Observations of physical abnormalities among the wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) of Wamba,Zaire

The wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) of Wamba, Zaire have an extremely high frequency of external abnormal traits. Out of 96 animals in a sample comprising all age and sex classes from two different natural groups, 46 individuals had at least one limb defect. The frequency of abnormalities was greater in males than in females, and increased directly with age. Almost all infants and juveniles had completely normal limbs, but virtually all males and over half the females which had reached their prime were found to have one or more limb defects. These findings indicate that congenital factors contribute little to the frequency of abnormalities in this sample. Survival rate is the same in individuals with defects as in those without defects. It appears that individual social status is far more important in procuring foods than locomotor ability. Thus, the operation of such abnormalities as a selective factor in intraspecific competition is minimized in the network of their social relations.     

The chromosomes ofCunninghamia konishii,C. lanceolata,andTaiwania cryptomerioides (Taxodiaceae)

Karyotype analyses were conducted onCunninghamia konishii, Cunninghamia lanceolata, andTaiwania cryptomerioides, all members ofTaxodiaceae. The somatic chromosome number was found to be 2n = 2x = 22 in all species which concurrs with previous reports. The karyotypes are generally asymmetrical with the smaller chromosomes being more submedian than the larger ones. Chromosomes with unusual or specific structures, thought to be associated with the nucleolar organizing region, were found in each species.Cunninghamia species have a marker chromosome pair with an unusually long secondary constriction.Taiwania has an unusually long kinetochore region present in a submedian chromosome pair.     

Japanese macaques form a cross-modal representation of their own species in their first year of life

We tested whether infant Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) have a cross-modal representation of their own species. We presented monkeys with a photograph of either a monkey or a human face on an LCD monitor after playing back a vocalization of one of those two species. The subjects looked at the monitor longer when a human face was presented after the monkey vocalization than when the same face was presented after human vocalization. This suggests that monkeys recall and expect a monkey’s face upon hearing a monkey’s voice.     

胎儿肢体畸形的超声诊断与染色体异常的相关性分析

目的：总结肢体畸形胎儿的超声诊断与染色体核型诊断结果,分析胎儿肢体畸形时超声诊断与染色体异常的相关性。方法：以孕18—32周的健康自愿者作为对照组（A组）,以同期超声诊断异常者作为观察组（B组）,两组均行超声及染色体检查。对比其染色体核型的检出情况;并以胎儿的超声诊断结果为自变量,以各染色体核型为因变量进行logistic回归分析。结果：A组染色体异常的检出率为2．1,与之相比,B组染色体异常检出率有明显升高,且染色体核型异常以47,XY,＋18、47,XX＋21和47,XXX为主,差异有统计学意义,P〈0．05;logistic分析结果显示,染色体核型异常与胎儿肢体比例失调、四肢短小、肢体非功能位的OR值分别为6．332、7．404、5．98l,P〈0．05,差异显著。结论：胎儿肢体畸形患者染色体异常的诊出率较健康人群明显增高,染色体核型异常与超声诊断为胎儿肢体比例失调、四肢短小、肢体非功能位的比例呈正相关。     

Species preference by infant macaques with controlled social experience

In Experiment 1, infant Japanese monkeys and rhesus monkeys were artificially reared in pairs with conspecific or heterospecific monkeys. Preferences of these monkeys for a variety of pictures of Japanese monkeys and rhesus monkeys were repeatedly tested during the first 1 or 2 years of life. The duration of lever-pressing responses to see those pictures was a measure of the preference. All monkeys, Japanese or rhesus, preferred pictures of rhesus monkeys to pictures of Japanese monkeys, without regard to their social experiences. Experiment 2, with an adult Japanese monkey as the subject, and Experiment 3, with different pictures as stimuli, suggested that this preference was not a consequence of any bias in the pictures used. In Experiment 4, a Japanese monkey reared by a rhesus foster mother and rhesus monkeys reared by Japanese monkey mothers received the same preference test. The Japanese monkey infant preferred to see pictures of rhesus monkeys. However, rhesus infants did not show clear species preferences. These results suggest that infants of both Japanese and rhesus monkeys have a native tendency to prefer to see physical characteristics of rhesus monkeys over Japanese monkeys.     

Effects of chromosome reconstruction on deletion clustering in Hordeum vulgare

Summary The barley standard karyotype, two reconstructed karyotypes with all chromosomes interdistinguishable, and four translocation lines were treated with maleic hydrazide. A specific chromosomal site in satellite chromosome 7 (segment 44 adjacent to the nucleolus organizer region) of the standard karyotype was found to represent a deletion hot spot. A sample of specifically reconstructed karyotypes were used to check whether or not transposition of the hot spot region, or changes of its neighborhood, would affect its involvement in deletions. One of the seven karyotypes (translocation line T 505 with a pair of chromosomes having both nucleolus organizer regions and satellites in opposite arms) was without deletion clustering in segment 44. At the same time, a prominent Giemsa band close to the secondary constriction was absent from segment 44. These data show that the involvement in deletions of a certain chromosome segment is modifiable in certain cases by chromosome reconstruction. Similar observations have been made in Vicia faba.     

Hb bali (Macaca) β80 (EF 4) Asn→Lys: The first hemoglobin variant found in the crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis) on Bali Island,Indonesia

A variant hemoglobin due to structural change in the β chain was found in the central part of Bali island, Indonesia, during field studies on the genetic variation of the Indonesian crabeating monkey (Macaca fascicularis), and was named Hb Bali (Macaca). Structural analysis yielded the following results. (1) The amino acid sequence of the normal β chain of the crab-eating monkey coincided with that of the Japanese monkey (M. fuscata) and the pig-tailed monkey (M. nemestrina). (2) Asn at the 80th position from the amino terminal of the β chain was substituted by Lys in Hb Bali. This substitution appeared to have little harmful effect on the carrier, since the hematological characteristics of the heterozygous carriers were not different from those of normal individuals.     

The chromosome complement of the Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) determined in kidney cells cultivated in vitro

Summary The chromosome complement of male and female Rhesus monkey has been investigated in kidney cells cultivatedin vitro for 3 to 6 days. The chromosome number is 42. The Y chromosome of the heterogametic male is the smallest element in the complement, and it is acrocentric. The X chromosome ranks eigth in decreasing order of size and typically has an arm ratio of 1.4. The autosomes form a graded size series of metacentric chromosomes, 3–15μ long in early metaphase, and with arm ratios from 1.1 to 3.3. Chromosome IX carries a large secondary constriction near the centromere; it is presumed to be the main nucleolar chromosome. A smaller secondary constriction is found consistently in the long arm of chromosome I. The X chromosome and chromosome XXI appear to be dimorphic in the limited population studied, the alternative forms differing in arm ratios but not in total length. An idiogram of the haploid chromosome complement is presented incorporating measurements of 10 completely analyzed nuclei, five from male monkeys and five from females. On the basis of relative length, arm ratio, and occurrence of secondary constrictions, most chromosomes of the complement can be individually identified. Supported in part by grants from the National Cancer Institute of Canada; the National Institutes of Health of the United States, Public Health Service; and the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis.     

我国原生植物假泽兰(菊科)的细胞学研究

该文研究了我国原生植物假泽兰(Mikania cordata)台湾花莲居群、苗栗居群、宜兰居群以及台北居群的染色体数目和染色体形态。结果表明:所有居群的染色体数目为2n=36,第一对染色体为近中部着丝粒染色体,其长臂中部具有次缢痕,显著大于其余染色体。各居群的核型公式皆为2n=18m+18sm,核型均为2B型,染色体内不对称性指数(A_1)的变化范围为0.38~0.39,染色体之间不对称性指数(A_2)的变化范围为0.30~0.32。此为我国假泽兰居群染色体数目的唯一报道,也是对该种核型的首次报道。结合前人对假泽兰染色体数目的研究结果,认为假泽兰存在种内非整倍性现象,但在中国台湾的居群中目前仅发现基于x=18的二倍体(2n=36)。假泽兰的第一对染色体的长臂中部具次缢痕,与假泽兰属已报道的核型相似,这一次缢痕可作为假泽兰属的细胞学标记。核型资料、野外观察以及ISSR数据显示薇甘菊(M.micrantha)在我国的成功入侵与入侵种和本土种之间的杂交渐渗无关。根据标本记录和野外考察结果,我国假泽兰现在的分布区与过去相比有了很大的缩减,推测生境的破坏和薇甘菊的侵入可能是导致假泽兰在中国台湾地区逐渐消失的主要原因。     

Annual changes in hair length of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata fuscata)

The hair length of Japanese monkeys was investigated for a period of one year and the molting phenomenon was clarified. Nine monkeys were employed in the study. The molting of the Japanese monkey was found to be of a seasonal type and occurred once during the year. The molting continued for one to four months in each monkey. The hair of the Japanese monkeys was wholly replaced during the period from April to August. The hair length was thus short in summer, and long in winter. Hair replacement in pregnant females began after parturition and was generally later than that in other individuals. During molting, both new and old hairs could be observed simultaneously in the same region of the body. The hair replacement ended around summer when the hair became the shortest. The new hairs continued to grow after molting and became the longest towards autumn or winter. Thus, the summer coat and the winter coat were essentially the same in the Japanese monkey. Such annual changes in the hair of the Japanese monkey were considered to be suitable for the climate of Japan.     

Vocal individual discrimination in Japanese monkeys

The present study determines which features of the coo call are used by Japanese monkeys Macaca fuscata for vocal individual discrimination. First, two female Japanese monkeys were trained to discriminate conspecific individuals vocally, using an operant conditioning. Using as stimuli three unknown individuals with 30 calls per individual, the two monkeys succeeded in discriminating new call exemplars from the three stimulus individuals. A discriminant analysis performed on calls used as stimuli indicated that start frequency of the fundamental and call duration were variables that can differentiate individuals efficiently. Then, playbacks of acoustically modified signals were used to indicate which vocal features are used by monkeys for the individual discrimination. Stimuli signals containing modified pitch or duration, or filtered so as to keep only the fundamental component, were tested. Results indicated that Japanese monkeys use multiple acoustical cues to perform vocal individual discrimination, including at least pitch, call duration, and harmonics. However, harmonics seem to be less important for discrimination than pitch and call duration.     

Characterization of obesity in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) in a pedigreed colony

BACKGROUND: Japanese monkey, Macaca fuscata, is recognized as the monkey species inhabiting the northernmost area in the world, and thus likely to possess unique fat-depositing mechanisms to resist cold weather in winter. We report that obese females are present in the Wakasa group of Japanese monkey reared in an open enclosure of the Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University. METHODS AND RESULTS: Eight of 12 females were categorized as obese, showing percentage body fat of over 22%. The levels of serum leptin (mean +/- SD, 4.9 +/- 2.3 ng/ml) measured in these obese monkeys were significantly higher than those of non-obese peers of the same group (n = 4; 1.2 +/- 0.5 ng/ml) and another Japanese monkey group (Takahama, n = 14; 0.8 +/- 0.25 ng/ml); however, serum levels of adiponectin, insulin, glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and fructosamine did not differ between obese and non-obese monkeys. Few serum lipid parameters such as triglyceride and cholesterol showed lower levels in obese monkeys than their non-obese peers. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that these obese monkeys in the Wakasa group have not developed obesity-related diseases/disorders such as diabetes. In the Wakasa group, the frequency of obese individuals was high in some maternal lineages, suggesting that genetic factors responsible for obesity may have been inherited in these lineages.     

Physical mapping of rDNA sequences in four karyotypes of Ranunculus silerifolius (Ranunculaceae)

The chromosomal locations of the 18S-5.8S-26S rDNA and 5S rDNA sequences were examined in four cytotypes of Ranunculus silerifolius (the Matsuyama, Mugi, Otaru, and Karatsu types) using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Using the 18S-5.8S-26S rDNA probe, one pair of probe hybridization sites was detected by FISH in the interstitial region corresponding to the secondary constriction on the short arm of a satellite chromosome (chromosome pair 6) in all four karyotypes. FISH using 5S rDNA identified one pair of sites. The 5S rDNA locus was on different chromosomes in the four karyotypes: in the interstitial region of the short arm of the largest metacentric chromosome (chromosome pair 1) in the Matsuyama type, in the interstitial region of the short arm of the subtelocentric chromosome (pair 2) in the Mugi and Otaru types, and in the interstitial region of the short arm of the metacentric chromosome (pair 2) in the Karatsu type. This physical mapping of the 5S rDNA provides valuable information about karyotype evolution in R. silerifolius. Possible mechanisms of chromosome evolution are discussed.     

我国入侵植物薇甘菊(菊科)的细胞学研究

为了解入侵植物薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)的细胞学特性,研究了薇甘菊在我国广东东南部4居群和台湾2居群的染色体数目和染色体形态。结果表明,所有居群的薇甘菊染色体数目均为2n=36,第一对染色体为近中部着丝粒染色体,其长臂中部具有次缢痕,显著大于其余染色体。广东深圳大学和深圳水库居群的核型公式为2n=20m+14sm+2st;广东汕头、阳江和台湾屏东居群为2n=22m+12sm+2st;台湾宜兰居群为2n=18m+16sm+2st。此前有报道薇甘菊深圳大学居群的染色体数目为2n=38,推断为制片过程中第一对染色体从次缢痕处断裂而导致的计数错误。因此,薇甘菊虽存在非整倍性和多倍性变化,但在广东东南部和台湾的入侵居群中目前仅发现基于x=18的二倍体(2n=36),该种在这些地区的成功入侵与多倍性无关。     

Utilization of wild relatives in genetic improvement of Arachis hypogaea L.

Summary The chromosome complements of 12 taxa in section Arachis were karyotypically and meiotically analysed. In taxa with 2n=20 the arm ratio of the respective pair of chromosomes was taken as an independent quantitative character and statistically analysed by Mahalanobis D². Two clusters were formed, one represented solely by A. batizocoi and the other consisting of the remaining 11 taxa. This grouping was confirmed by canonical analysis. In the larger group of species, A villosa and A. correntina were closely related karyotypically and on D² distance, while A. cardenasii forms a distinct subgroup. A. cardenasii lacks the short A chromosome recorded in other species of this group, and A. batizocoi is no longer the only species to have a pair of chromosomes with a secondary constriction. The taxa with 2n=40, A. monticola and A. hypogaea, are karyotypically very similar, though there is a difference in the number of chromosome pairs with a secondary constriction. On the basis of karyomorphological affinity, especially in relation to marker chromosomes, A. cardenasii is probably one of the ancestors of the tetraploid species studied.Approved as ICRISAT Journal Article No. 169 and released for publication     

Karyotypes, chromosome bands and genome size variation in New Zealand endemic gymnosperms

Karyotype studies on 20 taxa of gymnosperms endemic to New Zealand show a wide diversity of chromosome number and form. Fluorochrome banding with DAPI and CMA reveals a depauperate pattern of bands with CMA and no reliable banding with DAPI. Characteristically one pair of chromosomes shows a prominent CMA band, which may or may not be associated with a secondary constriction. A band size polymorphism was observed in all plants ofDacrycarpus dacrydioides, irrespective of the sex of the plant. Measurements of genome size by flow cytometry show a range of values from 12.3 pg to 40.0 pg DNA per 2C nucleus. Intraspecific variation in genome size was observed inManoao colensoi.     

Kinematic analysis of bipedal locomotion of a Japanese macaque that lost its forearms due to congenital malformation

Spontaneously acquired bipedal locomotion of an untrained Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) is measured and compared with the elaborated bipedal locomotion of highly trained monkeys to assess the natural ability of a quadrupedal primate to walk bipedally. The subject acquired bipedalism by himself because of the loss of his forearms and hands due to congenital malformation. Two other subjects are performing monkeys that have been extensively trained for bipedal posture and locomotion. We videotaped their bipedal locomotion with two cameras in a lateral view and calculated joint angles (hip, knee, and ankle) and inertial angle of the trunk from the digitized joint positions. The results show that all joints are relatively more flexed in the untrained monkey. Moreover, it is noted that the ankle is less plantar flexed and the knee is more flexed in mid-to-late stance phase in the untrained monkey, suggesting that the trunk is not lifted up to store potential energy. In the trained monkeys, the joints are extended to bring the trunk as high as possible in the stance phase, and then stored potential energy is exchanged for kinetic energy to move forward. The efficient inverted pendulum mechanism seems to be absent in the untrained monkeys locomotion, implying that acquisition of such efficient bipedal locomotion is not a spontaneous ability for a Japanese monkey. Rather, it is probably a special skill that can only be acquired through artificial training for an inherently quadrupedal primate.This revised version was published online in April 2005 with corrections to the cover date of the issue.     

水貂的染色体研究

采用复制带、C带和硝酸银染色等分带技术研究了水貂的核型和带型。结果表明,2n=30,枝型为10（M）＋16（SM）＋2（A）,XX（M）。C-带显示该水貂的一些染色体的结构异染色质比较丰富,从着丝粒区域延伸到两臂上,No.5染色体着丝粒结构异染色质有些弱化;X染色体的结构异染色质较常染色体的丰富。Ag-NORs有3个,分布在No.8染色体的次缢痕区域和一条No.2染色体长臂接近着丝粒的区域。     

Cytogenetic analysis of three species of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haemulon</Emphasis> (Teleostei: Haemulinae) from Margarita Island,Venezuela

This paper describes the karyotype analysis of Haemulon aurolineatum, Haemulon bonariensis and Haemulon plumierii, by Giemsa staining, C-banding, Ag-staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), to locate the 18S and 5S rRNA genes. Diploid modal count in the three species was 2n = 48 acrocentric elements. Except for pair 24, which exhibited an unmistakable secondary constriction in all three species, it was not possible to classify them as homologous to each other because differences in chromosome size were too slight between adjacent pairs within a size-graded series. Ag-NOR clusters were located in pair 24 in the three species with signal located on the secondary constriction of these chromosomes. C-banding demonstrated that the three species share the same distribution pattern of the constitutive heterochromatin with centromeric heterochromatic blocks in the 23 chromosome pairs and a pericentromeric block in pair 24 which is coincident with the NORs. FISH experiments showed that 18S rDNA sequences were located coincident with the Ag-NOR site in the three species; however, differences in both the number and chromosome distribution of 5S-rDNA cluster were detected among them. Our data suggest that chromosome evolution of Haemulon has been preserved from major changes in the karyotypic macrostructure, whereas microstructural changes have occurred.     

Karyotype and genomic in situ hybridization pattern in ×Brassicoraphanus, an intergeneric hybrid between Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis and Raphanus sativus

The karyotype and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) of an intergeneric hybrid Baemoochae, ×Brassicoraphanus, which originated from hybridization between Chinese cabbage, Brassica campestris (synonym, rapa) ssp. pekinensis, and radish, Raphanus sativus, were analyzed to determine its chromosome complement. In the karyotype analysis, B. campestris was verified to have 2n = 20 chromosomes, including a particular pair of the subtelomeric chromosomes with the nucleolar organizer; R. sativus to have 2n = 18 chromosomes, including a particular pair of the submetacentric chromosomes with the secondary constriction of nucleolar organizer; and ×Brassicoraphanus to have 2n = 38 chromosomes, including both the subtelomeric chromosomes of Brassica and the secondary constriction chromosome pair of Raphanus. These findings indicate that ×Brassicoraphanus is a polyploid between Brassica and Raphanus. In the GISH analysis using chromosomes of B. campestris and R. sativus as the probe and blocking DNA, respectively, only 20 chromosomes of Brassica had hybridization signals. This result reveals that ×Brassicoraphanus is an intergeneric hybrid consisting of the complete genomes of both Brassica and Raphanus. However, the nucleolar organizers of Brassica and Raphanus were not identified because the hybridization signals appeared to be centering mainly around the centromere, becoming weak at the edges.