大山雀的婚外父权调查

婚配制度作为一种进化稳定对策是动物对某一环境包括种群内部环境适应的结果,在动物生殖过程中具有重要意义.大山雀(Parus major)是一种广域分布物种,研究显示广域分布物种的形态、生理、行为、生态特征及婚配制度在不同地区或种群间存在显著差异,因此,该文选择了分布于中国辽宁仙人洞国家级自然保护区的大山雀(P.m.minor)种群开展其婚配制度研究.野外共采集了22巢大山雀亲代和子代血液样本.结果如下:(1)从11个微卫星位点中筛选出了8个多态性较好的微卫星位点用于大山雀父权鉴定,在母本已知的情况下确定父权的准确率可达99.98％;(2)巢内父权鉴定结果显示,31.8％ (7/22)的巢包含婚外父权,8.12％ (16/197)的子代为婚外子代.与其他森林雀形目鸟类相比,大山雀婚外子代的比例明显偏低(＜10％),每个存在婚外父权巢的婚外子代比例各异(55.6％～9.1％),且无明显规律.     

杂色山雀的研究现状

杂色山雀Parus varius是一种分布区域狭窄的小型森林洞巢鸟类,为东亚特有鸟类,主要分布在中国、日本和朝鲜半岛,全球现有8个亚种.中国仅有2亚种,P.v.varius繁殖于辽宁东部山区,P.v.castaneoventris仅分布于台湾,均为当地留鸟;除P.v.castaneoventris以外,其他亚种在日本均有分布.本文根据国内外对该物种的研究情况,对其亚种分布、生态生物学、种群遗传结构及形态学等方面作了综述,以期为后续研究提供参考.     

杂色山雀的繁殖生态

2004—2006年3—7月在辽宁省白石砬子国家级自然保护区对杂色山雀的繁殖生态进行了观察研究。结果表明:该鸟繁殖期为3—7月,筑巢地除了树洞之外,还见在墙缝、石缝、金腰燕旧巢及电柱孔洞中筑巢,筑巢主要由雌鸟完成,雄鸟从旁协助;产卵期为5～8d,日产1枚,窝卵数为(6.92±0.92)枚(n=13);产满窝卵数后即开始孵化;孵化由雌鸟单独完成,孵化期(14.00±0.00)d(n=10),坐巢时间(570.00±11.02)min.d-1(n=9)(不含夜间),平均坐巢时间(57.00±6.75)min.次-1(n=9),雄鸟担任警卫任务,孵化期较为敏感,受到干扰易弃巢;育雏期(17.50±0.58)d(n=4),由雌雄鸟共同喂雏,雏鸟出飞后先是在亲鸟的带领下在巢周活动,之后活动范围逐渐扩展,2～3d后基本离开巢区。     

大山雀两亚种基因指纹图的比较研究

寡核苷酸基因指纹探针LZF-I对大山雀青藏亚种(Parus major tibetanus)和华北亚种(P.m.artatus)随机个体进行了基因指纹图的比较检测,结果如下：(1)P.m.tibetanus个体在2.3 kb处均有一条杂交谱带,而P.m.artatus个体的共有谱带则位于4.8 kb处。不同的共有等位基因,是区别两亚种的遗传标记之一。(2)P.m.tibetanus和P.m.artatus随机个体的平均谱带数分别是14.65条和19.30条;个体间基因指纹图的相似系数分别是0.18和0.13;P.m.tibetanus和P.m.artatus个体之间基因指纹图的相似系数是0.09。结果表明：P.m.artatus群体内的遗传变异性高于P.m.tibetanus群体,且两亚种之间的变异性高于两亚种内部的变异性。(3)LZF-I探针在P.m.tibetanus随机个体检测中的鉴别几率为2.04×10^-12,在P.m.artatus则高达9.8×10^-17。表明两亚种的基因指纹图均具有个体特异性,且P.m.artatus群体基因组的多态性较P.m.tibetanus强。 该结果为开展对大山雀种内分化的基因多样性和近缘种之间的遗传差异性,以及P.m.artatus分类学地位的最终确立的研究,提供了分子遗传学资料。     

Pair bond and breeding success in Blue Tits Parus caeruleus and Great Tits Parus major

Data from 939 nests of the Blue Tit Parus caeruleus and 1008 nests of the Great Tit P. major from nestboxes provided in superabundance in mixed forest study sites between 1976 and 2001 were analysed to examine the effects of mate retention on breeding success and the relationship between mate fidelity and site fidelity. Most birds retained their former partner (76% in Great Tits and 65% in Blue Tits). The probability of a pair divorcing was affected by male age in Great Tits, divorce being more likely in pairs with first‐year males. Great Tit pairs breeding together for a second season bred earlier, but had no higher breeding success than pairs breeding together for the first time. In Blue Tits laying date and start of incubation tended to be earlier in pairs breeding together for a second season, but hatching and fledging dates were not earlier than in other pairs. Great Tit pairs breeding together for two consecutive seasons bred earlier in the second season than in the first, but breeding success did not differ significantly between years. In both species, breeding performance did not differ between pairs that divorced after a season and pairs that stayed together. Thus breeding success did not determine whether a pair divorced or bred together again. Neither Blue Tits nor Great Tits improved their breeding performance through divorce. Blue Tit females even had fewer fledglings in the year after divorce than in the year before. Mate retention affected breeding site fidelity. Blue Tit females had greater breeding dispersal distances between consecutive years when re‐mating than when breeding again with the same mate. In Great Tits both males and females dispersed more when re‐mating than when retaining the former partner, suggesting that mate retention increased the chance of retaining the breeding site. In both species, breeding dispersal distances did not differ between pairs that divorced and pairs in which one mate disappeared. Because no major advantage of mate retention was evident, we suggest that mate retention evolved under different conditions than those found in study sites with high breeding densities and a superabundance of artificial nesting sites.     

杂色山雀对人工巢箱内苔藓类巢材的选择

2008年及2009年每年的3～8月,在辽宁省仙人洞国家级自然保护区对杂色山雀(Parus varius)人工巢箱内苔藓类巢材进行了收集和鉴定,发现巢中共有藓类植物7科9属。其中,小锦藓属(Brotherella)、青藓属(Brachytheccium)、棉藓属(Plagiothecium)及绢藓属(Entodon)所占比重较大。我们分别按照样方和苔藓群落采集了周围环境中的藓类植物,鉴定出7科8属的藓类植物;采集到35个苔藓群落,出现最多的是东亚小锦藓(B.fauriei)群落。结果显示,杂色山雀对苔藓的选择可能与苔藓的生物学特性、分布和数量有关。另外通过统计分析和比较得出,按照苔藓群落来采集的方式更适合本文的研究。     

Song evolution in the coal tit Parus ater

Since in oscine birds song divergence often leads to premating reproductive isolation, we asked which factors drive the evolution of song in a widespread species, the coal tit Parus ater. Based on an almost taxon‐complete phylogeny we correlated song divergence with morphometric (ecology), genetic (time), and geographic distances (separation). We found eight well‐supported mitochondrial lineages, one of which consists of melanolophus (usually treated as a separate species) and whose relationships remain generally unresolved. Due to intense song variability even sophisticated sonametric analyses failed to separate sub‐specific units. We tested for the role of song in reproductive isolation by playing songs from China and the Himalayas to Central European males. They recognize them as conspecific, but react to their playbacks less aggressively than to local songs. While morphological divergence is correlated with neither time nor separation, song divergence coincides more with geographic than genetic distance. This is mainly driven by differences along longitude and is especially prominent in the southern part of the species’ range, where six lineages persisted during the last glaciation while the north was subsequently re‐occupied by two lineages.     

Factors affecting divorce in the Great Tit Parus major

In a population of the Great Tit Parus major in Sagamihara, the divorce rate was 17.8% over 10 years from 1984/85 to 1993/94. Most of the divorces occurred in the year following pair formation. There were no differences in breeding success between faithful and divorced pairs. The birds were divided into three groups in relation to their home ranges: residents, emigrants and migrants. The residents established their home ranges within their flock ranges and remained there for life. Non-residents (of which two sorts were identified) left their flock ranges to breed, but returned to their original flock ranges after breeding. Therefore, their home ranges were separated into breeding and previous flock ranges. Most of the faithful pairs consisted of residents whose home ranges overlapped extensively. The divorce rate was higher in the pairs consisting of residents and non-residents and in those of non-residents. Since the non-breeding home ranges of emigrants and migrants did not overlap with their mates' non-breeding home ranges, an important factor affecting divorce seems to be the non-overlap of non-breeding home ranges between both mates of pairs after breeding.     

Weidenmeisen-Beobachtungen(Parus atricapillus salicarius Brehm)

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Evidence for cuckoldry in the Great Tit Parus major

We estimated the frequency of cuckoldry (the proportion of offspring resulting from extra-pair copulations) in Great Tits Parus major using heritability estimates based on the resemblance of offspring tarsus-length to that of their parents. Our results suggest that cuckoldry occurs and may be relatively common in certain years.     

Ontogeny of food storing in titmice Parus spp.

The ontogeny of food storage in Crested Tits Parus cristatus and Willow Tits P. montanus starts during the period of parental care after the young have left the nest and develops gradually. In southern Norway, the storing behaviour becomes fully developed during August-September, i.e. at a time when most juveniles have completed their dispersal period and settled in permanent winter flocks. The food storing behaviour is largely innate, but is improved by practice and experience.     

Competition and egg-weight in the Great Tit Parus major

The mean weight of eggs in clutches of the Great Tit Parus major varies markedly between clutches. Eggs are lighter in years of high density of breeding pairs than in years of low density, but egg weight is also inversely correlated with the density of breeding Blue Tits Parus caeruleus .     

Advantages of social foraging of Willow Tits Parus montanus

The mean number of Willow Tits Parus montanus in single-species flocks was significantly larger than in mixed-species flocks of Willow and Coal Tits P. ater. Both flock size and the tendency of Willow Tits to join mixed-species flocks were negatively correlated with ambient temperature, probably because each bird, when the metabolic rate of the birds increased, could allocate more time to foraging due to improved predator detection by many eyes. The vigilance time of Willow Tits decreased with flock size and was determined by the total number of individuals in a flock rather than by the number of Willow Tits in mixed-species flocks of Willow and Coal Tits.     

Predator-induced take-off strategy in great tits (Parus major)

When birds are attacked by predators the initial take-off is crucial for survival. The strategy in the initial phase of predator evasion is probably affected by factors such as body mass and presence of cover and conspecifics, but it may also be a response to the character of the predator''s attack. In choosing an angle of flight, birds face a trade-off between climbing from the ground and accelerating across the ground. This is, to our knowledge, the first study investigating whether the attack trajectory of a raptor affects the take-off strategy of the prey bird. First-year male great tits (Parus major) adjusted take-off angle to a model predator''s angle of attack. Birds attacked from a steep angle took off at a lower angle than birds attacked from a low angle. We also compared take-offs at dawn and dusk but could not find any measurable effect of the diurnal body mass gain (on average 7.9%) in the great tits on either flight velocity or angle of ascent.     

Social rank in winter flocks of Willow Tits Parus montanus

The social hierarchies in winter of ten flocks of Willow Tits Parus montanus were studied when the birds were foraging naturally and when visiting feeders. All the flocks consisted of one adult mated pair together with two juvenile males and two juvenile females (probably pairs). All flocks studied had a stable composition and the hierarchies remained constant throughout the study period. The hierarchies were linear and unilateral. The adults of each sex dominated the respective juveniles and within each age group the male dominated the female. The dominance relationships between the age and sex groups were not consistent. Although the males dominated all the females in six flocks, in one flock the adult female dominated both the juvenile males, but only one of them in three other flocks. The degree of aggression between flock-members was 0.8 encounters per hour, and males initiated 94% of all attacks. Body-weight explained 77% of the variation in dominance rank. It is suggested that the dominance rank of a male is also a function of his seniority, while the rank of a juvenile female is correlated with the rank of her mate.