Background
With the rapid advancement of array-based genotyping techniques, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified common genetic variants associated with common complex diseases. However, it has been shown that only a small proportion of the genetic etiology of complex diseases could be explained by the genetic factors identified from GWAS. This missing heritability could possibly be explained by gene-gene interaction (epistasis) and rare variants. There has been an exponential growth of gene-gene interaction analysis for common variants in terms of methodological developments and practical applications. Also, the recent advancement of high-throughput sequencing technologies makes it possible to conduct rare variant analysis. However, little progress has been made in gene-gene interaction analysis for rare variants.Results
Here, we propose GxGrare which is a new gene-gene interaction method for the rare variants in the framework of the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis. The proposed method consists of three steps; 1) collapsing the rare variants, 2) MDR analysis for the collapsed rare variants, and 3) detect top candidate interaction pairs. GxGrare can be used for the detection of not only gene-gene interactions, but also interactions within a single gene. The proposed method is illustrated with 1080 whole exome sequencing data of the Korean population in order to identify causal gene-gene interaction for rare variants for type 2 diabetes.Conclusion
The proposed GxGrare performs well for gene-gene interaction detection with collapsing of rare variants. GxGrare is available at http://bibs.snu.ac.kr/software/gxgrare which contains simulation data and documentation. Supported operating systems include Linux and OS X.Background
Whole genome sequencing of bisulfite converted DNA (‘methylC-seq’) method provides comprehensive information of DNA methylation. An important application of these whole genome methylation maps is classifying each position as a methylated versus non-methylated nucleotide. A widely used current method for this purpose, the so-called binomial method, is intuitive and straightforward, but lacks power when the sequence coverage and the genome-wide methylation level are low. These problems present a particular challenge when analyzing sparsely methylated genomes, such as those of many invertebrates and plants.Results
We demonstrate that the number of sequence reads per position from methylC-seq data displays a large variance and can be modeled as a shifted negative binomial distribution. We also show that DNA methylation levels of adjacent CpG sites are correlated, and this similarity in local DNA methylation levels extends several kilobases. Taking these observations into account, we propose a new method based on Bayesian classification to infer DNA methylation status while considering the neighborhood DNA methylation levels of a specific site. We show that our approach has higher sensitivity and better classification performance than the binomial method via multiple analyses, including computational simulations, Area Under Curve (AUC) analyses, and improved consistencies across biological replicates. This method is especially advantageous in the analyses of sparsely methylated genomes with low coverage.Conclusions
Our method improves the existing binomial method for binary methylation calls by utilizing a posterior odds framework and incorporating local methylation information. This method should be widely applicable to the analyses of methylC-seq data from diverse sparsely methylated genomes. Bis-Class and example data are provided at a dedicated website (http://bibs.snu.ac.kr/software/Bisclass).Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-608) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献Objective: To assess oral riboflavin is an adherence marker.
Methods: Riboflavin was incorporated into active treatment and placebo pills for a clinical trial lasting for 2 years.
Results: The accuracy (area under the receiver operating curve) of urinary riboflavin was 0.91 as a binary classifier of adherence, and was similar or better than for two active study ingredients daidzein (0.92) and genistein (0.87) (all p?<?0.0001). Decreased adherence over time was similar in the two study groups.
Conclusion: Riboflavin is an accurate and useful biomarker for study pill ingestion. 相似文献
Methods: Lp-PLA2 activity was measured in 2538 CHD patients included in the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) study.
Results: Adjusting for patient characteristics and traditional risk factors, 1 standard deviation of Lp-PLA2 was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.12 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00–1.25) for mortality and 1.03 (0.93–1.14) for cardiovascular events. Lp-PLA2 did not significantly improve model discrimination, or calibration nor result in noteworthy reclassification.
Conclusions: Our results do not support added value of Lp-PLA2 for predicting cardiovascular events or mortality among CHD patients beyond traditional risk factor. 相似文献
Methods: A literature search of the electronic databases Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov was performed in order to identify studies investigating the utility of PAPP-A to predict mortality and adverse cardiovascular events in patients with chest pain.
Results: Eight studies met our inclusion criteria. Five of these studies pertained to patients with confirmed ischemic chest pain, while the rest included patients presenting with chest pain possibly due to acute coronary syndrome, irrespectively of the underlying cause. Although the results for long-term events were inconclusive in both groups of patients, higher PAPP-A concentrations were found to be a significant predictor of short-term adverse events in patients with confirmed ischemic chest pain.
Conclusions: PAPP-A appears to be a potentially useful biomarker for short-term risk stratification of patients presenting with chest pain of ischemic origin. However, there is an eminent need for more standardized clinical studies investigating the prognostic value of this biomarker. 相似文献
Objective: To evaluate the relationship between sCD40l and survival, CVE and mortality in HD patients on long-term follow-up.
Methods: We registered 46?HD patients’ baseline characteristics, mortality and CVE for 108 months.
Results: SCD40l correlated positively with C-reactive protein, was higher in survivors, but had no impact on survival and was not predictive for CVE or CV mortality.
Conclusion: The levels of sCD40l have no influence on survival or CVE and mortality in HD patients in a long-term follow-up. 相似文献
Aims To investigate the incidence, distribution and foraging implications of Northern Gannet rafting behaviour in waters adjacent to a large colony.
Methods Using bird-borne global positioning system (GPS) loggers we reconstructed at-sea movement and used a speed filter to identify rafting behaviour within 10?km of the colony. We mapped the spatial distribution of rafting events from 160 breeding individuals over 5 years, and investigated the relationship between foraging effort (trip duration and total distance travelled) and the presence/absence of rafting.
Results On average, 74% of tracked birds engaged in rafting. Of the 381 foraging trips analysed, rafting was recorded on 237 (62%). Birds were more likely to raft on outbound (224 trips, 59%), than inbound journeys (38 trips, 10%). Presence/absence of rafting did not correlate significantly with foraging trip distance or duration nor with duration of nest attendance. The majority of rafting was concentrated in a 2-km radius around the colony within a recently designated seaward SPA extension. Birds showed low individual repeatability in rafting, although there was lower variation within, than among, individuals.
Conclusion Our results show that rafting is important for breeding gannets on Grassholm, and a recently designated at-sea SPA encapsulates the core distribution of rafting. Rafting did not appear to be correlated with foraging behaviour. Given the dearth of literature on rafting and the wealth of GPS tracking data for seabirds, we suggest that similar research be conducted elsewhere to further elucidate the ecological and applied significance of this behaviour. 相似文献
Methods: We performed an observational study at the University of Kentucky with 61 participants who underwent first-time LVAD implantation. Blood was collected at baseline and post-op days 0, 1, 3 and 6 as well as clinical follow-up. Demographics, clinical characteristics, one-year adverse events and routine laboratory data were collected from electronic medical records. Platelet function and plasma biomarkers were profiled.
Results: Evaluation of routine laboratory results revealed that sustained thrombocytopenia and increased mean platelet volume (MPV) were associated with development of GI bleeding and mortality. Platelet function at follow-up visit predicted one-year bleeding events. Thrombotic biomarker sCD40L strongly predicted one-year GI bleeding at baseline before implantation and within the first week following LVAD implant.
Conclusions: Early trends in routine bloodwork and platelet function may serve as novel signatures of patients at risk to experience adverse events. 相似文献