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1.
Inês Almeida Hermínia Marina Martins Sara Santos José M. Costa Fernando Bernardo 《Mycotoxin Research》2011,27(3):177-181
A total of 404 samples of commercial swine feed from Portugal feed mills were analysed by HPLC methods for the presence of
mycotoxins: 277 samples of feed for fattening pigs were analysed for ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), and deoxynivalenol
(DON), and 127 samples of feed for sows were analysed for ZEA and fumonisins (FB1 + FB2). Concerning feed for fattening pigs, 21 (7.6%) samples were positive for OTA, (2–6.8 μg/kg), 69 (24.9%) were positive for
ZEA (5–73 μg/kg), and 47 (16.9%) were positive for DON (100–864 μg/kg). In feed for sows, the results showed 29.9% of positive
samples for ZEA (5–57.7 μg/kg) and 8.7% positive samples for FB1 and FB2 (50–391.4 μg/kg). Co-occurrence of DON/ZEA was found most frequently, but simultaneous contamination with OTA/ZEA and OTA/DON
was also found. 相似文献
2.
The aim of this study was a monitoring of the occurrence ofAlternaria andFusarium mycotoxins in winter wheat from domestic crop in the year 2003. Altenuene was determined in 56 (100%) samples of winter wheat,
range 14.5–41 μg/kg, mean 25 μg/kg. Alternariol was determined in 16 (28.6%) samples of winter wheat, range 6.3–22.1 μg/kg,
mean 5.7 μ/kg. DON was determined in 42 (100%) samples of winter wheat, range 250–3500 μg/kg, mean 330 μg/kg. T2-toxin was
determined in 42 (100%) samples of winter wheat, range 25–337 μg/kg, mean 99 μg/kg. ZEA was not determined in samples of winter
wheat.
Presented at the 26th Mykotoxin-Workshop in Herrsching, Germary, May 17–19, 2004
Financial support. Supported (one part of experiments, the determination of Fusarium mycotoxins) by the Ministry of Agricu
ture of the Czech Rebublic (Propect No QF3121) 相似文献
3.
Erwin Märtlbauer Ewald Usleber Richard Dietrich Elisabeth Schneider 《Mycotoxin Research》2009,25(4):175-186
In a long-term study (1990–1997) on ochratoxin A (OTA) in human blood serum, 102 serum samples from 36 persons of the Munich
Institute for Hygiene and Technology of Food of Animal Origin were analysed by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and by high performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) for control. Detection limits were at 50 pg/ml (EIA) and 50–70 pg/ml (HPLC), recoveries were
80–120% (EIA) and 30–60% (LC). OTA was detected in 98% (EIA, 368 ± 217 pg/ml) and 93% (HPLC, 271 ± 170 pg/ml) of samples (maximum
1,290 pg/ml). Using published conversion factors for serum/intake estimates (1.34 or 1.97), the mean daily OTA intake of these
36 persons was 493–725 pg/kg bw. Long-term individual mean OTA levels of nine persons ranged from 162 ± 80 pg/ml to 549 ± 172 pg/ml.
Our data were compared with published OTA serum levels (1985–2008) for apparently healthy persons from a total of 30 countries.
On a worldwide basis, the mean of means for OTA in human serum was estimated to be 700 pg/ml, corresponding to a mean daily
OTA intake of 940–1380 pg/kg bw. This level, which was relatively stable over the last decades, is well below published tolerable
daily intake values (14,000–18,000 pg/kg bw). 相似文献
4.
Forty-seven samples of corn were collected from various street bazaars and market outlets in different regions of Turkey and
total aflatoxin (AF) and ochratoxin A (OTA) levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) following
sample preparation. Levels of AF and OTA in corn samples ranged between 1.75–120.3 μg/kg and 1.08–8.57 μg/kg, respectively.
Although 53% of the samples analysed had no detectable levels of AF, 4% of similar samples were found to contain AFs above
the acceptable limit of 10 μg/kg in Turkey. For OTA, 4% of the corn samples had levels above the acceptable limit (3 μg/kg)
in Turkey, with over 43% samples not found to contain this mycotoxin. Although the levels of mycotoxins analysed in this study
were not found to be high and the percentage of samples contaminated above permitted limits were low, the importance of overall
daily dietary intake should not be underestimated and control of these fungal metabolites in corn must be explored to minimise
the hazards they may cause in humans. 相似文献
5.
A survey was conducted to determine the levels of fumonisins B1 and B2 in corn and corn-based products available in Colombia
for human and animal consumption. A total of 120 samples were analyzed by acetonitrile-water extraction, cleanup with a strong-anion-exchange
column, and liquid chromatography with o-phthaldialdehyde-2-mercaptoethanol derivatization and fluorescence detection. The
samples of corn and corn-based products for animal intake were taken at different feed manufacturing plants, whereas the samples
used for human foods where purchased from local retail stores. The number of positive samples for fumonisin B1 was 20.0% higher
in corn and corn-based products for animal intake (75.0%) than in corn and corn-based products for human consumption (55.0%).
The levels of fumonisin B1 were also higher in corn and corn-based products for animal intake (mean = 694 μg/kg; range = 32–2964
μg/kg), than in corn and corn-based products for human intake (mean = 218 μg/kg; range = 24–2170 μg/ kg). The incidence and
levels of fumonisin B2 were lower than those for fumonisin B1. Corn and corn-based products for animal consumption had an
incidence of fumonisin B2 of 58.3%, with a mean value of 283 μg/kg, and a range of 44–987 μg/kg. The incidence of fumonisin
B2 in corn-based products for human intake was 35.0%, with a mean value of 118 μg/kg and a range of 21–833 μg/kg. The highest
incidence and levels of fumonisins were found in samples of hominy feed, with concentrations ranging from 86 to 2964 μg/kg
fumonisin B1 and 57 to 987 μg/kg fumonisin B2. 相似文献
6.
A method was validated for the determination of ochratoxin A (OTA) in soluble and green coffee. Performance parameters evaluated
included selectivity, accuracy, intermediate precision, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, and ruggedness.
The method was found to be selective for OTA in both matrices tested. Recovery rates from soluble coffee samples ranged from
73.5 to 91.2%, and from green coffee samples from 68.7 to 84.5%. The intermediate precision (RSDr) was between 9.1 and 9.4%
for soluble coffee and between 14.3 and 15.5% for green coffee analysis. The linearity of the standard calibration curve (r2) was <0.999 for OTA levels of 1.0–20.0 μg/kg in coffee samples. The limit of detection was determined to be 0.01 ng of OTA
on column, while the limit of quantitation was found to be 0.03 ng on column. The limit of quantitation is equivalent to 0.6
μg/kg in soluble coffee samples and 0.3 μg/kg in green coffee samples. The results of the ruggedness trial showed two factors
are critical for soluble coffee analysis: the extraction method, and the flow rate of the mobile phase. For green coffee analysis
two critical factors detected were the extraction method and the storage temperature of the immunoaffinity column.
Five samples of soluble coffee and 42 of green coffee were analysed using the validated method. All soluble coffee samples
contained OTA at levels that ranged from 8.4 to 13.9 μg/kg. Six of the 42 green coffee samples analysed (14.3%) contained
OTA at levels ranging from 0.9 to 19.4 μg/kg. The validated method can be used to monitor OTA levels in Colombian coffee for
export or for local consumption. 相似文献
7.
Farm workers are often exposed to high concentrations of airborne organic dust and fungal conidia, especially when working
with plant materials. The purpose of this investigation was to study the possibility of exposure to the mycotoxin ochratoxin
A (OTA) through inhalation of organic dust and conidia. Dust and aerosol samples were collected from three local cowsheds.
Aerosol samples for determination of total conidia and dust concentrations were collected by stationary sampling on polycarbonate
filters. Total dust was analysed by gravimetry, and conidia were counted using scanning electron microscopy. A method was
developed for extraction and determination of OTA in small samples of settled dust. OTA was extracted with a mixture of methanol,
chloroform, HCI, and water, purified on immunoaffinity column, and analysed by ion-pair HPLC with fluorescence detection.
Recovery of OTA from spiked dust samples (0.9–1.0 μg/kg) was 74% (quantitation limit 0.150 μg/kg). OTA was found in 6 out
of 14 settled dust samples (0.2–70 μg/kg). The total concentration of airborne conidia ranged from < 1.1 × 104 to 3.9 × 155 per m3, and the airborne dust concentration ranged from 0.08 to 0.21 mg/m3. Conidia collected from cultures of Penicillium verrucosum and Aspergillus ochraceus contained 0.4–0.7 and 0.02–0.06 pg OTA per conidium, respectively. Testing of conidial extracts from these fungi in a Bacillus subtilis bioassay indicated the presence of toxic compounds in addition to OTA. The results show that airborne dust and fungal conidia
can be sources of OTA. Peak exposures to airborne OTA may be significant, e.g., in agricultural environments.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
Kristina Liesener Valeriu Curtui Richard Dietrich Erwin Märtlbauer Ewald Usleber 《Mycotoxin Research》2010,26(1):23-30
A total of 62 samples of commercial horse feed preparations (complementary feeds) containing cereal mixtures (“muesli” or
mash, n = 39; pelleted feeds, n = 12), and plain horse feed grains (maize, n = 5; oats, n = 4; barley, n = 2) were purchased from 21 different producers/distributors from the German market. All samples were analysed by competitive
enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for six different mycotoxins (mycotoxin groups). Analytes (detection limit, mean recovery) were:
deoxynivalenol (DON, 10 μg/kg, 84%), zearalenone (ZEA, 5 μg/kg, 93%), fumonisin B1 (FB1, 2 μg/kg, 113%), T-2 toxin (T-2, 0.1 μg/kg, 71%), sum of T-2 + HT-2 toxin (T-2/HT2, 0.2 μg/kg, 97%), ochratoxin A (OTA, 0.2 μg/kg,
67%), and total ergot alkaloids (Generic Ergot Alkaloids “GEA”, 30 μg/kg, 132%). All samples contained DON (16–4,900 μg/kg,
median 220 μg/kg), T-2/HT-2 (0.8–230 μg/kg, median 24 μg/kg), and T-2 (0.3–91 μg/kg, median 7 μg/kg). ZEA was detected in
98% of the samples (7–310 μg/kg, median 61 μg/kg). Most samples (94%) were positive for FB1 (2–2,200 μg/kg, median 27 μg/kg). Ergot alkaloids were detected in 61% of samples (28–1,200 μg/kg, median 97 μg/kg), OTA
was found in 42% of samples (0.2–4 μg/kg, median 0.35 μg/kg). The results demonstrate that a co-contamination with several
mycotoxins is very common in commercial horse feed from the German market. The toxin concentrations were in most cases well
below the levels which are usually considered as critical or even toxic. The highest mycotoxin concentrations were mostly
found in single-grain cereal feed: the maximum values for DON and FB1 were found in maize, the highest T-2/HT-2 toxin concentrations were found in oats, and the highest concentration of ergot
alkaloids was found in barley. In composed feeds, no correlation between cereal composition and mycotoxin levels could be
found. 相似文献
9.
Twenty-one rice samples from field (ten), store (six) and market (five) from the traditional rice-growing areas of Niger State,
Nigeria were analysed for aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2), and patulin (PAT) by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) respectively. T-2
toxin was determined using TLC only. AFs were detected in all samples, at total AF concentrations of 28–372 μg/kg. OTA was
found in 66.7% of the samples, also at high concentrations (134–341 μg/kg) that have to be considered as critical levels in
aspects of nephrotoxicity. ZEA (53.4%), DON (23.8), FB1 (14.3%) and FB2 (4.8%) were also found in rice, although at relatively low levels. T-2 toxin was qualitatively detected by TLC in only one
sample. Co-contamination with AFs, OTA, and ZEA was very common, and up to five mycotoxins were detected in a single sample.
The high AF and OTA levels as found in rice in this study are regarded as unsafe, and multi-occurrences of mycotoxins in the
rice samples with possible additive or synergistic toxic effects in consumers raise concern with respect to public health. 相似文献
10.
The commercially available dog food samples (29 dry foods and 11 wet foods) were analysed for deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin
A (OTA) using ELISA. All (100%) dry foods were contaminated with DON with various amount of the toxin (22-1837 μg/kg). In
wet food 3 samples were found to be positive for DON in the range of 95-170 μg/kg. There were a few samples contaminated with
OTA: 3 samples in dry foods (7-40 μg/kg) and 2 samples in wet foods (45 and 115 μg/kg). 相似文献
11.
U. Meister 《Mycotoxin Research》2003,19(1):27-30
A new method for citrinin was developed and validated, which is based on solid phase extraction with polyamide columns and
HPLC with fluorescence detection. Sufficient skill with the method given, precise results, i.e. variation coefficients <10%,
will be achieved. The mean recovery rates were in the range 74 – 90%. The detection limits of the method determined according
to DIN 32645, at good precision, were 1 μg/kg for wheat, rye, barley, maize, and oats. The analysis of several samples containing
ochratoxin A (OTA) showed that citrinin is present in brans, wheatings and shorts containing a higher ratio of the outer layers
of the grain kernel; both OTA and citrinin were found in in cocoa shells and raisins. Citrinin was detected in 14 OTA-containing
samples (1–8 μg/kg). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that citrinin also can be determined in red mold rice according to the
new method.
Presented at the 25th Mykotoxin Workshop in Giessen, Germany, May 19–21, 2003 相似文献
12.
This study evaluated the effects of batch size on the in vitro dissolution and the in vivo bioavailability of immediate release formulations of propranolol hydrochloride and metoprolol tartrate. The formulations were manufactured as small and large batches (6 kg and 60 kg for propranolol; 14 kg and 66 kg for metoprolol), and dissolution was performed using USP Apparatus I at 100 rpm and pH 1.2. Two panels of 14 subjects each were randomly assigned to receive the small and large batches of either propranolol or metoprolol in an open randomized single-dose study. Blood samples were collected over a 24-hour (propranolol) or 18-hour (metoprolol) period and analyzed by validated methods. As determined by thef 2 metric (similarity factor), the dissolution of the small and large batches of propranolol and metoprolol was similar. The mean Cmax and AUCinf for the small batch of propranolol were 79.0 μ g/L and 536 μ g/L/hr and for the large batch they were 83.5 μ g/L and 575 μ g/L/hr. Cmax and AUCinf for the small batch of metoprolol were found to be 95.5 μ g/L and 507 μ g/L/hr and for the large batch, 95.1 μ g/L and 495 μ g/L/hr. The 90% confidence intervals for the small and large batches were within the 80% to 120% range for InCmax, and InAUCinf for both the propranolol and metoprolol formulations. These results suggest that the scale-up process does not significantly affect the bioavailability of highly soluble, highly permeable drugs and in vitro dissolution tests may be useful in predicting in vivo behavior. 相似文献
13.
Influence of storage time and moisture content on the development of ochratoxin A and citrinin in legumes kernel of ecological
and conventional provenance Mould growth can cause the occurrence of mycotoxins in grain and legumes. Less information is
known for legumes of ecological provenance. For this reason a storage trial was carried out with peas and horse beans, to
examine the production of ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CT) in legumes kernel from ecological provenance. For that purpose
kernels from legumes were remoistened to different moisture contents (MC, 14%/19%) and stored 24 weeks in a research granary
(tower silo). This experiment should simulate the storage situation in farm scale from winter to summer. Every four weeks,
the CO2-content was determined and samples taken for the analysis of moisture, OTA and CT. At week 24 and a MC of <18% 1.9 μg OTA/kg
of beans and 0.7 μg OTA/kg of peas (conventionally produced) were found.
Presented at the 28th Mykotoxin-Workshop, Bydgoszcz, Poland, May 29–31, 2006 相似文献
14.
Corn samples were collected in 1999 from three departments of Entre Réos province, Argentina, and were surveyed for mould
contamination and natural occurrence ofFusarium mycotoxins, ochratoxin A and aflatoxins.Fusarium verticillioides was the most prevalent fungal species recorded at all departments. Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A were not
found in any samples. Only one of the 52 corn samples analysed was contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (17 μg/kg). Fumonisin B1 was found in 58 % of samples (range of positive samples: 47– 3,347 μg/kg), fumonisin B2 in 33.0 % (range of positive samples: 23–537 μg/kg) and fumonisin B3 in 25.0 % (range of positive samples: 24–287 μg/kg) of them. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of mycotoxins
in corn from Entre Ríos province, Argentina. Levels of fumonisins were lower than detected in other Argentinian provinces. 相似文献
15.
Fusarium toxins are secondary metabolites produced byfungi of these genera in many commodities under certain conditions. A study was carried out to investigate the co-occurrence of
zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FB1 and FB2) in 52 samples of mixed-feed for poultry contaminated withFusarium verticillioides. The zearalenone and deoxynivalenol were checked using immunoaffinity column and the extraction of fumonisin was performed
by strong anion exchange (SAX) solid phase column. Detection and quantification were determined by high performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC). The limit of detection was 5 μg/kg for ZEN, 100 μg/kg for DON and 50 and 100 μg/kg for FB1 and FB2 respectively.Fusarium toxins were detected in 20 samples. Sixteen samples were positive for ZEN (30.7%) presenting levels that ranged from 7.4
μg/kg to 61.4 μg/kg (mean=27.0 μg/kg). 13.5% of the samples presented contaminations of DON, with levels ranging from 100.0
μg/kg to 253 μg/kg (mean=l18.07 μg/kg). FB1 was detected in 19.2% of samples, with levels ranging from 50.0 μg/kg to 110.0 μg/kg (mean=73.6 μg/kg). FB2 was not detected
in any sample. In positive samples simultaneously contamination with two or three mycotoxins were detected in 9 of them (17.3%). 相似文献
16.
Aflatoxin M1, a mutagenic and carcinogenic metabolite of aflatoxin B1, occurs in milk from animals fed on food contaminated with some species ofAspergillus. Aiming to investigate the occurrence of AFM in dairy products produced in Portugal. 598 samples of raw milk were analysed
during six years (1999–2004). 25 samples of powder milk and 42 traditional fresh cheeses were also analysed. The toxin was
extracted using an immunoaffinity column method and quantified by HPLC. AFM1 was detected in 394 (65.8%) of the raw milk samples. Along the analysed period AFM: was detected at a low level (0.005–0.05μg/l)
in 54.8% of the samples and at a level ranging from 0.041–0.05 in 2.8% of the samples. From 2001 to 2004, 49 samples (8.2%)
were contaminated with levels above the maximum permitted level (>0.051 to 0.08). None of the samples of powder milk and traditional
fresh cheese revealed to be contaminated with AFM1. 相似文献
17.
18.
A HPLC method for the determination of ergometrine, ergotamine, ergocristine, α-ergocryptine and ergocornine in cereals for
animal feed and in mixed feed with high cereal content was developed. Samples were extracted under acidic conditions using
a mixture of phosphoric acid and acetonitrile, the extract purified with solid phase extraction cartridges (strong cation
exchange), and ergot alkaloids detected after gradient elution on a C18 column by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Detection
and determination limits for each individual alkaloid were at 5 (μ/kg and 10 (μg/kg, respectively. With this method, high
recovery (82–120%) and good reproducibility was achieved for wheat, rye and mixed feeds, at a sum of total determined alkaloids
of < 500 (μg/kg. This method was used to analyse Bavarian feeds (n=124) over three years (2005–2007), and ergot alkaloids
were detected in 91 % of the samples. The majority of positive samples had ergot alkaloid contents of < 250 μg/kg, the median
alkaloid level was at 70 (μg/kg. The maximum sum of total determined alkaloids exceeded 1000 (μg/kg in wheat, triticale, rye,
and mixed feeds, the highest result was obtained for mixed feed (4880 (μg/kg).
Parts presented at the Feed Safety Conference, Namur, Belgium, Nov 27–28, 2007 相似文献
19.
Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Staple Cereals from Ethiopia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The occurrence of mycotoxins in barley, sorghum, teff (Eragrostis tef) and wheat from Ethiopia has been studied. Samples were analyzed for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and zearalenone (ZEN) using high performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) and for fumonisins (FUM) using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). AFB1 and OTA were detected in samples of
all the four crops. AFB1 was detected in 8.8% of the 352 samples analyzed at concentrations ranging from trace to 26 μg kg−1. OTA occurred in 24.3% of 321 samples at a mean concentration of 54.1 μg kg−1 and a maximum of 2106 μg kg−1. DON occurred in barley, sorghum and wheat at 40–2340 μg kg−1 with an overall incidence of 48.8% among the 84 mainly ‘suspect’ samples analyzed; NIV was co-analyzed with DON and was detected
at 40 μg kg−1 in a wheat sample and at 50, 380, and 490 μg kg−1 in three sorghum samples. FUM and ZEN occurred only in sorghum samples with low frequencies at concentrations reaching 2117
and 32 μg kg−1, respectively. The analytical results indicate higher mycotoxin contamination in sorghum, which could be related to the widespread
storage of sorghum grain in underground pits leading to elevated seed moisture contents. This is the first report on the occurrence
of OTA in teff. 相似文献
20.
Methods to determine zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxins (AF) and their metabolites in pig urine were developed
as biomarkers for pig exposure to the mycotoxins in feed. Urine samples were incubated with β-glucuronidase to cleave conjugates,
extracted and cleaned-up with solid phase and immunoaffinity columns, followed by HPLC with UV and fluorescence detection.
Good recoveries (83–130%), low variation (2–10%), and low detection limits (0.3–9.9 ng/ml) were obtained. The results of controlled
AFB1 feeding trials found no difference in urine concentrations of AFB1 or AFM1 from pigs fed three different levels (127, 227, 327 μg/kg) of AFB1 in diets. The excretion of AFB1 and AFM1 in urine was on average 30% of the oral dose and the ratio AFB1 to AFM1 was around 23%. The analysis of 15 Vietnamese pig urine samples indicate a relatively high exposure of ZEA, DON and AF, which
were found as toxin or metabolites in 47, 73, and 80% of the urine samples, respectively. 相似文献