共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
J.Michael Elliott Mark Ultsch Joshua Lee Raymond Tong Kentaro Takeda Christoph Spiess Charles Eigenbrot Justin M. Scheer 《Journal of molecular biology》2014
Bispecific antibody and antibody-like molecules are of wide interest as potential therapeutics that can recognize two distinct targets. Among the variety of ways such molecules have been engineered is by creating “knob” and “hole” heterodimerization sites in the CH3 domains of two antibody heavy chains. The molecules produced in this manner maintain their biological activities while differing very little from the native human IgG sequence. To better understand the knob-into-hole interface, the molecular mechanism of heterodimerization, and to engineer Fc domains that could improve the assembly and purity of heterodimeric reaction products, we sought crystal structures of aglycosylated heterodimeric and homodimeric “knob” and “hole” Fc fragments derived from bacterial expression. The structure of the knob-into-hole Fc was determined at 2.64 Å. Except for the sites of mutation, the structure is very similar to that of the native human IgG1 Fc, consistent with a heterodimer interaction kinetic KD of < 1 nM. Homodimers of the “knob” and “hole” mutants were also obtained, and their X-ray structures were determined at resolutions 2.5 Å and 2.1 Å, respectively. Both kinds of homodimers adopt a head-to-tail quaternary structure and thus do not contain direct knob/knob or hole/hole CH3 interactions. The head-to-tail arrangement was disfavored by adding site-directed mutations at F241 and F243 in the CH2 domains, leading to increases in both rate and efficiency of bispecific (heterodimer) assembly. 相似文献
3.
Jeffrey P. Chanton Timothy J. Arkebauer Harmon S. Harden Shashi B. Verma 《Biogeochemistry》2002,59(3):287-301
We tested the hypothesis that the diurnal patterns of variationin lacunal gas concentrations and isotopic fractionationpreviously reported in a single plant genera (Typha)typified the patterns of all through-flow convective plantsby extending our observations to Phragmites australisCav. In daylight, Phragmites CH4 transport isdriven by internal pressurization which results in gas flowdown young green culms and its exit from one year old deadbrown culms. Flow rates of 10.4 ± 4.0 mL min–1 weremeasured in this study. At night, CH4 is transportedfrom the sediments to the atmosphere via the lacunal plantspaces by molecular diffusion. Within green culms, lacunalCH4 concentrations varied by a factor of 1000, from 3%(parts by volume) pre-dawn to lows of 25 ppmv during midday.Methane in brown culms varied by a factor of 10 diurnally,from 5% pre-dawn to 0.3% at midday. Lacunal CO2concentrations varied similarly.Concentrations of both gases varied inversely with lacunalpressure. In green culms, large isotopic fractionations wereobserved in CH4 and CO2 in the morning and eveningduring transitions in gas transport mode and were associatedwith slight downward flows counter to the upward diffusionof these gases. Methane 13C as depletedas –100 was observed. In daylight, lacunal CH4 wassimilar to or 13C depleted relative to sedimentary andemitted CH4 isotopic values, but at night lacunalCH4 was 13C enriched relative to sedimentarymethane. Overall, the diurnal variations of CH4concentration and 13C value inPhragmiteswere similar to those observed in Typha andindicate that these patterns should be consistent in otherconvective-flow plants. Furthermore, our results demonstratethat the large isotopic fractionations found in aquaticplants can result solely from isotopic fractionationassociated with gas transport. 相似文献
4.
5.
Pavla Čapková Daniel Janeba Ludvík Beneš Klára Melánová Henk Schenk 《Journal of molecular modeling》1998,4(4):150-157
Molecular mechanics simulations using Cerius2 combined with X-ray diffraction and supported with vibrational spectroscopy have been used to investigate the layered structure of vanadyl phosphate VOPO4 intercalated with ethanol. This intercalated structure exhibits certain degree of disorder, which affects the diffraction diagram and obstructs the conventional structure analysis based on diffraction methods only. Present structure analysis is focused to the crystal packing in the interlayer space and layer stacking in the intercalate. The bilayer arrangement of ethanol molecules in the interlayer has been found, giving the basal spacing d = 13.21 Å, experimental d-value obtained from X-ray diffraction is 13.17 Å. One half from the total number of CH3CH2OH molecules is anchored with their oxygens to VOPO4 layers to complete vanadium octahedra and their orientation is not very strictly defined. The second half of ethanoles is linked with hydrogen bridges to the anchored etahanoles and sometimes also to the layer oxygens. Positions and orientations of these unachored ethanoles with respect to VOPO4 layers exhibit certain degree of disorder, resulting in the disorder in layer stacking. Molecular mechanics simulations revealed the character of this displacement disorder in layer stacking and enabled to determine the components of the displacement vector. 相似文献
6.
The structural, mechanical, electronic, and optical properties of orthorhombic Bi2S3 and Bi2Se3 compounds have been investigated by means of first principles calculations. The calculated lattice parameters and internal coordinates are in very good agreement with the experimental findings. The elastic constants are obtained, then the secondary results such as bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, anisotropy factor, and Debye temperature of polycrystalline aggregates are derived, and the relevant mechanical properties are also discussed. Furthermore, the band structures and optical properties such as real and imaginary parts of dielectric functions, energy-loss function, the effective number of valance electrons, and the effective optical dielectric constant have been computed. We also calculated some nonlinearities for Bi2S3 and Bi2Se3 (tensors of elasto-optical coefficients) under pressure. Figure
Energy spectra of dielectric function and energy-loss function (L) along the x- and z-axes for Bi2S3 相似文献
7.
8.
9.
Torben R. Christensen Nicolai Panikov Mihail Mastepanov Anna Joabsson Angela Stewart Mats Öquist Martin Sommerkorn Sebastian Reynaud Bo Svensson 《Biogeochemistry》2003,64(3):337-354
Wetlands are significant sources of the important greenhouse gas CH4. Here we explore the use of an experimental system developed for the determination of continuous fluxes of CO2 and CH4 in closed ecosystem monoliths including the capture of 14CO2 and 14CH4 following pulse labelling with 14CO2. We show that, in the ecosystem studied, ebullition (bubble emission) may account for 18 to 50% of the total CH4 emission, representing fluxes that have been difficult to estimate accurately in the past. Furthermore, using plant removal and 14C labelling techniques, we use the system to detail the direct influence of vascular plants on CH4 emission. This influence is observed to be dependent on the amount of vascular plants present. The results that may be produced using the presented experimental set-up have implications for an improved understanding of wetland ecosystem/atmosphere interactions, including possible feedback effects on climate change. In recent years much attention has been devoted to ascertaining and subsequently using the relationship between net ecosystem productivity and CH4 emission as a basis for extrapolation of fluxes across large areas. The experimental system presented may be used to study the complex relationship between vascular plants and CH4 emission and here we show examples of how this may vary considerably in nature between and even within ecosystems. 相似文献
10.
P2X受体是非选择性阳离子通道,广泛分布于中枢及外周神经系统。近年来,本实验室侧重研究重金属、质子、酒精等对P2X2和P2X4受体的调制。研究发现不同的因素对同一种受体介导的ATP-激活电流有不同的调制作用,如增强效应、抑制效应或者两种效应兼有,而且同一种因素对这两种受体的调制效应也不相同。因此,我们推测P2X受体上存在不同的结合位点,本文主要阐述P2X2和P2X4受体不同的调制位点。 相似文献
11.
Wen Guo Xu Yuan Chun Zhang Shi Xiang Lu Rui Chun Zhang 《Journal of molecular modeling》2009,15(11):1329-1336
The equilibrium geometries, total energies, and vibrational frequencies of anions X2Y2
− (X = C, Si, Ge and Y = N, P, As) are theoretically investigated with density functional theory (DFT) method. Our calculation
shows that for C2N2
− species, the D
2h
isomer is the most stable four-membered structure, and for other species the C
2v
isomer in which two X atoms are contrapuntal is the most stable structure at the B3LYP/6-311 +G* level. Wiberg bond index (WBI) and negative nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) value indicate the existence of delocalization
in stable X2Y2
− structures. A detailed molecular orbital (MO) analysis further reveals that stable isomers of these species have strongly
aromatic character, which strengthens the structural stability and makes them closely connected with the concept of aromaticity. 相似文献
12.
Subramanyam C Duplantier AJ Dombroski MA Chang SP Gabel CA Whitney-Pickett C Perregaux DG Labasi JM Yoon K Shepard RM Fisher M 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2011,21(18):5475-5479
The discovery, of a series of 2-Cl-5-heteroaryl-benzamide antagonists of the P2X(7) receptor via parallel medicinal chemistry is described. Initial analogs suffered from poor metabolic stability and low Vd(ss). Multi parametric optimization led to identification of pyrazole 39 as a viable lead with excellent potency and oral bioavailability. Further attempts to improve the low Vd(ss) of 39 via introduction of amines led to analogs 40 and 41 which maintained the favorable pharmacology profile of 39 and improved Vd(ss) after iv dosing. But these analogs suffered from poor oral absorption, probably driven by poor permeability. 相似文献
13.
Osamu Takahashi Katsuyoshi Yamasaki Kazuyoshi Ueda Motohiro Nishio 《Carbohydrate research》2009,344(10):1225-1056
Ab initio MO calculations were carried out at the MP4/6-311++G(3df,3pd)//MP2/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level to investigate the conformational Gibbs energy of a series of methyl ethers CH3O-CH2-X (X = OH, OCH3, F, Cl, Br, CN, CCH, C6H5, CHO). It was found that the Gibbs energy of the gauche conformers is lower in every case than that of the corresponding anti conformers. In the more stable gauche conformers, the interatomic distance between X and the hydrogen atom was shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii. The natural bonding orbital (NBO) charges of group X were more negative in the gauche conformers than in the anti conformers. We suggest that the CH/n and CH/π hydrogen bonds play an important role in stabilizing the gauche conformation of these compounds. 相似文献
14.
15.
N2O和CH4是2种重要的温室气体,但其排放源尚未得到充分鉴别.1990年和2006年先后报道植物能排放N2O和CH4,并日益受到广泛的关注.然而,迄今为止对植物排放这2种气体的研究均是分开单独进行的.该文以8种陆生草本植物为研究对象,首次同步考察了新鲜离体植物地上部排放N2O和CH4的通量.研究结果表明:8种植物均能排放这2种气体.其中,黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、抱茎苦荬菜(Ixendium sonchifolium)和菠菜(Spinacia oleracea)的CH4通量较高,分别为165.38、52.28和21.64 ngCH4.g-1dw·h-1;抱茎苦荬菜、蒙古蒿(Artemisia mongolica)、大豆(Glycine max)和菠菜的N2O通量较高,分别为7.19、6.92、5.44和4.05 ngN2O·g-1dw.h-1.研究结果不仅为植物本身既能排放N2O又能排放CH4在植物中可能具有普遍性提供了进一步的实验依据,而且为深入研究其机理找到了几种适宜的植物种(如抱茎苦荬菜、菠菜). 相似文献
16.
植物排放N2O和CH4的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
N2O和CH4是2种重要的温室气体, 但其排放源尚未得到充分鉴别。1990年和2006年先后报道植物能排放N2O和CH4, 并日益受到广泛的关注。然而, 迄今为止对植物排放这2种气体的研究均是分开单独进行的。该文以8种陆生草本植物为研究对象, 首次同步考察了新鲜离体植物地上部排放N2O和CH4的通量。研究结果表明: 8种植物均能排放这2种气体。其中, 黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、抱茎苦荬菜(Ixeridium sonchifolium)和菠菜(Spinacia oleracea)的CH4通量较高, 分别为165.38、
52.28和21.64 ngCH4·g–1dw·h–1; 抱茎苦荬菜、蒙古蒿(Artemisia mongolica)、大豆(Glycine max)和菠菜的N2O通量较高, 分别为7.19、6.92、5.44和4.05 ngN2O·g–1dw·h–1。研究结果不仅为植物本身既能排放N2O又能排放CH4在植物中可能具有普遍性提供了进一步的实验依据, 而且为深入研究其机理找到了几种适宜的植物种(如抱茎苦荬菜、菠菜)。 相似文献
17.
18.
Vessey DA Li L Kelley M 《American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology》2011,301(3):H881-H887
Protection of the heart from ischemia-reperfusion injury can be achieved by ischemic preconditioning and ischemic postconditioning. Previous studies revealed that a complex of pannexin-1 with the P2X(7) receptor forms a channel during ischemic preconditioning and ischemic postconditioning that results in the release of endogenous cardioprotectants. ATP binds to P2X(7) receptors, inducing the formation of a channel in association with pannexin-1. We hypothesized that this channel would provide a pathway for the release of these same cardioprotectants. Preconditioning-isolated perfused rat hearts with 0.4 μM ATP preceding 40 min of ischemia minimized infarct size upon subsequent reperfusion (5% of risk area) and resulted in >80% recovery of left ventricular developed pressure. Postconditioning with ATP after ischemia during reperfusion was also protective (6% infarct and 72% recovery of left ventricular developed pressure). Antagonists of both pannexin-1 (carbenoxolone and mefloquine) and P2X(7) receptors (brilliant blue G and A438079) blocked ATP pre- and postconditioning, indicating that ATP protection was elicited via the opening of a pannexin-1/P2X(7) channel. An antagonist of binding of the endogenous cardioprotectant sphingosine 1-phosphate to its G protein-coupled receptor diminished protection by ATP, which is also consistent with an ATP-dependent release of cardioprotectants. Suramin, an antagonist of binding of ATP (and ADP) to P2Y receptors, was without effect on ATP protection. Benzoyl benzoyl-ATP, a more specific P2X(7) agonist, was also a potent pre- and postconditioning agent and sensitive to blockade by pannexin-1/P2X(7) channel antagonists. The data point out for the first time the potential of P2X(7) agonists as cardioprotectants. 相似文献
19.
20.
Jon R. Ward Peter W. West Mark P. Ariaans Lisa C. Parker Sheila E. Francis David C. Crossman Ian Sabroe Heather L. Wilson 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2010,285(30):23147-23158
The processing and regulated secretion of IL-1β are critical points of control of the biological activity of this important pro-inflammatory cytokine. IL-1β is produced by both monocytes and macrophages, but the rate and mechanism of release differ according to the differentiation status and the origin of these cells. We aimed to study the control of processing and release in human blood monocytes and human monocyte-derived macrophages. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced IL-1β production and release were investigated for dependence upon caspase-1, P2X7 receptor activation, and loss of membrane asymmetry associated with microvesicle shedding. TLR agonists induced P2X7 receptor-dependent IL-1β release in both monocytes and macrophages; however, only monocytes also showed P2X7 receptor-independent release of mature IL-1β. Furthermore, in monocytes ATP-mediated PS exposure could be activated independently of IL-1β production. Release of IL-1β from monocytes showed selectivity for specific TLR agonists and was accelerated by P2X7 receptor activation. Human monocytes released more IL-1β/cell than macrophages. These data have important implications for inflammatory diseases that involve monocyte activation and IL-1 release. 相似文献