现代生物工程分离提取技术在海洋生物资源开发上的应用

本文综述了在海洋资源开发上应用的现代生物工程分离技术。介绍了最新的分离提取技术如制备型和生产型色谱技术、超临界萃取技术、膜分离技术、毛细管电泳技术、酶工程技术等。从海洋生物资源中提取有用的生物活性物质,需要符合特定要求的现代生物工程技术。其中柱层析技术和超临界萃取技术是海洋生物活性物质分离提取技术中的主要部分。     

生物质谱技术与蛋白质组学

生物质谱技术是蛋白质组学的支撑技术.详细论述了质谱技术的分类与基本分析原理,重点论述了质谱技术的发展变化,包括基质辅助激光解吸飞行时间质谱技术,电喷雾质谱技术,MALDI-Q-TOF和MAL-DI-TOF-TOF等质谱技术,以及质谱技术在蛋白质组学研究中的应用与未来的发展和挑战.     

基因编辑技术的发展与挑战

基因编辑技术是人为的对基因片段进行修改的一种技术。新型基因编辑技术关注在人工核酸酶剪切技术领域,主要为ZFN技术,TALEN技术,CRISPR技术以及单碱基编辑技术。基因编辑技术的不断完善促进了农业,畜牧业和生物医学等领域的快速发展,但与此同时,技术缺陷和伦理争议也为其自身的发展带来了巨大的挑战。本文将对基因编辑技术的发展与挑战,以及国内外的伦理探讨进行简要综述,期望能启发读者重新认识基因编辑技术。     

膨化技术及其在食品工业中的应用

膨化技术作为一种新型食品生产技术,正逐步在食品工业中得到广泛的应用。本文就现在国内常用的油炸膨化技术、挤压膨化技术、微波膨化技术、低温气流膨化技术和CO2膨化技术予以阐述。     

鼻咽癌的放射治疗技术探究

目的:通过比较鼻咽癌放射治疗的不同技术方法,了解其优势及不同点,以期找到更有效并切合实际的技术方法,提高鼻咽癌的放疗技术水平。方法:常规外照射技术;等中心整体挡铅技术;三维适形放射治疗技术。结果:三种技术方法各具优缺点,结论:三维适形放射治疗技术最具优势,但设备和技术要求高;常规外照射技术经济实用,技术稳定性较差;等中心整体挡铅技术质量稳定。     

呼吸道病毒多病原检测技术研究进展

呼吸道病毒感染是导致人群发病和死亡的主要原因之一。通过多重病原检测迅速筛查大量致病原,已成为呼吸道病毒感染检测的重要技术。本文介绍了呼吸道病毒多病原检测技术及一些对呼吸道病毒检测有潜在应用价值的新兴技术。这些技术包括多重呼吸道病毒快速分离培养技术、传统多重逆转录PCR技术、多重实时定量PCR技术、微芯片技术、质谱技术及宏基因组技术等。这些技术的发展和应用,不但有助于提高呼吸道病毒感染的快速诊断和治疗,而且也将促进新型呼吸道病毒的发现。     

微藻无菌化技术的研究进展

无菌纯藻是深入开展藻类生理学和遗传学研究的基础。目前已有涂布划线法,离心洗涤技术、稀释滤过技术、辐照技术、毛细吸管技术、抗生素技术、化学消毒技术、利用其他生理特性等技术用于微藻的纯化。拟介绍国内外近年来微藻无菌纯化技术的研究进展。     

RNA研究相关技术及其应用

RNA技术可以分为RNA基础研究相关的技术、RNA应用相关的技术和RNA的生物信息学技术。RNA基础研究相关技术包括RNA分离纯化和鉴定技术、RNA与其他生物大分子相互作用技术、RNA高级结构的研究技术和其他相关RNA技术;RNA应用相关技术则包括用于生产其他产品的RNA技术和直接用于药物开发的RNA技术;RNA的生物信息学技术则有各种数据库、非编码RNA的预测、RNA二级结构预测和各种设计软件。本文简略介绍了上述各类RNA技术的原理及其国内外研究进展,从而有助于对RNA领域有关技术方面有一较全面的了解。     

药物分析技术应用研究新进展

通过对2012 年我国学者在国内外发表的有关药物分析技术应用研究论文进行检索和整理,分类综述针对化学药物、基因工程药物以及中药等各类药物或生物样本的过程分析技术、高通量筛选分析技术、固态性质表征分析技术、杂质谱检测分析技术、体内样本分析技术、中药分析技术、生化药物分析技术等的应用研究新进展。     

新型冠状病毒体外诊断技术研发现状与展望

随着新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)引发的全球疫情不断加剧,新型冠状病毒体外诊断技术与产品的研发成为全球生物医药领域关注的重点,体外诊断技术与产品的研发创新对于提升新发突发传染病的防控能力有着重要的意义。对2019年12月至2020年12月期间国内外新型冠状病毒体外诊断技术与产品的研发现状与发展趋势进行了综述,即包括聚合酶链反应技术、核酸等温扩增技术、免疫层析技术、化学发光免疫分析技术等传统分子诊断技术与免疫诊断技术,也包括CRISPR技术、生物传感器技术、纳米技术等新兴技术在新型冠状病毒检测中的应用,以期为新发突发传染病体外诊断技术的研发与政府的科技决策提供参考。     

Influence of in vitro factors on titre and elimination of model fruit tree viruses

The titre of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) was higher in microplants of Malus domestica cv. Jonagold than in 2-year-old grafted scions. Cytokinin concentration in the medium increased the titre of prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) in the apex of microplants of Prunus insititia cv. Kozlienka but did not affect the titre of ACLSV in M .domestica.Virus titre of ACLSVwas higher in the haulms of autotrophically-grown compared with heterotrophically-grown microplants whereas as for PNRSV the results were the reverse. For both viruses, however, titre of the virus in the roots of autotrophically-grown plants was significantly higher than in haulm tissue from heterotrophic cultures. Ribavirin incorporation resulted in elimination of both viruses. Negative ELISA results were confirmed independently by PCR. The efficacy of Ribavirin in elimination of ACLSV was increased by increasing the concentration of cytokinin in the medium in parallel with decreasing the concentration of Ribavirin. These results are discussed in the context of the reliability of in vitro virus testing.     

Light Induced Enhancement in Proline Levels Under Stress is Regulated by Non-Photosynthetic Events

Vigna radiata (L.) seedlings (5-d-old) were exposed to different concentrations of NaCl in light and in dark. The content of proline in the shoots increased with an increase in NaCl concentration, in light as well as in dark. But, irrespective of the concentration of NaCl, proline accumulation in the shoots was higher in light than in dark. Pretreatment of seedlings with dichlorophenyl dimethyl urea (DCMU) did not make any significant difference in light promoted stress induced proline accumulation. As DCMU is a potent inhibitor of photosynthetic electron transport, the light reaction of photosynthesis was not responsible for the observed light promotion of stress induced proline accumulation. In another set of experiments, 5-d-old green as well as etiolated seedlings were exposed to NaCl stress in the presence of different concentrations of sucrose. Irrespective of the concentration of sucrose used, proline content in shoots of stressed seedlings was higher in light than in dark. Although, sucrose enhanced NaCl stress induced increase in proline content in dark by about 32 %, this enhancement was not comparable to the 286 % increase in proline content brought about by light. These results showed that certain factors other than photosynthesis play a role in light promotion of stress induced proline accumulation.     

Circadian rhythmic changes in the lipid composition of muscles in kilka <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clupeonella cultriventris</Emphasis> (Clupeidae,clupeiformes) during natural periodicity of feeding in the feeding and spawning periods in the Rybinsk Reservoir

According to data of observations in 2002–2004, differences in the pattern of diurnal fluctuations in the total content and fractional composition of lipids in muscles of mature specimens of kilka Clupeonella cultriventris from the Rybinsk Reservoir in the feeding and spawning periods were revealed. It was established that the feeding intensity in kilka considerably changes throughout 24 h in both periods of the annual cycle, while diurnal fluctuations in the fatness of muscles are distinctly manifested only in the reproductive period and have a dissimilar pattern in specimens of different sexes. In females and males, they are determined mainly by the change in the content of the fraction of reserve lipids-triacylglycerols, as a rule, by its increase in the light hours of the day, several hours after an increase in the feeding activity of fish. The pattern of diurnal fluctuations of the level of lipid fractions (phospholipids, triacylglycerols, cholesterol, and its ethers) in kilka’s muscles differs from that in the feeding period. Possible causes of the change of diurnal variations of the considered indices of lipid metabolism in kilka at an increase in the endocrine activity of its body in the reproductive period is discussed.     

果实膨大期喷布磷酸二氢钾对三月红荔枝果实贮藏性的影响

在三月红荔枝(Litchi chinensis cv.Sanyuehong)果实膨大期对树冠喷施0.2%磷酸二氢钾(KP)水溶液,以探讨磷酸二氢钾对荔枝果实贮藏性的影响。结果表明:(1) KP处理的果实在贮藏期前17d,失重率及果肉可溶性固形物、酸、VitC、花色素苷等指标的变化趋势与对照基本相似;(2) KP处理的果肉可溶性蛋白质含量变化与对照有明显差异,而果皮的可溶性蛋白质含量在贮藏期前10d变化动态与对照一致,此后呈相反的变化趋势;(3)果皮POD活性显著高于果肉,KP处理和对照的果肉POD活性在贮藏第3d后、果皮POD活性在第17d前分别具有相似变化趋势;(4)果肉中CAT活性在贮藏第3~17d期间都显著或极显著高于果皮,KP处理和对照果肉、果皮CAT活性动态变化均为单峰曲线。     

The effects of artificial enrichment upon the planktonic and benthic communities in a mesotrophic to hypertrophic loch series in lowland Scotland

Phytoplankton, submerged macrophytes, zoobenthos and zooplankton communities were studied concurrently in three lochs which progressively increased in trophic state. The phytoplankton showed a change in dominance from Bacillariophyceae (Pennales) and Desmidaceae in the mesotrophic Loch of the Lowes to Bacillariophyceae (Pennales) and Cyanobacteria in eutrophic Balgavies Loch and to Bacillariophyceae (Centrales) and Chlorophyceae in hypertrophic Forfar Loch. The Nygaard Compound phytoplankton quotient rose from 1.2 in the Lowes to 12 in Forfar. There was a decrease in number of species of submerged macrophytes, and in depth of colonisation from 5 m in the Lowes to 2 m in Forfar which was proportional to the decrease in mean transparency. Macrophyte biomass, however, increased in proportion to the concentration of total phosphorus in the lochs. There was a decrease in species of littoral zoobenthos, but an increase in density of profundal benthos from the Lowes to Forfar. Zooplankton also showed an increase in density with enrichment, accompanied by changes in dominance. Calanoida were dominant in the Lowes; Cladocera in Balgavies and Cyclopoda in Forfar. The importance of these differences in understanding the effects of progressive enrichment and to the management of the lochs is discussed.     

Effect of Moniliformis moniliformis density on distribution within the definitive host population (Rattus norvegicus)

The population dynamics of Moniliformis moniliformis was studied in ‘free-ranging’ laboratory rats, Rattus norvegicus, presented with different relative density levels of M. moniliformis in cockroaches, Periplaneta americana. Changes in selected population parameters of the negative binomial distribution were evaluated as indicators of changes in aggregation. A significant increase in the degree of aggregation of parasites occurred as a result of the increase in relative density of infective stages available to the rats. This increase in aggregation was due to the increase in over-dispersion that occurred in female rats only. The degree of aggregation in females was found to be significantly higher than that in males at both treatment levels. The best indicators of the degree of aggregation were found to be the ratio of the variance to the relative density and the ratio of the log-variance to log-relative density. Changes in k were not correlated with changes in over-dispersion or the relative density.     

社鼠组织器官同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦电泳方法,分析了社鼠的肝、肾、心肌、骨骼肌、肺、脾和脑等多种组织器官的ＬＤＨ、ＡＤＨ、ＥＳＴ、和ＳＯＤ４种同工酶,对各组织器官的酶带数目和分布,以及酶活性进行了比较研究。结果表明,社鼠的ＬＤＨ同工酶、ＡＤＨ同工酶和ＥＳＴ同工酶具有比较明显的组织特异性,而ＳＯＤ同工酶的组织特异性较低。肺和脾除ＥＳＴ同工酶活性较高外,脑除ＬＤＨ同工酶活性较高外,其它３种同工酶的活性均较低;而肝和肾中４种同工酶的活性普遍很高。心肌和骨骼肌因氧张力不同而使ＬＤＨ同工酶酶谱存在明显差异,但其它３种同工酶酶谱却非常相似。同工酶的组织特异性与各组织器官所执行的生理功能是相一致的     

Sexual dimorphism of body size and shell shape in European tortoises

Adult body size and shape were examined in almost 1400 individuals of the tortoises Testudo graeca , T. hermanni and T. marginata from Greece. The size at maturity was greater in females than in males in all three species. Maximum and mean adult sizes were also greater in females than in males in T. graeca and T. hermanni . Males grew to a larger size than females in T. marginata , and mean adult size was similar in the sexes in this species. Sexual dimorphism of shape (adjusted for size covariate) was shown in most of the characters examined, and the degree of this dimorphism differed significantly among the three species. Differences were related to their contrasting courtship behaviours: horizontal head movements and severe biting in T. marginata , vertical head bobs and carapace butting in T. graeca , and mounting and tail thrusting in T. hermanni . There was no difference in the frequency of observations of courtship or fighting among the three species, but courtship was about 10 times more common than combat in males. All species showed greatest courtship activity in autumn; copulation was rarely observed in T. hermanni (only 0.36% of courting males) and not seen in the other species in the field. Observations made throughout the activity season indicated that feeding was equally common in males and females in all three species. Differences in shape were more likely to be the result of sexual selection than of natural selection for fecundity. Detailed predictions are made for sexual dimorphism of other characters in these species.     

Influence of gender on tamoxifen-induced biochemical changes in serum of rats

Tamoxifen, the widely prescribed drug in the prevention and therapy of breast cancer, may cause side effects which may be influenced by gender. The present study was undertaken to investigate the impact of gender on tamoxifen-induced toxic and biochemical changes following oral administration of tamoxifen at high dose level of 20 mg/kg once daily for a 2-week period in both male and female rats. The results showed marked increases in serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in female rats. In contrast, treatment with tamoxifen in male animals significantly decreased the activity of ALT, with a tendency for a decrease in serum AST levels. In female rats, a significant reduction in the serum activity of acid phosphatase (ACP) was noted, compared with a non-significant decrease in males. Non-significant changes in serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were seen in both sexes. Tamoxifen lowered serum contents of total lipid and total cholesterol in both male and female rats. Serum levels of triglycerides were reduced in female rats as compared to a non-significant decrease in male animals. The serum albumin concentration was decreased in both male and female rats, while total protein was decreased only in female animals. Tamoxifen markedly increased serum levels of creatinine in female rats, compared with a non-significant rise in males. Total serum contents of calcium were similarly reduced in both males and females. This is the first study which points to gender-related differences in tamoxifen-induced toxic and metabolic changes in rats. The results indicated that females are more susceptible than males to tamoxifen toxicity, probably due to the ability of tamoxifen to antagonize the action of estrogen in females.     

Effect of dietary fibres on constituents of complex carbohydrates in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat tissues

The effect of dietary fibres on constituents of complex carbohydrates in various tissues of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats is presented by analysing different constituents of complex carbohydrates in presence and absence of dietary fibre. Wheat bran was effective in preventing the decrease (14%) in total sugars in spleen and an increase in total sugars in stomach (33%) during diabetes. Decrease in uronic acid content during diabetes in spleen was prevented to the extent of 25% by the presence of wheat bran in the diet. The other parameters which were affected by the presence of wheat bran in the diet during diabetes are amino sugar (brain and stomach), sulphates (liver) and protein (lungs and stomach). Guar gum was effective in preventing the decrease in total sugar content in spleen by 28% and sulphate content in liver by 14% during diabetes. Variation in protein content in lungs was observed in diabetes. The results indicated beneficial role of dietary fibres like wheat bran and guar gum on complex carbohydrates to varying extents in different tissues.