叠氮溴化丙锭结合qPCR检测与区分活菌和死菌的研究进展

活菌的检测是病原菌检验的关键,目前快速、灵敏、特异和准确的检测方法,如定量聚合酶链反应(quantitative PCR,qPCR)是微生物检测领域关注的焦点之一.其中,基于核酸结合染料如以叠氮溴化丙锭(propidium monoaz-ide,PMA)预处理的定量聚合酶链反应(PMA-qPCR)已广泛应用于多种病原菌...     

基于比较转录组学分析NaCl胁迫影响德尔卑沙门氏菌的耐渗机制

【目的】研究高渗胁迫条件下德尔卑沙门氏菌(Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Derby, S. Derby)的转录组调控机制,分析差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs)表达水平,探究在高渗胁迫影响下德尔卑沙门氏菌耐渗反应的相关代谢通路。【方法】通过高渗胁迫诱导德尔卑沙门氏菌的耐渗性,提取菌株的总RNA,去除rRNA,构建cDNA文库。利用转录组测序技术及生物学信息技术分析相关DEGs,并通过实时荧光定量PCR (real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, qRT-PCR)进行验证。【结果】胁迫组德尔卑沙门氏菌通过转录组测序结果发现有3 950个DEGs,其中具有显著上调的基因21个,显著下调基因38个。涉及到细胞膜蛋白、氨基酸的代谢等相关基因上调,协助德尔卑沙门氏菌在高渗环境中存活。与此同时,胁迫组德尔卑沙门氏菌的糖转运系统(sugar transport system, PTS)、糖酵解过程以及抗氧化性相关基因表达显著下调,这是由于高渗环境菌体需要在体内储存大量糖类等物质,从而降低了糖原的消耗,进而导致细胞外膜的脂多糖合成受到抑制,降低了高渗胁迫下德尔卑沙门氏菌细胞膜表面的O抗原的合成。【结论】高渗环境诱导后显著提高了德尔卑沙门氏菌的耐渗性,其中Na⁺/H⁺逆向转运蛋以及谷氨酸的代谢通路发挥着重要的作用,为进一步了解以及更好地控制其在食品中的污染提供了理论依据。     

基于比较转录组学分析NaCl 胁迫影响德尔卑沙门氏菌的耐渗机制

【目的】研究高渗胁迫条件下德尔卑沙门氏菌(Salmonella enterica subsp.enterica Derby,S.Derby)的转录组调控机制,分析差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs)表达水平,探究在高渗胁迫影响下德尔卑沙门氏菌耐渗反应的相关代谢通路。【方法】通过高渗胁迫诱导德尔卑沙门氏菌的耐渗性,提取菌株的总RNA,去除rRNA,构建cDNA文库。利用转录组测序技术及生物学信息技术分析相关DEGs,并通过实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,qRT-PCR)进行验证。【结果】胁迫组德尔卑沙门氏菌通过转录组测序结果发现有3950个DEGs,其中具有显著上调的基因21个,显著下调基因38个。涉及到细胞膜蛋白、氨基酸的代谢等相关基因上调,协助德尔卑沙门氏菌在高渗环境中存活。与此同时,胁迫组德尔卑沙门氏菌的糖转运系统(sugar transport system,PTS)、糖酵解过程以及抗氧化性相关基因表达显著下调,这是由于高渗环境菌体需要在体内储存大量糖类等物质,从而降低了糖原的消耗,进而导致细胞外膜的脂多糖合成受到抑制,降低了高渗胁迫下德尔卑沙门氏菌细胞膜表面的O抗原的合成。【结论】高渗环境诱导后显著提高了德尔卑沙门氏菌的耐渗性,其中Na+/H+逆向转运蛋以及谷氨酸的代谢通路发挥着重要的作用,为进一步了解以及更好地控制其在食品中的污染提供了理论依据。     

应用PMA-qPCR方法快速准确检测发酵乳制品中副干酪乳杆菌活菌的研究

目的 建立快速、准确检测发酵乳制品中副干酪乳杆菌活菌的方法.方法 发酵乳制品中副干酪乳杆菌先经PMA处理后,采用沸水浴的方法提取副干酪乳杆菌基因组,然后通过qPCR方法检测发酵乳制品中的活菌.结果 副干酪乳杆菌经90℃处理6 min,即为膜损伤菌:PMA能够抑制107 CFU/mL死菌DNA的扩增,而不影响活菌DNA的扩增;PMA-qPCR能够准确检测到样品中活菌.结论 建立了一种快速、准确的方法检测发酵乳制品中的副干酪乳杆菌活菌.     

重组酶介导等温核酸扩增方法快速检测土壤沙门氏菌

【背景】沙门氏菌(Salmonella)是一种可以引起人畜患病的致病菌,也是最主要的食源性细菌之一。土壤中的沙门氏菌可通过蔬菜等植物进入人体,引发食物中毒。但由于土壤性质及其他微生物的干扰,如何快速甄别土壤是否受到沙门氏菌的污染仍是一个难题。【目的】建立一种快速、灵敏检测土壤沙门氏菌的实时重组酶介导等温核酸扩增(Real-Time Recombinase Aided Amplification,RT-RAA)方法。【方法】针对沙门氏菌invA基因序列设计特异性引物和探针,构建含有invA基因待检片段的重组质粒,评价RT-RAA方法的灵敏度;分别以肠炎沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌、福氏志贺氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的基因组DNA为模板,评价RT-RAA方法的特异性;RT-RAA方法用于番茄、生姜土壤中沙门氏菌的检测,同时用平板培养法进行验证。【结果】RT-RAA方法可用于重组质粒中invA基因片段的检测,在39℃条件下,20 min内即可获得检测结果,最低检测质粒拷贝数为10拷贝/反应,而且与大肠杆菌、福氏志贺氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌无交叉反应。土壤样品DNA的RT-RAA检测结果显示,供试番茄土已被沙门氏菌污染,而生姜土则没有,与平板培养结果一致。【结论】RT-RAA方法具有灵敏度高和特异性强的特点,可用于土壤沙门氏菌污染的快速检测。     

PMA结合ddPCR检测食品中金黄色葡萄球菌的研究

研究了将叠氮溴化丙锭(PMA)与微滴式数字PCR(ddPCR)技术相结合,用于金黄色葡萄球菌活菌的检测。结果表明,强烈光照15 min,可以使PMA与死菌DNA共价交联,同时钝化游离的PMA;可以有效抑制金黄色葡萄球菌死菌DNAPCR扩增的PMA终浓度为2.0μg/m L;不抑制活菌DNA扩增的PMA最高浓度是5.0μg/m L。在不同死、活菌比例下,PMA-ddPCR可以定量检测活菌,避免了死菌DNA的干扰,本方法的检出限为10 copy/20μL。利用PMA-ddPCR检测人工污染鸡肉样品,最低可检出102cfu/m L的金黄色葡萄球菌。表明PMA-ddPCR方法的灵敏度高。     

SD-PMA-ddPCR检测食品中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌

【目的】检测食品中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌活菌。【方法】利用脱氧胆酸钠(SD)对受损细胞预处理,然后使叠氮溴化丙锭(PMA)进入受损细胞与DNA发生共价交联,提取细菌基因组DNA进行微滴式数字PCR(dd PCR)检测。【结果】0.1%SD和5.0 mg/L PMA协同作用,可以有效抑制108 CFU/m L的单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌死菌DNA的PCR扩增。经过SD和PMA对样品预处理,dd PCR可以在死菌存在条件下,定量检测鸡肉中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌活菌,消除了\"假阳性\"结果的出现。活菌灵敏度检测结果显示:SD-PMA-dd PCR的灵敏度为2.0 copies/20μL。SD-PMA-dd PCR方法精密度和稳定性良好。【结论】SD-PMA-dd PCR在检测食源性致病菌方面有巨大的发展空间。     

叠氮溴化丙锭-荧光定量PCR法实时快速检测5种乳杆菌活菌数方法的建立与应用

[背景]乳杆菌属是发酵食品中最常见的微生物之一,与食品的品质和安全密切相关,定量检测乳杆菌活菌数、解析乳杆菌群落组成对发酵乃至肠道微生物等具有重要意义.[目的]建立一种在种水平上定量检测5种乳杆菌活菌数的叠氮溴化丙锭-荧光定量PCR(propidium monoazide-quantitative PCR,PMA-qP...     

植物检疫性病毒等温扩增检测技术研究进展

植物病毒严重影响农林作物的产量和质量.随着全球化的快速发展,植物检疫性病毒跨境入侵风险加剧,研发植物检疫性病毒的精准、快速的检测技术对于保障进出口贸易及农林业生产安全具有重要作用.早期植物病毒检测主要基于寄主生物学症状、病毒形态观察以及ELISA为主的血清学检测方法等.当前,核酸扩增技术成为主要的植物病毒检测方法,特别是近20年来发展起来的等温核酸扩增技术,因其具有快速、灵敏、适于现场检测等优势,在许多植物病毒检测中广泛开展研究.其中,我国20余种进境植物检疫性病毒已建立了等温扩增检测技术.本文在综述等温扩增技术原理的基础上,归纳总结了主要等温扩增技术在植物检疫性病毒检测中的研究进展,并对其在口岸检疫的应用前景进行展望.     

等温核酸扩增技术在病原体检测中的应用

近年来,新型传染病相继爆发,如严重急性呼吸综合征（severe acute respiratory syndrome,SARS）、H7N9禽流感等,严重威胁着人类健康和社会、经济的可持续发展,同时给传染病的防控带来了严峻挑战。病原体检测是传染病防控的重要环节,越来越多的新技术被应用其中。等温核酸扩增技术作为一种快速、灵敏度高的病原体检测技术,已取得了长足发展。对等温核酸扩增技术的原理、重要特性及其在病原体检测中的应用进展进行了较为全面的综述,以期为这一技术的推广和应用提供重要参考。     

一株牛源都柏林沙门氏菌的全基因组测序及毒力与耐药性分析

【背景】沙门氏菌(Salmonella spp.)是重要的人畜共患病原菌,其毒力和耐药性的不断增强引起广泛关注。【目的】了解从通辽市一犊牛死亡病例中所分离牛源都柏林沙门氏菌的毒力及耐药性情况。【方法】以病死犊牛肺脏为材料,经细菌分离纯化及16S rRNA基因测序,鉴定病原为沙门氏菌。采用动物试验、药敏试验和PCR方法对分离菌进行毒力、耐药性,以及毒力基因和耐药基因检测,并对其进行全基因组测序分析。【结果】分离菌具有较强毒力,对小鼠半数致死量为2.8×10⁶ CFU/mL。分离菌为多重耐药菌,仅对多粘菌素B和噻孢霉素敏感,对强力霉素和恩诺沙星中度敏感。检测13种沙门氏菌常见毒力基因,检出率为92.3%。对分离菌进行全基因组测序分析,该菌株为都柏林沙门氏菌,基因组大小为4 965 370 bp,GC含量为52.12%,同时携带2个质粒,大小分别为79 524 bp (pTLS-1)和45 301 bp (pTLS-2)。分离菌中共携带996个毒力基因和24个毒力岛;共携带42个耐药基因,其中4个为可水平转移基因,基因组中存在9个可移动遗传元件,包括插入序列和转座子等。【结论】分离牛源都柏林沙门氏菌菌株具有较强毒力且为多重耐药株,携带大量毒力基因及耐药基因。     

Iron regulated genes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in response to norepinephrine and the requirement of fepDGC for norepinephrine-enhanced growth

Catecholamines may stimulate enteric bacteria including the foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium) by two mechanisms in vivo: as a quorum sensing signal and a supplier of iron. To identify genes of Salmonella Typhimurium that respond to norepinephrine, transposon mutagenesis and DNA microarray analysis were performed. Insertional mutations in the following genes decreased norepinephrine-enhanced growth: degS, entE, entF, fes, gpmA, hfq, STM3846. DNA microarray and real-time RT-PCR analyses revealed a decrease in the expression of several genes involved in iron acquisition and utilization during norepinephrine exposure, signifying the iron-limiting conditions of serum-SAPI minimal medium and the siderophore-like activity of norepinephrine. Unlike the wild-type parent strain, growth of neither a fepA iroN cirA mutant nor a fepC mutant, harboring deletional mutations in the outer and inner membrane transporters of enterochelin, respectively, was enhanced by norepinephrine. However, growth of the fepC and the fepA iroN cirA mutants could be rescued by an alternative siderophore, ferrioxamine E, further validating the role of norepinephrine in supplying the organism with iron via the catecholate-specific iron transport system. Contrary to previous reports using small animal models, the fepA iroN cirA mutant of Salmonella Typhimurium colonized the swine gastrointestinal tract, as did the fepC mutant.     

O-antigen structure and gene clusters of Escherichia coli O51 and Salmonellaenterica O57; another instance of identical O-antigens in the two species

The O-polysaccharides were released by mild acid hydrolysis from the lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli O51 and Salmonella enterica O57 and found to possess the same structure, which was established by sugar analysis and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy: The O-antigen gene clusters of E. coli O51 and S. enterica O57 were sequenced and found to contain the same genes with a high-level similarity. All genes expected for the synthesis of the O-antigen were identified based on their similarity to genes from available databases.     

Sequence analysis and characterization of sulfonamide resistance plasmid pRF-1 from Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis

The nucleotide sequence of a small plasmid, designated pRF-1, isolated from Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis, was determined. We identified seven open reading frames (ORFs) encoded by 6066 nucleotides with a total G + C content of 53.6%. Analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence revealed a replicon of pRF-1 to have high similarity to the p15A origin of replication, with a possible cer-like region. ORF1, which is composed of 816 nucleotides, shows a high degree of similarity to dihydropteroate synthetase encoded by the sulII gene from plasmids in several enteropathogenic bacteria, which functions as the sulfonamide resistance determinant. In fact, Salmonella and Escherichia coli strains carrying pRF-1 were found to show strong resistance to sulfathiazole, suggesting that orf1 is a functional gene. Four of seven ORFs were found to encode putative proteins of unknown function.     

Adaptation and cross-adaptation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Listeria monocytogenes</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmonella enterica</Emphasis> to poultry decontaminants

Information on the potential for acquired reduced susceptibility of bacteria to poultry decontaminants occurring is lacking. Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were established for assessing the initial susceptibility and the adaptative and cross-adaptative responses of four bacterial strains (Listeria monocytogenes serovar l/2a, L. monocytogenes serovar 4b, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, and S. enterica serotype Enteritidis) to four poultry decontaminants (trisodium phosphate, acidified sodium chlorite -ASC-, citric acid, and peroxyacetic acid). The initial susceptibility was observed to differ among species (all decontaminants) and between Salmonella strains (ASC). These inter- and intra-specific variations highlight (1) the need for strict monitoring of decontaminant concentrations to inactivate all target pathogens of concern, and (2) the importance of selecting adequate test strains in decontamination studies. MICs of ASC (0.17±0.02 to 0.21±0.02 mg/ml) were higher than the U.S. authorized concentration when applied as a pre-chiller or chiller solution (0.05 to 0.15 mg/ml). Progressively increasing decontaminant concentrations resulted in reduced susceptibility of strains. The highest increase in MIC was 1.88 to 2.71-fold (ASC). All decontaminants were shown to cause cross-adaptation of strains between both related and unrelated compounds, the highest increase in MIC being 1.82-fold (ASC). Our results suggest that the in-use concentrations of ASC could, in certain conditions, be ineffective against Listeria and Salmonella strains. The adaptative and cross-adaptative responses of strains tested to poultry decontaminants are of minor concern. However, the observations being presented here are based on in vitro studies, and further research into practical applications are needed in order to confirm these findings.     

伤寒沙门菌基因组DNA芯片的制备与基因表达谱分析应用

伤寒沙门菌是一种具有鞭毛的革兰阴性人类肠道致病菌,也是一种重要的原核生物研究用模式菌．基因组芯片能够系统、全面且高效地观察生物的基因表达及进行基因组结构比较．利用伤寒沙门菌现有的全基因组序列,以Ty2菌株的基因组为基准,选取CT18菌株和z66阳性菌株的特异性蛋白编码基因,设计特异性引物,经PCR有效扩增出4 201个基因,产物纯化后点样于多聚赖氨酸玻片制备伤寒沙门菌基因组DNA芯片,并验证了芯片样点位次与效果．通过对基因表达谱分析的各种条件进行优化,建立相应的表达谱分析方法,并用于比较伤寒沙门菌野生株在高渗、低渗条件下的基因表达差异,结果与以前的报道基本一致．结果表明,成功建立了伤寒沙门菌基因组DNA芯片及表达谱分析方法,可为有关伤寒沙门菌基因表达调控及致病性机理、进化和基因多样性等方面的深入研究提供有效的技术支持．