多分DNA病毒及其在寄生蜂与寄主关系中的作用

分DNA病毒(PDV)在协调寄生蜂与寄主的相互关系中起重要作用。该文就PDV 的特征、PDV与寄生蜂的相互关系、PDV对鳞翅目寄主的免疫抑制及发育调节等方面进行综述。     

中红侧沟茧蜂多分DNA病毒基本特征研究

本文首次报道中红侧沟茧蜂 (Microplitismediator)雌蜂卵巢中存在多分DNA病毒 (MicroplitismediatorPlolyd navirus,MmPDV) ,初步研究了MmPDV形态和基本生理生化特征。利用蔗糖密度梯度超速离心分离纯化了MmPDV粒子 ,电镜负染显示PDV粒子分三段 ,带有一明显的尾部结构 ,大小约为 130× 35nm ;SDS PAGE电泳条带较多 ,至少可以分辨出 2 6个电泳条带 ,表明病毒粒子衣壳蛋白复杂 ;琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示MmPDV基因组至少由大小不同、丰度不等的 14个DNA分子组成 ,用 6种内切酶 (EcoRI,HindIII,BssHII,PstI,BamHI,BglI)酶切MmPDV基因组后 ,估算出MmPDV基因组大小约为 10 8kb。用雌蜂输卵管萼液注射小地老虎幼虫 ,注射后的小地老虎体重和龄期发育动态表明 ,MmPDV具有抑制寄主生长发育的生理功能     

中红侧茧蜂多分DNA病毒基本特征研究

本文首次报道中红侧沟茧蜂(Microplitis mediator)雌蜂卵巢中存在多分DNA病毒(Microplitis mediator Plolydnavirus,MmPDV),初步研究了MmPDV形态和基本生理生化特征。利用蔗糖密度梯度超速离心分离纯化了MmPDv粒子,电镜负染显示PDV粒子分三段,带有－明显的尾部结构,大小约为130×35nm;SDS-PAGE电泳条带较多,至少可以分辨出26个电泳条带,表明病毒粒子衣壳蛋白复杂;琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示MmPDV基因组至少由大小不同、丰度不等的14个DNA分子组成,用6种内切酶(EcoRI,HindⅢ,BssHⅡ,Pst I,BamH I,Bgl I)酶切MmPDV基因组后,估算出MmPDV基因组大小约为l08kb。用雌蜂输卵管萼液注射小地老虎幼虫,注射后的小地老虎体重和龄期发育动态表明,MmPDV具有抑制寄主生长发育的生理功能。     

寄生蜂多分DNA病毒的基因表达产物及对寄主昆虫的生理作用

最近有关由多分DNA病毒介导的寄生蜂与寄主关系的研究主要集中在多分DNA病毒基因的表达和伴随寄主生理功能失常的分子机理上 ,本文介绍在寄生蜂作用于寄主时一些重要的PDV基因表达产物 ,包括CsPDV ,MdPDV ,CcPDV ,TrPDV ,HdPDV ,CrPDV和其它PDV的基因表达产物 ,并简叙这些基因表达产物对寄主的生理影响。     

多分DNA病毒基因组全序列的测定

在寄生蜂与寄主相互作用关系中,伴随寄生蜂产卵一起注入寄主体内,与寄生蜂“共生的”多分DNA病毒(polydnavirus,PDV)是寄生蜂利用的一种最奇妙的方式。通过抑制寄主的免疫和发育,PDV能够保证寄生蜂的正常发育和羽化。法国Institut de Recherche sur 1a Biologie de I’Insecte,UFR Science et Techniques的科学家测定了茧蜂Cotesia congregate的多分DNA病毒(CeBV)基因组全序列,     

寄生蜂多分DNA病毒对寄主昆虫的免疫抑制作用

多分DNA病毒（PDV）是在膜翅目姬蜂科和茧蜂科寄生蜂体内的一类很独特的病毒,寄生蜂产卵时,PDV随同卵和萼液一起被注射入寄主体内,能干扰寄主的细胞免疫和体液免疫,该病毒直接侵染或间接作用于血细胞,主要是浆细胞和颗粒细胞,导致血细胞变圆或凋亡,PDV也能抑制血淋巴酚氧化酶活性,诱导抗菌因子的大量合成,最近有关研究主要集中在病毒基因的表达和伴随寄主血细胞功能失常的分子事件上,一些寄主蜂的PDV与其他因子,如卵巢蛋白,畸形细胞或蜂毒等协同发挥作用。     

寄生蜂携带的多DNA病毒的起源及其特性

病毒在通常意义上都是有害的寄生生物,但是有一类特殊的多DNA病毒(PDV)却成为在数量庞大的寄生蜂的生活史中不可或缺的共生病毒.PDV随着寄生蜂的卵一起被注入到寄主的体内,调控寄主的免疫和发育生理,从而确保幼蜂在寄主体内生存发育.PDV的基因组整合在寄生蜂的基因组内,因此PDV病毒粒子的形成并非在寄主受到侵染的组织内,而是位于寄生蜂卵巢的特定细胞(卵萼细胞)中,其编码的蛋白质几乎没有病毒结构性蛋白,主要的表达产物都用于调控寄主的生理活动.PDV基因编码序列比对分析结果显示,茧蜂病毒(BV)与致病性的裸病毒nudivirus和杆状病毒baculovirus存在一定的亲缘关系,然而这些同源基因已高度分化,具有不同的生物学特性,同时也不能确定这些基因是否还具有原始的功能.在寄生蜂基因组中尚有许多与裸病毒和杆状病毒类似的基因,其中一部分基因能够编码BV病毒粒子的结构蛋白,其表达模式亦与PDV病毒粒子的形成有关.由于PDV使用了与这2种病毒类似的传播途径,才使得寄生蜂的PDV基因转入寄主体内发挥作用,虽然这不能说明PDV属于这2种病毒,至少存在PDV从这2种病毒发展而来的可能性.     

半闭弯尾姬蜂寄生及其毒液对小菜蛾幼虫血细胞吞噬作用的影响

半闭弯尾姬蜂Diadegma semiclausum是小菜蛾Plutella xylostella的优势内寄生蜂, 拥有毒液、多分DNA病毒（PDV）等寄生因子,能有效调控寄主幼虫的营养生理和免疫系统, 但其毒液在这过程中的功能不明。本文利用SDS-PAGE方法分析了半闭弯尾姬蜂毒液的蛋白组分,利用寄主幼虫血细胞体外原代培养的方法,研究了小菜蛾幼虫血细胞噬菌能力在半闭弯尾姬蜂寄生后的变化情况。结果表明：半闭弯尾姬蜂毒液蛋白分子量主要集中在35~220 kDa之间,少数小于15 kDa,但分子量处于35~70 kDa之间的蛋白含量较高,与其他寄生蜂毒液蛋白相似。半闭弯尾姬蜂毒液单独对寄主小菜蛾幼虫功能血细胞（浆血细胞和颗粒血细胞）的延展能力和吞噬功能不产生破坏作用。但半闭弯尾姬蜂寄生后短时间内,寄主功能血细胞的延展受到抑制,然而功能血细胞仍然能识别外源异物, 却无法进一步吞噬外源物; 寄生后24 h,功能血细胞的延展力恢复,颗粒血细胞的吞噬作用可顺利完成。本研究证明了半闭弯尾姬蜂寄生能暂时性地抑制颗粒血细胞的延展性从而影响其噬菌过程。     

First record of the genus Wilkinsonellus (Hymenoptera,Braconidae, Microgastrinae) from Fiji with description of three new species

Wilkinsonellus Mason is a relatively small Pantropical genus of braconid parasitoid wasps within the subfamily Microgastrinae. Most of the currently described species are from the Palaeotropics; however, previous records were absent from Fiji. Here, the first three Wilkinsonellus species from Fiji are described: Wilkinsonellus corpustriacolor sp. n., Wilkinsonellus fijienis sp. n. and Wilkinsonellus nescalpura sp. n. The material was collected by Malaise traps set up in a quite variety of ecosystems (wet zone, dry zone and coastal forests) throughout the archipelago. With these records, Fiji represents the easternmost known distribution of the genus in the Indo-Pacific Region. A key to all of the currently known Wilkinsonellus species is included to facilitate species identification.     

Functional endogenous viral elements in the genome of the parasitoid wasp Cotesia congregata: insights into the evolutionary dynamics of bracoviruses

Bracoviruses represent the most complex endogenous viral elements (EVEs) described to date. Nudiviral genes have been hosted within parasitoid wasp genomes since approximately 100 Ma. They play a crucial role in the wasp life cycle as they produce bracovirus particles, which are injected into parasitized lepidopteran hosts during wasp oviposition. Bracovirus particles encapsidate multiple dsDNA circles encoding virulence genes. Their expression in parasitized caterpillars is essential for wasp parasitism success. Here, we report on the genomic organization of the proviral segments (i.e. master sequences used to produce the encapsidated dsDNA circles) present in the Cotesia congregata parasitoid wasp genome. The provirus is composed of a macrolocus, comprising two-thirds of the proviral segments and of seven dispersed loci, each containing one to three segments. Comparative genomic analyses with closely related species gave insights into the evolutionary dynamics of bracovirus genomes. Conserved synteny in the different wasp genomes showed the orthology of the proviral macrolocus across different species. The nudiviral gene odv-e66-like1 is conserved within the macrolocus, suggesting an ancient co-localization of the nudiviral genome and bracovirus proviral segments. By contrast, the evolution of proviral segments within the macrolocus has involved a series of lineage-specific duplications.     

Developmental disruption of Pseudoplusia includens and Heliothis virescens larvae by the calyx fluid and venom of Microplitis demolitor

Calyx fluid and venom from the braconid parasitoid Microplitis demolitor differentially affected the development of Pseudoplusia includens and Heliothis virescens. P. includens exhibited delays in larval development, supernumerary instars, and formed larval-pupal intermediates when injected with 0.01-0.10 wasp equivalents of calyx fluid. In contrast, H. virescens was relatively unaffected by calyx fluid regardless of dose. Venom did not affect the development of either host species, but appeared to synergize the activity of calyx fluid. This was particularly evident in H. virescens, where injection of 0.10-0.20 wasp equivalents of calyx fluid and venom induced the formation of a large number of intermediates while the same amount of calyx fluid did not. The particulate portion of M. demolitor calyx fluid was the only component that caused developmental delays and the formation of intermediates in both host species. Purified virus caused developmental alterations in P. includens, while trioxsalen treated calyx fluid did not affect development of P. includens or H. virescens. These data suggest the requirement for venom in parasitism may differ between host species, and that dosage plays an important role in interpreting the interaction between calyx and venom components.     

Sexual size dimorphism in parasitoid wasps

Sexual dimorphism in body length and proportion of overlap between the ranges of body length for males and females were estimated for 361 species of parasitoid wasps from 21 families. In most species, females are generally larger than males, though the range of male and female sizes overlap. Species in the family Ichneumonidae differ significantly from species in other families in three ways: (1) ichneumonids on average are larger, (2) in most species, females are generally smaller than males, and (3) on average, proportion overlap between the ranges of body length for males and females is greater. At present, there is a paucity of life history data on parasitoid wasp species for which size dimorphism is known. Thus it is not clear why ichneumonids differ from species in other families. Possible evolutionary explanations for variation in dimorphism among parasitoid wasp species are discussed.     

Density-dependent parasitism of cowpea aphid,Aphis craccivora by Lysiphlebus fabarum,Binodoxys acalephae,and Aphidius matricariae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae)

Biological control, as a major component of pest management strategies, uses natural biological agents to reduce pest populations. Studying the interaction among Aphis craccivora and its parasitoids including, Lysiphlebus fabarum, Binodoxys acalephae, and Aphidius matricariae in 2016 and 2017 in Tehran Parke-Shahr, showed positive, significant correlations in all cases between the densities of three parasitoid species and that of aphid nymphs and adults. The density of the parasitoids increased by increasing the density of the aphids. The parasitoids showed aggregative behavior in response to different densities of the host. There was a positive density-dependent correlation between the density of A. craccivora and rate of parasitism. Parasitism rates of nymphs and adult aphids by L. fabarum, B. acalephae, and A. matricariae increased or decreased along with decline or increase in the population of the aphid host. In 2016 spring, the highest rates of parasitism on aphid nymphs by L. fabarum, B. acalephae, and A. matricariae were 46.82, 23.09, and 17.16%, respectively. In 2017 spring, the highest rates of parasitism on aphid nymphs by L. fabarum, B. acalephae, and A. matricariae were 48.97, 21.77, and 15.06%, respectively. So, given the accordance between changes in aphid population and that of parasitoids, and parasitoids’ efficacy in Tehran’s polluted air, they can be used as biological agents in the management of A. craccivora population.