获得新的可代谢油类的产PHA细菌,使用3种分离策略从海洋沉积物中分离和鉴定细菌,并评估菌株产PHA的能力。[方法] 采集深圳大鹏湾近海沉积物样品;样品通过直接分离,5周连续培养分离,或10周连续提高盐度（3.5%-12.5%）和含油量（1%-10%）富集培养分离,纯化得到菌株;通过16S rRNA基因相似性及系统进化分析鉴定细菌分类地位,利用PHA聚合酶（PhaC）基因鉴定细菌合成PHA的能力;通过测定基因组框架图,分析细菌的PhaC类型、代谢通路及系统进化关系;通过气相色谱分析细菌产PHA的含量及组成。[结果] 从深圳大鹏湾近海底泥样品中分离得到96株细菌,phaC基因阳性率达38%,其中包含9个此前未通过产物证实可产PHA的属,包括尖球菌属（Acuticoccus）、海洋源菌属（Idiomarina）、盐芽孢杆菌属（Halobacillus）、微泡菌属（Microbulbifer）、海棍状菌属（Maritimibacter）、硝酸盐还原菌属（Nitratireductor）、公海橄榄菌属（Pelagibaca）、假海栖菌属（Pseudooceanicola）和海旋菌属（Thalassospira）。除了微泡菌属,其他8个属的细菌通过含油富集法分离获得,说明含油富集方法有利于发现新的产PHA细菌资源。此外,获得2株胞内PHA含量高的菌株。Nitratireductor aquimarinus SY-2-4在营养肉汤中培养可累积细胞干重35.0%的PHA;Roseibium aggregate SN13-21以丙酮酸盐为碳源,可累积细胞干重19.9%的PHA。[结论] 大鹏海域蕴藏着丰富的产PHA细菌资源,值得进一步挖掘研究。梯度增加含油量和盐度的富集方法有利于分离区系不同的产PHA细菌,适用于分离PHA资源。获得2株潜在PHA高产菌,未来将对菌株进行发酵优化研究。     

Xylodon subflaviporus sp. nov. (Hymenochaetales,Basidiomycota) from East Asia

Xylodon subflaviporus (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) is described as a new species collected from tropical and subtropical regions of East Asia. This new species is characterized by resupinate basidiocarps, a poroid hymenophore, pseudodimitic hyphal system, nodose-septate hyphae, four types of cystidia (capitate, acicular to cylindrical, subulate to ventricose, and apically-encrusted), and thin-walled, colorless, smooth and ellipsoid basidiospores. Bayesian, Maximum Likelihood and Maximum Parsimony algorithms were used to construct phylogenies inferred from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA. Morphological and molecular studies, along with intercompatibility tests, confirmed the independent status of this species. Also, based on morphological and molecular evidence, six new combinations of Xylodon are proposed to accommodate species originally classified under Hyphodontia s.l., i.e. X. bubalinus, X. chinensis, X. mollissimus, X. nongravis, X. reticulatus and X. subtropicus. A key to known species of Hyphodontia s.l. with poroid, irpicoid or raduloid hymenophores is provided for the convenience in identification.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hyphodontia</Emphasis> s.l. (Hymenochaetales,Basidiomycota): 35 new combinations and new keys to all 120 current species

Phylogenetic trees indicate that Hyphodontia s.l. consists of various genera. In addition to the studies of Hjortstam and Ryvarden (Syn Fung 15:7–17, 2002; Syn Fung 26:33–55, 2009), 35 new combinations are proposed, based on morphological and/or phylogenetic information. A list of species, a phylogenetic tree with eight new sequences from holotypes and three other previously unsequenced species, emendations of the genera and new keys to all accepted species are provided.     

Co-occurrence patterns of wood-decaying fungi and ants in dead pines of South Korea

Interaction between fungi and insects such as ants, beetles, wasps and termites inhabiting dead pine trees has significant ecological implication in the forest as they can decompose wood debris and add nutrients to the soil; however, only scarce information is available regarding the interaction between wood-decaying fungi and ants. We investigated wood-decaying fungi co-occurring with ants in dead pine trees of South Korea. A total of 57 pairs of wood-decaying fungi and ants were collected from 11 localities. 30 species of wood-decaying fungi and 14 species of ants were identified based on morphology and molecular analysis. Fungal species belonging to Trichaptum, Xylodon, Hyphodontia, and Ceriporia were dominant and co-occurred with common ant species of Lasius, Camponotus, Pristomyrmex, and Crematogaster across most of the sampling sites. This study provides a new baseline in unravelling the complex interaction between wood-decaying fungi and ants in forest ecosystems.     

A STUDY ON THE GENUS BRYOMYIA KIEFFER (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYHDAE) FROM CHINA*

Abstract Four Chinese species of genus Bryomyia Kieffer are recorded in the present paper, among which, one species: B. puberula Li et Bu is described as new to science; two species; B. bergrothi Kieffer and B. gibbosa (Felt) are recorded for the first time from China. Key to the known Chinese species of the genus is given. Type specimen is deposited in the Department of Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.     

A TAXONOMIC STUDY ON COENOSIA TIGRINA SPECIES-GROUP(DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) IN CHINA

The Chinese species of Coenosia tigrina species ‐ group of the genus Coenosia Meigen, 1826 are treated. One new species, C. albisquama sp. nov., and two new subspecies, C. attenuata brunnea subsp. nov. and C. strigipes bannaensis subsp. nov., are described. A key to Chinese species is given to seperate the species. The types specimens are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Shenyang Normal University.     

Revision of the Chinese species of the genus Coenochilus Schaum (Coleoptera,Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae)

Summary

The Chinese species of the genus Coenochilus Schaum, 1841 are revised, including a new species, C. pilosus n. sp. described from southern China (also from Vietnam and Laos). The lectotype for Coenochilus uncinatipes Moser, 1915 is designated, and this name is recognized as a junior synonym of C. bifoveolatus Fairmaire, 1888. Previously published synonymy of Coenochilus apicalis Westwood, 1873 and C. armiger Westwood, 1873 is confirmed based on the examination of type specimens. The neotype of C. tonkinensis Moser, 1910 is designated, and C. clinteroceroides Jákl, 2015 is synonymized with this species. Coenochilus tonkinensis is newly recorded from China, while Chinese records of C. nitidus Arrow, 1910 are verified as misidentification of C. striatus Westwood, 1873, thus C. nitidus is removed from the Chinese fauna. Diagnoses and illustrations are provided for all five Chinese species. A key to Chinese species and new distribution records are also presented.??     

A review of research on Chinese <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tuber</Emphasis> species

Truffles are abundant in some regions of China. Nevertheless, it was not until the 1980s that Tuber species were discovered by Chinese mycologists. In recent years, international truffle markets have shown an increasing interest in the import of Chinese Tuber. These truffles serve as a complement to European truffles due to their lower prices and their greater availability in a deficit market. However, Chinese truffles have been the subject of fraudulent commercial practices, and these could have a negative effect on truffle culture. These concerns have been behind numerous recent studies designed to obtain detailed information about Chinese Tuber species. Unfortunately, many of these studies are not published in English, and are dispersed throughout the specific local or national bibliography and proceedings of specialized truffle conferences. In view of the need to expand current knowledge of Chinese Tuber species, we present a comprehensive summary of the taxonomy, ecology, mycorrhizae, genetics, biochemistry, and cultivation of Chinese Tuber species. We also provide a synthetic taxonomy and morphological characterization of 16 Chinese Tuber species in order to assist in their verification and monitoring.     

中国绿芫菁属分类纪要（鞘翅目:芫菁科）

简要介绍了绿芫菁属Lytta 9亚属的分类历史。记述了采自西藏的1中国新记录种:赛兰绿芫菁Lytta(Asiolytta)selanderi Saha,并对2个种的亚属分类地位进行了重新处理:Lytta(Lytta)battonii(Kaszab),Lytta(Lytta)sifanica(Semenov);列出了中国绿芫菁属已知种类的名录,并编制了分种检索表。中国新记录种标本保存在河北大学博物馆。     

New Hypogastrura species and new distributional data for Hypogastrura distincta (Axelson 1902) from China (Collembola: Poduromorpha: Hypogastruridae)

Two new species, Hypogastrura analpapillata n. sp., on mushrooms from Yunnan Province, and Hypogastrura microspinata n. sp., on moss from Hunan Province, are described. Hypogastrura analpapillata n. sp. is the sixth species with highly modified mouthparts in the trybomi group. Hypogastrura microspinata n. sp. is close to H. yosii Stach 1964, but can be differentiated from the latter by body granules, tenent hair and lateral teeth on tibiotarsus. A key to Chinese species of Hypogastrura is provided and a list of Chinese Hypogastrura species and their distributional data are given.